(Sum of Minterms) (Product of Maxterms) AND-OR-Invert OR-AND-Invert

: Logic Circuit Design
.1
.2
1-2 )(Sum of minterms
2-2 )(Product of Maxterms
3-2 AND-OR-Invert
4-2 OR-AND-Invert
.3
1-3
2-3 )(Karnaugh Maps
.4
1-4 )(OR, AND, NOT
2-4 )(NOR, NAND
. .5

" " .
) .(Logic Circuit Design

NOT AND OR NAND .NOR
.
.
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:
.
.
.
.
-1
. :
-1 )(Logic Diagram
-2 )(Truth Table

. .
:
.
A
x
B
y
C

)(Logic Diagram

A B C x y
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0

)(Truth Table
A B C
x . y x y .
-2

. .
:
.1 )(Sum of minterms
.2 )(Product of Maxterms
.3 AND-OR-Invert
.4 OR-AND-Invert

1-2 )(Sum of minterms
) (minterm
AND .

.
0 1
.
A B . C
A B C Minterm
0 0 0 ABC
0 0 1 ABC
0 1 0 ABC
0 1 1 ABC
1 0 0 ABC
1 0 1 ABC
1 1 0 ABC
1 1 1 ABC
1 0
0 .

1s 1s
.OR

:
x y .
A B C x y
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
:
x = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
y = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

.
1s OR 1
0
1s 1 1
. 1
. 0s
1 0
.0

) (0
mk k .
# A B C Minterm
0 0 0 0 ABC m0
1 0 0 1 ABC m1
2 0 1 0 ABC m2
3 0 1 1 ABC m3
4 1 0 0 ABC m4
5 1 0 1 ABC m5
6 1 1 0 ABC m6
7 1 1 1 ABC m7
x y

x = m0 + m1 + m3 + m7
y = m0 + m1 + m2 + m4 + m5
)x = m (0,1,3,7
)y = m (0,1,2,4,5

)
1 ( .
= x ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

= m0 + m1 + m3 + m7
= ) m (0,1,3,7
= y ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
= m0 + m1 + m2 + m4 + m5
= ) m (0,1,2,4,5

m ) (small letter ) (minterms
) (Maxterms M )(capital letter
.
2-2

A B C

AND
OR .
.AND-OR Structure
)(Product of Maxterms
) (Maxterm OR
.
.

0 1
.
A B . C
A B C Maxterm
0 0 0 A+ B + C
0 0 1 A+ B + C
0 1 0 A+ B + C
0 1 1 A+ B + C
1 0 0 A+ B + C
1 0 1 A+ B + C
1 1 0 A+ B + C
1 1 1 A+ B + C
0 1
1 .

0s 0s
.AND

:
x y .
A B C x y
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
:
) x = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C
) y = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C

.
0s AND 0
1
0s 0 0
. 0
. 1s
0 1 .1

) (0
M k k .
# A B C Maxterm
0 0 0 0 A+ B + C M 0
1 0 0 1 A + B + C M1
2 0 1 0 A+ B + C M 2
3 0 1 1 A+ B + C M 3
4 1 0 0 A+ B + C M4
5 1 0 1 A+ B + C M5
6 1 1 0 A+ B + C M6
7 1 1 1 A+ B + C M7
x y

x = M 2 M 4 M5 M 6
y = M3 M6 M7
)x = M (2,4,5,6
)y = M (3,6,7

)
0 ( .
) x = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C
= M 2 M 4 M5 M
= ) M (2,4,5,6
) y = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C
= M3 M6 M7
= ) M (3,6,7
10

