April 7, 2017

1
Contents
1 Objective 3

2 Introduction 3

3 Theory 3
3.1 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Modulation Index() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Observations 5

5 Conclusion 10

6 References 10
1 Objective
To study amplitude modulation demodulation and find out modulation index.

2 Introduction
Modulation is a process by which a low frequency signal is made to change a property of a
higher frequency signal to allow effective transmission and reception of the desired information.The
low frequency signal is called the modulating signal and the high frequency signal is called the
carrier. There are three types of modulations : Amplitude modulation, Frequency modulation,
Phase modulation.
Modulation is important since direct transmission of low-frequency information signal would
cause to interference problem since the resulting radio waves would all be at the same frequency
range. Also Transmitting low-frequency information signal in free space is not practical since it
will require a very high antenna.

3 Theory
Amplitude Modulation known as AM is one of the oldest and simplest forms of analogue modulation.
Here the amplitude of the carrier waveform is changed in sympathy with the information being
transmitted. The amplitude of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous amplitude
of the information signal. Note that carrier frequency remains constant during the modulation
process.

3.1 Modulation
Modulation is done by superposing a message signal of low frequency with carrier wave of high
frequency. The equations of these signals are given by:

m(t) = M sin(m t)

c(t) = Ccos(c t)
Therefore modulated signal becomes:

m = Ccos(c t) + M sin(m t)cos(c t)

m = [C + m(t)]cos(c t)
 Figure 1: Formation of modulated signal

3.2 Modulation Index()

The modulation factor is the ratio between the modulated and unmodulated carrier waveform. It
can be expressed in various ways:
rms value of message signal wavef orm
=
rms value of carrier signal wavef orm

Vm (Vc + Vm ) (Vc Vm )
= =
Vc (Vc + Vm ) + (Vc Vm )
Vmax Vmin
=
Vmax + Vmin
When < 1 gives Normal modulation.
for > 1 , the message signal is distorted after demodulation.

3.3 Demodulation
Demodulation is extracting the original information-bearing signal from a modulated carrier
wave.The simplest form of AM demodulator consists of a diode which is configured to act as
envelope detector. The whole process of Modulation-demodulation can be seen by the figure below.

Figure 2: Block diagram for Amplitude Modulation

4 Observations
1. Vmax = 584 mV, Vmin = 328 mV, M odulation Index () = 0.28

Figure 3: Modulated Wave for = 0.28

Figure 4: Demodulated output signal

2. Vmax = 520 mV, Vmin = 224 mV, M odulation Index () = 0.39

Figure 5: Modulated Wave for = 0.39

Figure 6: Demodulated output signal

3. Vmax = 528 mV, Vmin = 144 mV, M odulation Index () = 0.57

Figure 7: Modulated Wave for = 0.57

Figure 8: Demodulated output signal

4. Vmax = 416 mV, Vmin = 24 mV, M odulation Index () = 0.89

Figure 9: Modulated Wave for = 0.35

Figure 10: Demodulated output signal

5. Vmax = 416 mV, Vmin = 184 mV, M odulation Index () = 2.58

Figure 11: Overmodulated Wave for = 0.35

Figure 12: Demodulated output signal

5 Conclusion

Amplitude modulation and demodulation is verified by the results obtained in the experi-
ments.

6 References
(a) http : //www.electronicshub.org/modulationanddif f erenttypesof modulation/
(b) http : //www.tutorvista.com/content/physics/physicsiv/communicationsystems/wireless
communication.php
(c) http : //www.electronics lab.inf o
(d) https : //sites.google.com/a/iitgn.ac.in/ph102/home/pg experiments
(e) https : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitudem odulation