Homework

Poblems 3.5, 3.7, 3.14, 3.20, 3.21, 3.23, 3.31, 3.32, 3.37

Chapter 3
Problem 3.5. Starting with the result of Problem 2.17, find a formula for the temperature of an Einstein solid in the

limit q << N. Solve for the energy as a function of temperature to obtain U = Ne kT (where  is the size of an energy
unit).
The definition of temperature in terms of energy is
1 S
=
T U

Lets look at the Einstein solid in low temperature case where the number of energy quanta (q) is very small than the
number of oscilations (N). (i.e. q << N) The multiplicity of such a system is approximately
 q
Ne

q

The total energy of the system is U = q so  q

N e

U

Hence the entropy is

S = k ln

 q  
N e N e
= k ln = k q ln
U U

= k q {ln(N e) + ln() ln(U )}

kU
= (ln(N ) + 1 ln(U ))


So,

S (ln)
=k
U U

1 k U (ln(N ) + 1 ln(U ))
=
T  U

(Using Product Rule)

k k
= (ln(N ) + 1 ln(U ))
 

k
= (ln(N ) ln(U ))


1
 1 k
= (ln(N ) ln(U ))
T 


= ln(N ) ln(U )
kT


ln(U ) = ln(N )
kT


eln(U ) = eln(N ) kT

Since eln(x) = x,

U = N e kT

Problem 3.7. Use the resilt of Problem 2.42 to calculate the temperature of a black hole, in termas of its mass M.
(The energy is M c2 .) Evaluate the resulting expression for a one-solar-mass black hole. Also sketch the entropy as a
function of energy, and discuss the implications of the shape of the graph.
The entropy of a black hole is
8 2 GM 2
S= k
hc
U
Replacing M with c2 ,
8 2 GU 2
S= k
hc5

The temperature is,

1 S
=
T U

hc5 hc3
T = 2
=
16 GkU 16pi2 GkM

For a solar mass black hole,

(6.62 1034 )(3 108 )

T = = 6 108 K
16 2 (6.67 1011 )(1.38 1023 )(2 1030 )

S
The entropy(S) versus energy(U) gives us a curve with slope U .

2
Curve fit of heat acpacity of one mole of aluminium at low temp. is

Cv = aT + bT 3

where a = 0.00135 JK 2 and b = 2.48 105 JK 3 . Using formula,

Z Tf
CV (T ) b
Sf S(0) = dT = aTf + (Tf )3
0 T 3

Taking S(0) = 0,
At T = 1 K, S(1) = 1.358 103 JK 1
At T = 10K, S(1) = 0.0218 JK 1

The magnetiation is given by

B
M = N tanh
kT
where is the magneitc moment which is equal to the Bohr magneton B = /4me = 9.274 1024 JT 1 . As the
value of the tanh fuction reaches peak of +1 when the argument goes to + the maximum magnetization is reached
when we apply very high magnetic field(B).
For B = 2.06 T and temperature = 2.2 K,
Fractional Magnetization:
M (9.274 1024 )(2.06)
= tanh = 0.558
N (1.38 1023 )(2.2)

3
 The magnetization can also be written as

M = (N N ) = (N (N N ) = (2N N )

M N
=2 1
N N

N 1 B
n = (1 + tanh )
N 2 kT

The entropy is
S
= N lnN N lnN (N N )ln(N N )
k
= N [ln N n (ln N + ln n) (1 n) (ln N + ln (1 n))]
= N [n ln n + (1 n) ln (1 n)]

The maximum entropy occurs at n = 1/2,

Sm ax
= ln(2) = 0.693
kN

The fractional entropy,

S kN [n ln n + (1 n) ln (1 n)]
=
Smax 0.693kN

1
Since, n = (1 + 0.558) = 0.779
2

S 0.779ln(0.779) + 0.221ln(0.221)
= = 0.762
Smax 0.693

The energy is

U = B (N N ) = B (N 2N ) = BN (1 2n)

So, Fractional Energy is

U 1 2 0.779
= = 0.588
Umax 1

4
The magnetization is given by,
B
M = N tanh
kT

The values in the experiment are

=5108 eV T1 =8.011027 J T 1

B = 0.63 T

T = 300 K

The magnetixation per particle is given by,

M (8.01 10 27)(0.63)
= (8.01 1027 ) tanh = 9.76 1033 JT 1
N (1.38 10 24)(300)

The energy difference between the parallel and antiparallel dipole alignments is U = 2B.
In the experiment, the energy of a photon required to perform this flip is

E = 2B = 1026 J

E = h, where is the f requency and h is the planks constant

hc (6.626 1034 )(3 108 )

= = = 19.9m
E 1026

The wavelength of such a radio wave photon is 19.9 m.