A B C
OR
AND .
.OR-AND Structure
11

3-2 AND-OR-Invert
) (Sum of minterms
.
0s 0s
OR .
.
:
x y .AND-OR-Invert
A B C x y
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
:
y = ABC + ABC + ABC

y = ABC + ABC + ABC
) (DeMorgans Theorem
AND-OR-Invert
).(Product of Maxterms
12

AND-OR-Invert
AND-OR-Invert
A B C
AND
OR
OR .
.AND-OR-Invert Structure
13

4-2 OR-AND-Invert
) (Product of Maxterms
.
1s 1s
AND .
.
:
x y .OR-AND-Invert
A B C x y
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
:
) x = ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A + B + C
) x = ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A + B + C
) y = ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A + B + C
OR-AND-Invert
).(Sum of minterms
14

OR-AND-Invert
OR-AND-Invert
A B C
OR
AND
AND .
.OR-AND-Invert Structure
15

.
AND-OR Structure ) (Sum of minterms
OR-AND Structure ) .(Product of Maxterms
AND-OR-Invert .OR-AND-Invert
:1
y : x
-1
A B x y
0 0 1 0 -2
0 1 0 1 AND-OR-Invert -3
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 OR-AND-Invert -4
:2
x y z :
C x y -1
A B z
0 0 0 1 1 1 -2
0 0 1 1 0 0
AND-OR-Invert -3
0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 OR-AND-Invert -4
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0
16

-3

.
:
.1 )(Boolean Algebra Theorems
.2 )(Karnaugh Maps
1-3
.
.
.
.
.

:

x = AB + BC
17


y = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
y = AB + AC + AB
y = B + AC
) ( .
) x = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C
) y = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C
:
) x = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C
) x = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C
)x = ( B + C )( A + B
18

) y = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C
) y = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C
)y = ( B + C )( A + B
y B
)y = ( B + C )( A + B
y = B+C A
: AND-OR-Invert
AND-OR-Invert

y = ABC + ABC + ABC
:

x = BC + AB
19

y = ABC + ABC + ABC
y = ABC + ABC + ABC

y = BC + AB
y B
) (DeMorgans Theorem x . y
.
: OR-AND-Invert
OR-AND-Invert
) x = ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A + B + C
:
) x = ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C
) x = ( A + B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C
) x = ( A + B)( B + C
20

) y = ( A + B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C
) y = ( A+ B + C ) ( A + B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C ) ( A+ B + C
)y = ( A + B)( A + C )( A + B
) y = B( A + C
x y .

.
) (Tabular Method - ) .(Quine-McCluskey Method

) (Algorithm .
.
:3
.1
:4
.2
21

2-3 )(Karnaugh Maps
) (Karnaugh Map K-Map
) (Truth Table
.
:
A B .
# A B x
0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
2 1 0 0
3 1 1 1

A
B 0 1
0 1 0
0 2 x
1 0 1
1 3
) (Cells
.
4 .

) (minterms ).(Maxterms
22

) (MSB
A . A 0 1
0 ) ( 1 .
A 0 A .1
B 0 ) ( 1
. B 0
B .1
MSB
A
B 0 1
.

.
0 .1
2 .3
0 0 A = 0
B = 0 1 1 A = 0 B = 1 ... .

) (MSB .
A
B 0 1
0
0 2
1
1 3
23

x .
A
B 0 1
0 1 0
0 2 x
1 0 1
1 3

1s 0s
1s .
A
B 0 1
0 1
0 2 x
1 1
1 3
)x = f ( A, B) = m (0,3
) x = f ( A, B x ) (function A B
)
( ) .(MSB ) m (0,3 1
0 .3
24

:
.
# A B C x y
0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1
2 0 1 0 0 1
3 0 1 1 1 0
4 1 0 0 0 1
5 1 0 1 0 1
6 1 1 0 0 0
7 1 1 1 1 0

)x = f ( A, B, C ) = m (0,1,3,7
)y = f ( A, B, C ) = m (0,1,2,4,5
) (MSB A
B C . A B
)
( . C
AB
C 00 01 11 10
25

AB
C 00 01 11 10
0
0 2 6 4
1
1 3 7 5
1s
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 1
0 2 6 4 x
1 1 1 1
1 3 7 5
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 1
0 2 6 4 y
1 1 1
1 3 7 5
26

