MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1.

Why cant
conventional tubes be used at microwave frequencies? Conventional tubes cant
be used at microwave frequencies because of transit time effect. Lead
inductance and inter electrode capacitance of the devices will finally limit the
output which may even be zero. 2. What is transit time? It is the time taken by
the electrons to travel from cathode to anode. 3. What is the operating principle
of reflex klystron? It works on the principle of velocity modul ation and current
modulation. 4. What is velocity and current modulation in a reflex klystron?
Variation in velocities of the electrons in the electron beam is called velocity
modulation; variation in the current density of the electron beam is referred to as
current modulation. 5. How does bunching occur in a reflex klystron? A reference
electron passing the gap when the gap voltage is zero travels with no change in
velocity. An electron leaving the gap earlier during slightly positive voltage would
travel further into repeller space and hence would take longer time then the
reference electron to return to the gap. An electron leaving the gap later will face
slightly negative voltage and gets retarded. So it returns back after a shorter
travel in the repeller space. Thus all the electrons would arrive back to the gap in
bunches. Bunching around reference electron takes place once per cycle of RF
oscillations. 6. Why do different modes of operation exist for a reflex klystron?
There are several combinations of repeller voltage and anode voltage that
provide favorable conditions for bunching. Accordingly there are several modes
of operation, expressed by N + where N is an integer. Page 2 MICROWAVE
ENGINEERING LAB VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Why cant conventional
tubes be used at microwave frequencies? Conventional tubes cant be used at
microwave frequencies because of transit time effect. Lead inductance and inter
electrode capacitance of the devices will finally limit the output which may even
be zero. 2. What is transit time? It is the time taken by the electrons to travel
from cathode to anode. 3. What is the operating principle of reflex klystron? It
works on the principle of velocity modul ation and current modulation. 4. What is
velocity and current modulation in a reflex klystron? Variation in velocities of the
electrons in the electron beam is called velocity modulation; variation in the
current density of the electron beam is referred to as current modulation. 5. How
does bunching occur in a reflex klystron? A reference electron passing the gap
when the gap voltage is zero travels with no change in velocity. An electron
leaving the gap earlier during slightly positive voltage would travel further into
repeller space and hence would take longer time then the reference electron to
return to the gap. An electron leaving the gap later will face slightly negative
voltage and gets retarded. So it returns back after a shorter travel in the repeller
space. Thus all the electrons would arrive back to the gap in bunches. Bunching
around reference electron takes place once per cycle of RF oscillations. 6. Why
do different modes of operation exist for a reflex klystron? There are several
combinations of repeller voltage and anode voltage that provide favorable
conditions for bunching. Accordingly there are several modes of operation,
expressed by N + where N is an integer. 7. What modes are generally used in
a reflex klystron? 1 and 2 are the most commonly used modes in a practical
reflex klystron. 8. What is the operating frequency and power output of a reflex
klystron? Frequency range: 4GHz 200GHz Output power: maximum 3W in X-
band to 10mW at 220GHz 9. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of the
reflex klystron? 22.7% for 1 mode. 10. What is mechanical tuning and
electronic tuning in a reflex klystron? Variation in frequency of resonance of
cavity by varying its dimension by a mechanical method like adjusting screws is
called mechanical tuning. Variation of frequency by adjusting repeller voltage is
called electronic tuning. 11. What is the range of frequency variation of reflex
klystron in the X-band by the above two methods? Mechanical tuning: +20MHz.
Electronic tuning: +8MHz 12. What are applications of reflex klystron? They are
used as 1) signal source in microwave generators. 2) Local oscillators in
receivers. 3) Pump oscillators in parametric amplifiers. 13. Leaving reflex
klystron, what other devices are used as microwave signal sources? 1)
Magnetron oscillator 2) Backward wave oscillator 3) Gunn oscillator 4) IMPATT
diode oscillator 5) TRAPPAT diode oscillator 14. Is Gunn diode a p-n junction? No.
It isnt. 15. What is Gunn Effect? When the voltage gradient across a slice of
GaAs exceeds about 3300V/cm, negative resistance will develop and oscillations
occur if the slice is connected to a suitable tank circuit. 16. What are the
materials used in the construction of Gunn diode? GaAs (Gallium Arsenide), InP
(Indium Phosphate) doped in Si. Page 3 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB VIVA
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Why cant conventional tubes be used at
microwave frequencies? Conventional tubes cant be used at microwave
frequencies because of transit time effect. Lead inductance and inter electrode
capacitance of the devices will finally limit the output which may even be zero. 2.
