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Two-layer problem
One reflection and one refraction
d: al Head
Reflecte critic x
post- t =t0 = t x p2
V2 0
pre-critical
t0
e ct x
Dir t=
V1
= x p1
x
xcritical xcrossover
S
ed
Direct
ect
i
h1 V1
Refl
ic
Ref Headwave
rac
t ed V2>V1
GEOL 335.3
Travel-time relations
Two-horizontal-layer problem
intercept time, t0
For a reflection:
GEOL 335.3
Multiple-layer case
(Horizontal layering)
p is the same
critical ray
parameter;
t0 is
accumulating
across the
layers:
GEOL 335.3
x
S R
x(cosa-sin tanic)
hd xsin
ic
R' xsin/cosic
ic
A hu
V1
B (dip)
V2>V1
sinic
Refraction Interpretation
Reversed travel times
t
TR pd =
sin i c
V1
sin i c
pu =
V1
2z u cosi c
V1
2z d cosi c
1
V1 slope = p1 =
V1 x
S R
GEOL 335.3
Determination of Refractor
Velocity and Dip
1 1 V1 1 V1
ic= sin sin ,
2 Vd Vu
1 1 V1 1 V1
= sin sin .
2 Vd Vu
V1
From ic, the refractor velocity is: V 2=
sin i c
.
GEOL 335.3
x
S R
hd
ic
ic
A hu
V1
B (dip)
V2>V1
GEOL 335.3
Apparent Velocity
Relation to wavefronts
2 extreme cases:
= 0: Vapp = ;
B
directi tion
on
a
Propag
wavef
ront
GEOL 335.3
Delay time
Consider a nearly horizontal, shallow interface with strong
velocity contrast (a typical case for weathering layer).
In this case, we can separate the times associated with the
source and receiver vicinities: tSR = tSX + tXR.
SA BA hs h s tan i c hs h cosi c
t S Delay = = = 1 sin 2 i c = s
V1 V 2 V 1 cos i c V2 V 1 cos i c V 1.
Note that V2=V1/sinic
Plus-Minus Method
(Weathering correction; Hagedoorn)
Assume that we have recorded two headwaves in opposite
directions, and have estimated the velocity of overburden,
V1.
How can we map the refracting interface?
t
S1 D(x) S2 TR
tS2 D
tS1 D
V1
x
S1 D S2
Solution:
x
Profile S1 S2: t S D=
1
V2 S
t t D; 1
SR x
Profile S2 S1: t S D= t S t D.
2
V2 2
1
Hence: t D= t tS .
2 PLUS 1 S2
Plus-Minus Method
(Continued)
To determine V2:
this is a constant!
Form MINUS travel-time:
2x SR
t MINUS = t S D t S D= ts ts .
1 2
V2 V2 1 2
2
Hence: slope t MINUS x = .
V2
t
S1 D(x) S2 TR
tS2 D
tS1 D
V1
x
S1 D S2
GEOL 335.3
Generalized Reciprocal
Method (GRM)
Introduces offsets ('XY') in travel-time readings in the
forward and reverse shots;
so that the imaging is targeted on a compact interface region.
Proceeds as the plus-minus method;
Determines the 'optimal' XY:
1) Corresponding to the most linear time-depth function;
2) Corresponding to the most detail of the refractor.
XY t
TR
S1 D S2 tS2 D
tS1 D
V1
x
S1 D S2
The velocity analysis function:
XY
1
tV= t tS tS , should be linear, slope = 1/V2;
2 S 1 D 2 D 1 S2
Phantoming
Phantom arrivals
x
GEOL 335.3
Hidden-Layer Problem
Velocity contrasts may not manifest themselves in
refraction (first-arrival) travel times. Three typical cases:
Low-velocity layers;