:
.
# A B C D x
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 1 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 1
4 0 1 0 0 0
5 0 1 0 1 0
6 0 1 1 0 0
7 0 1 1 1 0
8 1 0 0 0 1
9 1 0 0 1 0
10 1 0 1 0 1
11 1 0 1 1 0
12 1 1 0 0 1
13 1 1 0 1 0
14 1 1 1 0 0
15 1 1 1 1 0

)x = f ( A, B, C , D ) = m (2,3,8,10,12
16
) (MSB A
B C D .

27

AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10

AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9
11
3 7 15 11
10
2 6 14 10
1s
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9 x
11 1
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
28

.
A
B 0 1
0 1 1
0 2 x
1
1 3
0 2
.
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 1
0 2 6 4 x
1 1 1 1
1 3 7 5
0 1
3 7
1 3 . .
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9 x
11 1 1
3 7 15 11
10 1
2 6 14 10
8 12 3 2
.7
29

.
.

.
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 1 1
0 2 6 4 x
1 1 1
1 3 7 5
1 3 0 1 .4
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9 x
11 1
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
8 12 2 3 10
8 .2
30

.

. .
.
A
B 0 1
0 1 1
0 2 x
1
1 3
0 .2
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 1
0 2 6 4 x
1 1 1 1
1 3 7 5
. 0 1
3 .7 1 3
.
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 1
0 2 6 4 x
1 1 1
1 3 7 5
. 2
.
31

AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9 x
11 1
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
. 2
.10 10 8 .2

.
0 1 1 0
0 1
.AND
) OR (.
)x = f ( A, B) = m (0,2
:

A B
B 0 1
0 1 1
0 2 x
1
1 3
32

. A
1 0 B 0
.
x=B
)x = f ( A, B, C ) = m (0,1,3,7
)y = f ( A, B, C ) = m (0,1,2,4,5
:

AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 1
AB 0 2 6 4 x
1 1 1 1 BC
1 3 7 5
AB AC
C 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 1
0 2 6 4 y
1 1 1
1 3 7 5
B
x . A B 0
C
. AB A
B C 1
. BC OR
x = AB + BC
33

y . A
C B 0
. B B
A C 0
. AC OR

y = B + AC
)x = f ( A, B, C , D) = m (1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12
:
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01 1 1
1 5 13 9 x
11 1 1
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
x = AD + AC D + BC D
34

:

)x = f ( A, B, C , D) = m (1,4,5,6,9,12,13,14
:
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01 1 1 1 1
1 5 13 9 x
11
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
x = C D + BD
:

)x = f ( A, B, C , D) = m (0,2,5,7,8,10,13,15
:
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
1 1
01
1 5 13 9 x
1 1
11
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
x = BD + BD
35

:

x = f ( A, B, C , D) = m (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
:
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01 1 1
1 5 13 9 x
11 1 1
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
x= A
:

x = f ( A, B, C , D ) = m (0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14)
:
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 1
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9 x
11
3 7 15 11
10 1 1 1 1
2 6 14 10
x=D
36

:

x = f ( A, B, C , D ) = m (0,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,13,15)
:
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1
0 4 12 8
01 1 1 1
1 5 13 9 x
11 1 1 1
3 7 15 11
10 1
2 6 14 10
x = BD + AC D + ABC + ABC
:

x = f ( A, B, C , D ) = m (1,5,6,7,11,12,13,15)
:
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1
0 4 12 8
01 1 1 1
1 5 13 9 x
11 1 1 1
3 7 15 11
10 1
2 6 14 10
x = ABC + AC D + ABC + ACD
37

.
.
.
.
.
:

)x = f ( A, B, C , D) = m (0,1,3,6,9,11,12,13,15
:
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01 1 1 1
1 5 13 9 x
11 1 1 1
3 7 15 11
10 1
2 6 14 10
x = ABC D + ABC + ABC + AD + BD