What is transit time? It is the time taken by the electrons to travel from cathode
to anode. 3. What is the operating principle of reflex klystron? It works on the
principle of velocity modul ation and current modulation. 4. What is velocity and
current modulation in a reflex klystron? Variation in velocities of the electrons in
the electron beam is called velocity modulation; variation in the current density
of the electron beam is referred to as current modulation. 5. How does bunching
occur in a reflex klystron? A reference electron passing the gap when the gap
voltage is zero travels with no change in velocity. An electron leaving the gap
earlier during slightly positive voltage would travel further into repeller space
and hence would take longer time then the reference electron to return to the
gap. An electron leaving the gap later will face slightly negative voltage and gets
retarded. So it returns back after a shorter travel in the repeller space. Thus all
the electrons would arrive back to the gap in bunches. Bunching around
reference electron takes place once per cycle of RF oscillations. 6. Why do
different modes of operation exist for a reflex klystron? There are several
combinations of repeller voltage and anode voltage that provide favorable
conditions for bunching. Accordingly there are several modes of operation,
expressed by N + where N is an integer. 7. What modes are generally used in
a reflex klystron? 1 and 2 are the most commonly used modes in a practical
reflex klystron. 8. What is the operating frequency and power output of a reflex
klystron? Frequency range: 4GHz 200GHz Output power: maximum 3W in X-
band to 10mW at 220GHz 9. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of the
reflex klystron? 22.7% for 1 mode. 10. What is mechanical tuning and
electronic tuning in a reflex klystron? Variation in frequency of resonance of
cavity by varying its dimension by a mechanical method like adjusting screws is
called mechanical tuning. Variation of frequency by adjusting repeller voltage is
called electronic tuning. 11. What is the range of frequency variation of reflex
klystron in the X-band by the above two methods? Mechanical tuning: +20MHz.
Electronic tuning: +8MHz 12. What are applications of reflex klystron? They are
used as 1) signal source in microwave generators. 2) Local oscillators in
receivers. 3) Pump oscillators in parametric amplifiers. 13. Leaving reflex
klystron, what other devices are used as microwave signal sources? 1)
Magnetron oscillator 2) Backward wave oscillator 3) Gunn oscillator 4) IMPATT
diode oscillator 5) TRAPPAT diode oscillator 14. Is Gunn diode a p-n junction? No.
It isnt. 15. What is Gunn Effect? When the voltage gradient across a slice of
GaAs exceeds about 3300V/cm, negative resistance will develop and oscillations
occur if the slice is connected to a suitable tank circuit. 16. What are the
materials used in the construction of Gunn diode? GaAs (Gallium Arsenide), InP
(Indium Phosphate) doped in Si. 17. What is negative resistance? A device is said
to have negative resistance characteristics if, during its operation an increase in
the voltage across it leads to decrease in its current. 18. Can any negative
resistance device be used for amplification? Yes. 19. What are the other names of
Gunn diode and Gunn oscillator? Transferred electron device and transferred
electron oscillator. 20. Draw the equivalent circuit of an X-band GaAs Gunn diode.
Equivalent circuit is a parallel combination of resistance (~100?) and a
capacitance (~.6pF). 21. Mention the characteristics of an X-band GaAs Gunn
diode. Typical values are: Bias voltage: 9V Output power: 300mW Operating
current: 950mA Efficiency: 3.5% 22. Can a Gunn diode be used as an amplifier?
Yes. 23. Mention some applications of Gunn diode. It is used as 1) low and
medium power oscillators in microwave receivers. 2) Pump sources in parametric
amplifiers 3) Power output oscillators in radars 24. Expand the terms IMPATT,
TRAPATT, & PIN referring to the types of diodes. IMPATT Impact Avalanche &
Transit Time Diode TRAPATT Trapped Plasma Avalanche Triggered Transit Diode
PIN Positive Intrinsic Negative 25. What is the use of crystal diode in a
microwave bench setup? To detect the microwave signal picked up by the probe
and to provide the rectified current. 26. What is a square law device? A device
whose output current is proportional to the square of the input voltage applied.
27. Mention conditions for a crystal diode to function as a square law device. The
rectified current should be less than 20A or input power should be less than
10mW. Page 4 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Why cant conventional tubes be used at microwave frequencies?