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For the two state paramagnet,
 
N 1 B
n = 1 + tanh
N 2 kT

The entropy can be written as,

S
= N [n ln n + (1 n) ln (1 n)]
k

S 1n
= n ln ln (1 n)
Nk n
B
Let x kT , then
1n 1 tanh x
=
n 1 + tanh x

2
(1 tanh x)
=
1 tanh2 x

2
= (1 tanh x) cosh2 x

Then,

ex ex
1 tanh x = 1
ex + ex

ex
=2
ex + ex

ex
=
cosh x

So,
ln (1 tanh x) = x ln (cosh x)

Using the above terms,

6
 S 1 h
2
i
= (1 + tanh x) ln (1 tanh x) cosh2 x + ln 2 ln (1 tanh x)
Nk 2
1
= (1 + tanh x) [2 ln (1 tanh x) + 2 ln (cosh x)] + ln 2 ln (1 tanh x)
2
= (1 + tanh x) [x ln (cosh x) + ln (cosh x)] + ln 2 + x + ln (cosh x)
= x (1 + tanh x) + x + ln (2 cosh x)
= ln (2 cosh x) x tanh(x)

As T 0, x ,

ln (2 cosh x) ln(ex ) = x
x1=x
S
0
Nk

a + bT Tc2
500
Z
S = dT
298 T
h c i500
= a ln T + bT +
2T 2 298
= 6.59JK 1

Putting T = 298 K,

S(500) = 5.74 +6.59 = 12.33 JK 1

7
Work done on the gas is
W = F s = 2000 103 = 2 J

The change in volume is

dV = - (103 )(102 ) = (105 ) m3 .

-PdV = (105 )(105 ) = 1 J

Since the process is adiabatic, Q = 0

So, the change in energy of the gas is
dU = W = 2J

The entropy change is,

dU + P dV 1
dS = = = 3.33 103 J K1
T 300

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The chemical potential energy is
 
S
T
N U,V

Also,  
U
=
N S,V

We can use these formulas to derive the chemical potential of an ideal gas,
"  3/2 ! #
V 4mU 5
S = N k ln +
N 3N h2 2

Using equation 1, "  3/2 #

V 2mkT
= kT ln
N h2

By raising the height of the gas, the total enegy only changes by Nmgz. (N = Number of molecules),
U = Up revious + Nmgz = 32 Nkt + Nmgz
Up revious = U - Nmgz
So,
"  3/2 ! #
V 4m (U N mgz) 5
S = N k ln +
N 3N h2 2

"  3/2 ! #
4m (U N mgz) 5/2 5
= N k ln V ln N +
3h 2

    3/2
3/2
 5 4m
= N k ln (U N mgz) ln N 5/2 + where V
2 3h

By taking the partial drivative of entropy with respect to the energy one can find the chemical potential,
" 1/2 #
3

   
3/2
 5 (U N mgz) (mgz) 1 5
= kT ln (U N mgz) ln N 5/2 + N kT 2
3/2
5/2 N 3/2
2 (U N mgz) N 2

 
h 
3/2

5/2
i 3mgz
= kT ln (U N mgz) ln N + N kT
2 (U N mgz)

Substituting ,
" 3/2 #
 3
V 2mkT 2 N kT
= kT ln + 3 mgz
N h2 2 N kT

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Taking two samples of same ideal gas, one at height z and other at surface. If the two gases are in diffusive equilibrium,
then their chemical potential are equal,

(z) = (0)

Using the previous formulas for ,

"  3/2 #
V 2mkT
= kT ln
N (0) h2

 3/2  3/2
V 2mkT V 2mkT
emgz/kT =
N (z) h2 N (0) h2

N (z) = N (0) emgz/kT

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