.
:
32 16.
) 0 (15
) 16 (31
38

A= 0 A=1
BC BC
DE 00 01 11 10 DE 00 01 11 10
00 00
0 4 12 8 16 20 28 24
01 01
1 5 13 9 17 21 29 25 x
11 11
3 7 15 11 19 23 31 27
10 10
2 6 14 10 18 22 30 26

) ( A = 0
) ( A = 1 0 16 5 21 10 .26

.
:

)x = f ( A, B, C , D) = m (0,1,2,3,7,9,15,16,17,18,19,23,24,25,28,31
:
A= 0 A=1
BC BC
DE 00 01 11 10 DE 00 01 11 10
00 1 00 1 1 1
0 4 12 8 16 20 28 24
01 1 1 01 1 1
1 5 13 9 17 21 29 25 x
11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1
3 7 15 11 19 23 31 27
10 1 10 1
2 6 14 10 18 22 30 26
x = BC + CDE + C DE + ABD E
39

:
64

A= 0 A=1
CD CD
EF 00 01 11 10 EF 00 01 11 10
00 00
0 4 12 8 32 36 44 40
01 01

B=0 1 5 13 9 33 37 45 41
11 11
3 7 15 11 35 39 47 43
10 10
2 6 14 10 34 38 46 42

CD CD
EF 00 01 11 10 EF 00 01 11 10
00 00
16 20 28 24 48 52 60 56
01 01
17 21 29 25 49 53 61 57
B =1
11 11
19 23 31 27 51 55 63 59
10 10
18 22 30 26 50 54 62 58
. 5
21 37 21 5 53 37 5 53
.
.
40

) (Tabular Methods .

.

0s 0s
1s
.
1
0 .OR
.AND
:

)x = f ( A, B, C ) = M (2,4,5,6
)y = f ( A, B, C ) = M (3,6,7
AB
:
C 00 01 11 10
0 0 0 0
0 2 6 4 x
1 0
1 3 7 5
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 0
0 2 6 4 y
1 0 0
1 3 7 5
41

x = ( B + C )( A+ B)
y = ( A+ B)( B + C )
:

x = f ( A, B, C , D) = M (0,1,4,5,11,15)
:
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 0 0
0 4 12 8
01 0 0
1 5 13 9 x
11 0 0
3 7 15 11
10
2 6 14 10
x = ( A + C )( A + C + D )
:

x = f ( A, B, C , D) = M (0,1,3,6,9,11,12,13,15)
:
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 0 0
0 4 12 8
01 0 0 0
1 5 13 9 x
11 0 0 0
3 7 15 11
10 0
2 6 14 10
x = ( A + B + C + D )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + D )( B + D )
42

AND-OR-Invert OR-AND-Invert
.
AND-OR-Invert
OR-AND-Invert .
.
:
x y :
) ( AND-OR-Invert
# A B C x y
0 0 0 0 1 1 )( OR-AND-Invert
1 0 0 1 1 1
2 0 1 0 0 1
3 0 1 1 1 0
4 1 0 0 0 1
5 1 0 1 0 1
6 1 1 0 0 0
7 1 1 1 1 0
:
) ( AND-OR-Invert
)x = f ( A, B, C ) = m (2,4,5,6
)y = f ( A, B, C ) = m (3,6,7
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 1
0 2 6 4 x
1 1
1 3 7 5
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 1
0 2 6 4 y
1 1 1
1 3 7 5
43

x = BC + AB
x = BC + AB
y = AB + BC
y = AB + BC
OR-AND-Invert )(
x = f ( A, B, C ) = M (0,1,3,7)
y = f ( A, B, C ) = M (0,1,2,4,5)
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 0
0 2 6 4 x
1 0 0 0
1 3 7 5
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 0 0 0
0 2 6 4 y
1 0 0
1 3 7 5
x = ( A + B)( B + C )
x = ( A + B)( B + C )
y = B( A + C )
y = B( A + C )
44

)(Incompletely Specified Functions

1 0 ) (Dont Cares
. :
.1
1 .0
.2
.