Conventional tubes cant be used at microwave frequencies because of transit
time effect. Lead inductance and inter electrode capacitance of the devices will
finally limit the output which may even be zero. 2. What is transit time? It is the
time taken by the electrons to travel from cathode to anode. 3. What is the
operating principle of reflex klystron? It works on the principle of velocity modul
ation and current modulation. 4. What is velocity and current modulation in a
reflex klystron? Variation in velocities of the electrons in the electron beam is
called velocity modulation; variation in the current density of the electron beam
is referred to as current modulation. 5. How does bunching occur in a reflex
klystron? A reference electron passing the gap when the gap voltage is zero
travels with no change in velocity. An electron leaving the gap earlier during
slightly positive voltage would travel further into repeller space and hence would
take longer time then the reference electron to return to the gap. An electron
leaving the gap later will face slightly negative voltage and gets retarded. So it
returns back after a shorter travel in the repeller space. Thus all the electrons
would arrive back to the gap in bunches. Bunching around reference electron
takes place once per cycle of RF oscillations. 6. Why do different modes of
operation exist for a reflex klystron? There are several combinations of repeller
voltage and anode voltage that provide favorable conditions for bunching.
Accordingly there are several modes of operation, expressed by N + where N
is an integer. 7. What modes are generally used in a reflex klystron? 1 and 2
are the most commonly used modes in a practical reflex klystron. 8. What is the
operating frequency and power output of a reflex klystron? Frequency range:
4GHz 200GHz Output power: maximum 3W in X-band to 10mW at 220GHz 9.
What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of the reflex klystron? 22.7% for 1
mode. 10. What is mechanical tuning and electronic tuning in a reflex klystron?
Variation in frequency of resonance of cavity by varying its dimension by a
mechanical method like adjusting screws is called mechanical tuning. Variation of
frequency by adjusting repeller voltage is called electronic tuning. 11. What is
the range of frequency variation of reflex klystron in the X-band by the above two
methods? Mechanical tuning: +20MHz. Electronic tuning: +8MHz 12. What are
applications of reflex klystron? They are used as 1) signal source in microwave
generators. 2) Local oscillators in receivers. 3) Pump oscillators in parametric
amplifiers. 13. Leaving reflex klystron, what other devices are used as microwave
signal sources? 1) Magnetron oscillator 2) Backward wave oscillator 3) Gunn
oscillator 4) IMPATT diode oscillator 5) TRAPPAT diode oscillator 14. Is Gunn diode
a p-n junction? No. It isnt. 15. What is Gunn Effect? When the voltage gradient
across a slice of GaAs exceeds about 3300V/cm, negative resistance will develop
and oscillations occur if the slice is connected to a suitable tank circuit. 16. What
are the materials used in the construction of Gunn diode? GaAs (Gallium
Arsenide), InP (Indium Phosphate) doped in Si. 17. What is negative resistance? A
device is said to have negative resistance characteristics if, during its operation
an increase in the voltage across it leads to decrease in its current. 18. Can any
negative resistance device be used for amplification? Yes. 19. What are the other
names of Gunn diode and Gunn oscillator? Transferred electron device and
transferred electron oscillator. 20. Draw the equivalent circuit of an X-band GaAs
Gunn diode. Equivalent circuit is a parallel combination of resistance (~100?) and
a capacitance (~.6pF). 21. Mention the characteristics of an X-band GaAs Gunn
diode. Typical values are: Bias voltage: 9V Output power: 300mW Operating
current: 950mA Efficiency: 3.5% 22. Can a Gunn diode be used as an amplifier?
Yes. 23. Mention some applications of Gunn diode. It is used as 1) low and
medium power oscillators in microwave receivers. 2) Pump sources in parametric
amplifiers 3) Power output oscillators in radars 24. Expand the terms IMPATT,
TRAPATT, & PIN referring to the types of diodes. IMPATT Impact Avalanche &
Transit Time Diode TRAPATT Trapped Plasma Avalanche Triggered Transit Diode
PIN Positive Intrinsic Negative 25. What is the use of crystal diode in a
microwave bench setup? To detect the microwave signal picked up by the probe
and to provide the rectified current. 26. What is a square law device? A device
whose output current is proportional to the square of the input voltage applied.