# A B C y
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
2 0 1 0 1
3 0 1 1 0
4 1 0 0 1
5 1 0 1
6 1 1 0 0
7 1 1 1
)y = f ( A, B, C ) = m (1,2,4) + d (5,7
)y = f ( A, B, C ) = M (0,3,6) d (5,7
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 1 1
0 2 6 4 y
1 1
1 3 7 5
AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 0 0
0 2 6 4 y
1 0
1 3 7 5
45

) (s
.
).(s
:
y :
) (
)(
.
# B3 B2 B1 B0 y
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
2 0 0 1 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 0
4 0 1 0 0 0
5 0 1 0 1 1
6 0 1 1 0 1
7 0 1 1 1 0
8 1 0 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
:
) (
)y = f ( B3 , B2 , B1 , B0 ) = m (1,2,5,6,9) + d (10,11,12,13,14,15
46

B3 B2
B1 B0 00 01 11 10
00
0 4 12 8
01 1 1 1
1 5 13 9 y
11
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
y = B1B0 + B1 B0
)(
y = f ( B3 , B2 , B1 , B0 ) = M (0,3,4,7,8) d (10,11,12,13,14,15)
B3 B2
B1 B0 00 01 11 10
00 0 0 0
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9 y
11 0 0
3 7 15 11
10
2 6 14 10
y = ( B1 + B0 )( B1 + B0 )
47

:5
.1
:6
.2
:7
:
)x = f ( A3 , A2 , A1 , A0 ) = m (0,1,2,3,4,5,8,10,12
)y = f ( L3 , L2 , L1 , L0 ) = m (1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,13,14,15
)z = f ( D, C , B, A) = m (0,1,7,8,9,10,15
:8
:
)x = f ( A3 , A2 , A1 , A0 ) = M (6,7,9,11,13,14,15
)y = f ( L3 , L2 , L1 , L0 ) = M (0,2,10,12
)z = f ( D, C , B, A) = M (2,3,4,5,6,11,12,13,14
:9

)y = f ( B4 , B3 , B2 , B1 , B0 ) = M (3,4,5,7,12,13,18,19,20,21,22,23,26,28,29,30
:10
:
)x = f ( A3 , A2 , A1 , A0 ) = m (0,7,13,15) + d (2,6,8,9,10,11,14
)y = f ( B3 , B2 , B1 , B0 ) = M (1,3,4,5,12) d (2,6,8,9,10,11,14
48

-4
.
) AND OR (NOT
) NAND .(NOR
1-4
.
AND-OR Structure
.OR-AND Structure
:
) AND OR (NOT

x = AB + BC
y = B + AC
:
A B C
49

:
) AND OR (NOT

)x = ( B + C )( A+ B
)y = ( B + C )( A + B
:
A B C
2-4
) (Integrated Circuit IC
. NAND
.NOR
NAND
AND-OR Structure
AND-OR Structure NAND:
50

NAND
AND OR NAND
AND OR
. A = A OR
NAND OR NAND
. A + B = A B AND-OR Structure NAND
NAND AND NAND
OR NAND AND-OR Structure
NAND .
AND-OR Structure
NAND :
51

A
B x
C OR .AND
NAND
OR NAND
.AND AND
.OR :
A
B x
A
B x
A
B x
NAND
.OR NAND
OR NAND
.OR
52

:
NAND
x = AB + BC
y = B + AC
:
) AND OR (NOT
A B C
NAND
OR
A B C
53

NOR
OR-AND Structure
OR-AND Structure NOR:
NOR
OR AND NOR
OR AND
AND NOR AND
NOR . A B = A+ B OR-AND Structure
NOR NOR .
AND NOR .AND
54