27. Mention conditions for a crystal diode to function as a square law device. The
rectified current should be less than 20A or input power should be less than
10mW. 28. Name the types of crystal diodes used. Point contact type, barrier
type & back type are commonly used types of crystal diodes. 29. Draw the
equivalent circuit of a microwave crystal detector. Equivalent circuit consists of a
parallel combination of: 1) Lead inductance (L) in series with lead resistance (R)
2) Junction capacitance (C) 30. Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity
of a crystal detector. Current sensitivity is the maximum short circuit current for
unit input power (short circuit power/input power). Voltage sensitivity is the
maximum open circuit voltage for unit input power (open circuit power/input
power). 31. Why is a tuning element provided with a crystal mount? To eliminate
reflections from crystal mount. 32. Apart from signal detection what are the other
applications of crystal diode? Used as 1) frequency mixers in superhetrodyne
receivers 2) Harmonic generators 3) frequency converters 33. Which crystal
diode is commonly used for X-band operations? IN 23 34. Give the relation
between output current and input voltage for a crystal diode. I = KE P where K is
a constant due to detector and probe coupling. P is a constant depending on the
individual crystal & magnitude of operating voltage. P = 2 for square law
operation. 35. What is a wave guide? It is a hollow metallic pipe of either
rectangular or circular cross section, used to guide electromagnetic waves at
microwave frequencies. 36. Define guide wavelength. It is the distance between
two identical points on standing waves in a waveguide. 37. Define cutoff
wavelength for a waveguide. It is the longest wavelength beyond which there is
no propagation of EM waves within the waveguide. Page 5 MICROWAVE
ENGINEERING LAB VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Why cant conventional
tubes be used at microwave frequencies? Conventional tubes cant be used at
microwave frequencies because of transit time effect. Lead inductance and inter
electrode capacitance of the devices will finally limit the output which may even
be zero. 2. What is transit time? It is the time taken by the electrons to travel
from cathode to anode. 3. What is the operating principle of reflex klystron? It
works on the principle of velocity modul ation and current modulation. 4. What is
velocity and current modulation in a reflex klystron? Variation in velocities of the
electrons in the electron beam is called velocity modulation; variation in the
current density of the electron beam is referred to as current modulation. 5. How
does bunching occur in a reflex klystron? A reference electron passing the gap
when the gap voltage is zero travels with no change in velocity. An electron
leaving the gap earlier during slightly positive voltage would travel further into
repeller space and hence would take longer time then the reference electron to
return to the gap. An electron leaving the gap later will face slightly negative
voltage and gets retarded. So it returns back after a shorter travel in the repeller
space. Thus all the electrons would arrive back to the gap in bunches. Bunching
around reference electron takes place once per cycle of RF oscillations. 6. Why
do different modes of operation exist for a reflex klystron? There are several
combinations of repeller voltage and anode voltage that provide favorable
conditions for bunching. Accordingly there are several modes of operation,
expressed by N + where N is an integer. 7. What modes are generally used in
a reflex klystron? 1 and 2 are the most commonly used modes in a practical
reflex klystron. 8. What is the operating frequency and power output of a reflex
klystron? Frequency range: 4GHz 200GHz Output power: maximum 3W in X-
band to 10mW at 220GHz 9. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of the
reflex klystron? 22.7% for 1 mode. 10. What is mechanical tuning and
electronic tuning in a reflex klystron? Variation in frequency of resonance of
cavity by varying its dimension by a mechanical method like adjusting screws is
called mechanical tuning. Variation of frequency by adjusting repeller voltage is
called electronic tuning. 11. What is the range of frequency variation of reflex
klystron in the X-band by the above two methods? Mechanical tuning: +20MHz.
Electronic tuning: +8MHz 12. What are applications of reflex klystron? They are
used as 1) signal source in microwave generators. 2) Local oscillators in
receivers. 3) Pump oscillators in parametric amplifiers. 13. Leaving reflex
klystron, what other devices are used as microwave signal sources? 1)
Magnetron oscillator 2) Backward wave oscillator 3) Gunn oscillator 4) IMPATT
diode oscillator 5) TRAPPAT diode oscillator 14. Is Gunn diode a p-n junction? No.
It isnt. 15. What is Gunn Effect? When the voltage gradient across a slice of
GaAs exceeds about 3300V/cm, negative resistance will develop and oscillations
occur if the slice is connected to a suitable tank circuit. 16. What are the
materials used in the construction of Gunn diode? GaAs (Gallium Arsenide), InP
(Indium Phosphate) doped in Si. 17. What is negative resistance? A device is said
to have negative resistance characteristics if, during its operation an increase in
the voltage across it leads to decrease in its current. 18. Can any negative
resistance device be used for amplification? Yes. 19. What are the other names of
Gunn diode and Gunn oscillator? Transferred electron device and transferred
electron oscillator. 20. Draw the equivalent circuit of an X-band GaAs Gunn diode.