:
NOR
)x = ( B + C )( A+ B
)y = ( B + C )( A + B
:
) AND OR (NOT
A B C
NOR
A B C
55

:11
:
# A3 A2 A1 A0 x y
0
) ( NAND
0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 )( NOR
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1 0 1
4 0 1 0 0 0 1
5 0 1 0 1 0 0
6 0 1 1 0 A3
7 0 1 1 1 1 0
x
8 1 0 0 0 A2
9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0 A1
y
11 1 0 1 1 A0
12 1 1 0 0 0 1
13 1 1 0 1 1 0
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1 1 0
-5
.
)4-bit Binary-to-Gray Code Converter :(1

4
NAND.
:
B3 G3
4-bit
Binary
B2 to G2
Gray
)(Binary Code B1 G1 )(Gray Code
Code
Converter
B0 G0
56

# B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
5 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
6 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
7 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
9 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
10 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
12 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
13 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
14 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
15 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
:
NAND

)G0 = f ( B3 , B2 , B1 , B0 ) = m (1,2,5,6,9,10,13,14
)G1 = f ( B3 , B2 , B1 , B0 ) = m (2,3,4,5,10,11,12,13
)G2 = f ( B3 , B2 , B1 , B0 ) = m (4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
)G3 = f ( B3 , B2 , B1 , B0 ) = m (8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15
57

:
B3 B2 B3 B2
B1 B0 00 01 11 10 B1 B0 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 00
0 4 12 8 0 4 12 8
01 1 1 01 1 1 1 1
1 5 13 9 G1 1 5 13 9 G0
11 1 1 11
3 7 15 11 3 7 15 11
10 1 1 10 1 1 1 1
2 6 14 10 2 6 14 10
B3 B2 B3 B2
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
B1 B0 B1 B0
00 1 1 00 1 1
0 4 12 8 0 4 12 8
01 1 1 01 1 1
1 5 13 9 G3 1 5 13 9 G2
11 1 1 11 1 1
3 7 15 11 3 7 15 11
10 1 1 10 1 1
2 6 14 10 2 6 14 10
G0 = B1B0 + B1 B0
G1 = B2 B1 + B2 B1
G2 = B3 B2 + B3 B2
G3 = B3
58

:
B3 B2 B1 B0
G0
G1
G2
G3
B3 B2 B1 B0
G0
G1
G2
G3
59

) :(2 )(Dimensions Checker
L . W
.
L L L+ W
W W +
+
L L+
W
W
W
L L W
W .
L L+ W W +
.
) .(Sensors
) (Laser Sensor
.

60

1
.0 1 0
.
L L
. L+

1 1
L L+
0 1
L L+
0 0
L L+
W W
. W +
61

) (Dimensions Checker
) ( W + W L+ L
) (Accepted ) (Rejected ) .(reCut
A R C A 1
R C 0 R 1 A
C 0 C 1
A R .0
:
:
L
A
+ Dimensions
L
Checker R
W
C
+
W
# W + W L+ L A R C
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
11 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
12 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
15 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
62

:

)A = m (10) + d (1,4,5,6,7,9,13
)R = m (3,11,12,14,15) + d (1,4,5,6,7,9,13
)C = m (0,2,8) + d (1,4,5,6,7,9,13
:
W +W
L+ L 00 01 11 10
00
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9
A
11
3 7 15 11
10 1
2 6 14 10
W +W
00 01 11 10
L+ L
00 1
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9
R
11 1 1 1
3 7 15 11
10 1
2 6 14 10
W +W
W+ 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9 C
11
3 7 15 11
10 1
2 6 14 10
63

:
A = W + W L+ L
R = W + L
C = L W + + W L+
:

L W
.

.

.
:
W+ W L+ L
64

)BCD to Seven Segment Display Decoder :(3
BCD to Seven Segment Display Decoder
a a
b
BCD f b
B0 c
To g Seven
BCD B1 Seven d Segment
Code Segment Display
B2 e
Display e c
B3 f
Decoder
g
d
9-0 BCD
) (Segments .Seven Segment Display
) (LED 1
0 . 3 1 d c b a g 0
e f 0 1 g 8 1
... .
# B3 B2 B1 B0 a b c d e f g
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
5 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
6 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
7 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
65

:
)a = m (0,2,3,5,6,7,8,9) + d (10,11,12,13,14,15
)b = m (0,1,2,3,4,7,8,9) + d (10,11,12,13,14,15
)c = m (0,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) + d (10,11,12,13,14,15
)d = m (0,2,3,5,6,8,9) + d (10,11,12,13,14,15
)e = m (0,2,6,8) + d (10,11,12,13,14,15
)f = m (0,4,5,6,8,9) + d (10,11,12,13,14,15
)g = m (2,3,4,5,6,8,9) + d (10,11,12,13,14,15
:
e c a g
B3 B2
B1 B0 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01 1 1
1 5 13 9 a
11 1 1
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
B3 B2
B1 B0 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1
0 4 12 8
01 1 1 1
1 5 13 9 c
11 1 1
3 7 15 11
10 1
2 6 14 10
66

B3 B2
B1 B0 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01
1 5 13 9 e
11
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
B3 B2
B1 B0 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
0 4 12 8
01 1 1
1 5 13 9 g
11 1
3 7 15 11
10 1 1
2 6 14 10
a = B3 + B1 + B2 B0 + B2 B0
c = B1 + B0 + B2
e = B2 B0 + B1 B0
g = B3 + B2 B1 + B1 B0 + B2 B1
:
.
67

.
. .

) (Digital System
.

.
:1
x = AB + AB + AB -1
y = AB + AB
x = A+ B -2
)y = ( A + B)( A + B
x = AB -3
y = AB + AB
)x = ( A + B)( A + B)( A + B -4
)y = ( A + B)( A + B
68

:2
x = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC -1
y = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
z = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
x = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C ) -2
y = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )
z = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )
x = ABC + ABC + ABC -3

y = ABC + ABC
z = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
x = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C ) -4
y = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )
z = ( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )
:5 3
x = B+ A -1
y = AB + AB
x = A+ B -2
y = ( A + B)( A + B)
x = AB -3
y = AB + AB
x = BA -4
y = ( A + B)( A + B)
69

:6 4
x = B + AC -1
y=C+B
z = BC + AC + AB
x = ( A + B)( B + C ) -2
y = B+C
z = ( A + B)( A + C )( B + C )
x = AB + BC -3
y = BC
z = AB + AC + BC
x = B( A + C ) -4
y = CB
z = ( B + C )( A + C )( A + B)
:7
x = A1 A0 + A3 A2 + A3 A1 + A2 A0
y = L0 + L3 L2 + L2 L1 + L3 L2 L1
z = C B + CBA + DC A
:8
x = ( A3 + A0 )( A2 + A1 )
y = ( L3 + L2 + L1 + L0 )( L3 + L2 + L0 )( L2 + L1 + L0 )
z = (C + B)(C + A)( D + C + B)(C + B + A)
:9
y = ( B2 + B1 )( B3 + B1 + B0 )( B4 + B1 + B0 )
70

:10
x = A3 A0 + A2 A1 + A2 A0
y = ( B2 + B0 )( B2 + B0 )( B3 + B1 + B0 )
:11
A3 A2 A1 A0
A3 A2 A1 A0
71

(Sum of Minterms) (Product of Maxterms) AND-OR-Invert OR-AND-Invert

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= x ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

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y = ABC + ABC + ABC

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x = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

x = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

x = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

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y = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

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x = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

x = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

x = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

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y = ABC + ABC + ABC

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x = ABC + AC D + ABC + ACD

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x = ABC D + ABC + ABC + AD + BD

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