Equivalent circuit is a parallel combination of resistance (~100?) and a
capacitance (~.6pF). 21. Mention the characteristics of an X-band GaAs Gunn
diode. Typical values are: Bias voltage: 9V Output power: 300mW Operating
current: 950mA Efficiency: 3.5% 22. Can a Gunn diode be used as an amplifier?
Yes. 23. Mention some applications of Gunn diode. It is used as 1) low and
medium power oscillators in microwave receivers. 2) Pump sources in parametric
amplifiers 3) Power output oscillators in radars 24. Expand the terms IMPATT,
TRAPATT, & PIN referring to the types of diodes. IMPATT Impact Avalanche &
Transit Time Diode TRAPATT Trapped Plasma Avalanche Triggered Transit Diode
PIN Positive Intrinsic Negative 25. What is the use of crystal diode in a
microwave bench setup? To detect the microwave signal picked up by the probe
and to provide the rectified current. 26. What is a square law device? A device
whose output current is proportional to the square of the input voltage applied.
27. Mention conditions for a crystal diode to function as a square law device. The
rectified current should be less than 20A or input power should be less than
10mW. 28. Name the types of crystal diodes used. Point contact type, barrier
type & back type are commonly used types of crystal diodes. 29. Draw the
equivalent circuit of a microwave crystal detector. Equivalent circuit consists of a
parallel combination of: 1) Lead inductance (L) in series with lead resistance (R)
2) Junction capacitance (C) 30. Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity
of a crystal detector. Current sensitivity is the maximum short circuit current for
unit input power (short circuit power/input power). Voltage sensitivity is the
maximum open circuit voltage for unit input power (open circuit power/input
power). 31. Why is a tuning element provided with a crystal mount? To eliminate
reflections from crystal mount. 32. Apart from signal detection what are the other
applications of crystal diode? Used as 1) frequency mixers in superhetrodyne
receivers 2) Harmonic generators 3) frequency converters 33. Which crystal
diode is commonly used for X-band operations? IN 23 34. Give the relation
between output current and input voltage for a crystal diode. I = KE P where K is
a constant due to detector and probe coupling. P is a constant depending on the
individual crystal & magnitude of operating voltage. P = 2 for square law
operation. 35. What is a wave guide? It is a hollow metallic pipe of either
rectangular or circular cross section, used to guide electromagnetic waves at
microwave frequencies. 36. Define guide wavelength. It is the distance between
two identical points on standing waves in a waveguide. 37. Define cutoff
wavelength for a waveguide. It is the longest wavelength beyond which there is
no propagation of EM waves within the waveguide. 38. Define dominant mode
with respect to a waveguide. Mention dominant mode for rectangular and
circular waveguides. The mode with the least cutoff frequency is called dominant
mode. For rectangular waveguide the dominant mode is TE 10 & for circular
waveguide its TE 11. 39. If the broader dimension of a rectangular waveguide is
2.2cms, what is the cutoff frequency and wavelength for dominant mode? For
rectangular waveguide the dominant mode is TE 10. The cutoff wavelength ? c =
2a = 4.4cms. The cutoff frequency f c = c/ ? c = 6.8GHz. 40. Write the relation
between guide wavelength, cutoff wavelength and free space wavelength. 1/ ? o
2 = 1/ ? c 2 + 1/ ? g 2 or ? o = ? c ? g/ (? g 2 + ? c 2 ) 1/2 Where ? o free space
wavelength, ? c - cutoff wavelength, ? g guide wavelength 41. What are the
various power losses in a waveguide? 1) Losses in guide walls 2) losses in
dielectric (if any other than air) 42. How are modes excited in a rectangular
waveguide? Modes are excited using a probe, a hole or a loop. Commonly used
techniques are electric excitation, magnetic excitation and aperture excitation.
43. What is the preferred frequency range for waveguide operation? Why?
Frequency range: 3GHz 100GHz as the dimensions of the waveguide are
convenient in size, easy to fabricate. 44. Is a waveguide equivalent to a high
pass filter or a low pass filter? Explain Waveguide is equivalent to a high pass
filter. It passes frequencies only above the cutoff frequency f c, but attenuates
those below f c. 45. What is TE mode and TM mode? TE mode is the one in which
the electric field is perpendicular the direction of propagation of the EM wave. TM
mode is the one in which the magnetic field is perpendicular the direction of
propagation of the EM wave. 46. In the notation TE mn and TM mn what do m
and n represent? m denotes the half wave periodicity in the x direction while n
represents the half wave periodicity in the y direction; assuming the wave is
traveling in the z direction.

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