Ablative

Ablative of place where

Noun in ablative, typically with in or sub, describing where
something is located or where an action is occurring.

In magn cas vvunt. They live in a large house.

Nvis sub aqu fuit. The ship was under water.

Ablative of place from which, separation

Ablative of place from which regularly involves a verb of
active motion from one place to another. Usually governed with
ab, d, ex.

Ablative of separation implies some thing is separate from

another; no movement. Sometimes no preposition, and with
verbs meaning to lack.

Ablative of means, manner, accompaniment

Means:

Definition: (Pro)noun answering by means of what?/with

what? is the action of the verb performed.

Recognition: (Pro)noun in the ablative without a preposition

Translation: Supply by / by means of / with

Accompaniment and Manner:

Definition: (Pro)noun answering how?/ in what manner? or

in whose company? is the action of the verb performed.

Recognition: (Pro)noun in the ablative without a preposition

for accompaniment. cum + ablative noun for manner.

Translation: Accompaniment: Translate cum as with.

Manner: supply with.
Ablative of time
The Time within which or Time when is indicated with
ablative, without preposition. In translating, supply at, on,
in, or within.

Ablative absolute
Participle phrase consisting of a (pro)noun and a modifying
participle in ablative case, loosely connected to the rest of the
sentence, usually set off by commas. It is self-contained; noun
in absolute is not referenced at all by main clause.

Compare:
Rm vis, vir gaudbant. Rome having been seen, the
men were rejoicing.

Rmam vidents, vir gaudbant. Seeing rome, the men

were rejoicing.

More idiomatic to translate since/when/although Rome was

(had been) seen, the men were rejoicing.

Ablative of comparison
If first element being compared is nominative or accusative,
can omit quam and have the second element in the ablative.

Paucs flcires patre tu vd I have seen few men

happier than your father.

Vs.

Paucs flcires quam patrem tuum vd.

Ablative with cardinal numbers

With cardinal numbers other than mlia, and with qudam (a
certain one) and sometimes pauc, the idea of the whole is
expressed with ex or d + ablative:

Trs ex amcs mes Three of my friends

Qudam ex es A certain one of them

Centum ex virs 100 of the men

Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives
My meus-mea-meum
Your tuus-tua-tuum
Our noster-nostra-
nostrum
Your (p) vester-vestra-vestrum

Third Declension Adjectives

Almost identical to Third declension nouns.

Ablative singular ends -

Genitive plural ends ium

Nominative/accusative plural neuter ends ia

Special us Adjectives
nus, -a, um one
nllus, -a, um no, none
llus, -a, -um any
slus, -a, -um alone, only
neuter, neutral, neither
neutrum
alius, -a, -ud another, other
uter, utra, utrum either, which (of
two)
ttus, -a, -um whole, entire
alter, altera, the other (of two)
alterum

Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl

slus slus slum slus sl sl
sla slam slus sl sl
slu slu slus sl sl
m m
alius alius alium alteru ali ali
s
 alia aliam alteru ali ali
s
aliud aliud alter ali ali
us

Comparison of Adjectives
Comparative (-er, more, rather, too)

Base of positive + -ior(m/f), -ius(n), -iris(gen)

Two-ending adjective of third declension, following those of

third-declension NOUNS!

Superlative (-est, very)

Base of positive + -issimus / a / um

Quam with Comparatives & Superlatives

Quam following comparatives, links with than.

H libr sunt clrirs quam ill

These books are more famous than those

When quam precedes a superlative, it is greatest quantity.

Amcus meus erat vir quam icundissimus

My friend was the pleasantest man possible

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives

Six adjectives ending in lis form superlative by adding
limus / a / um to the base:

facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis

e.g.
Positive Comparat Superlativ
ive e
facilis, -e facilior, facillimus
-ius

Adjective with masculine ending er form superlative by adding

rimus to the masculine er. (Comparative: base + ior, etc).
e.g.
Positive Comparat Superlativ
ive e
lber lberior, lberrimus
-ius

Important irregular adjective comparisons

Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus,-a,- melior,-ius optimus,-
um a,um
magnus,-a,- maior,-ius maximus,-
um a,..
malus,a,um peior,-ius pessimus,-
a,..
multus,-a,- ----, pls plrimus,-
um a,..
parvus,-a,- minor,minus minimus,-
um a,..

Positive Comparative Superlative

(prae,pr) prior,-ius prmus,-a,
in front of, before former first

superus,-a,-um superior,-ius summus /

suprmus
that above higher highest,
furthest/last

Declension of Pls
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
Singul - - - - -
ar
pls pls plrs - plre
Plural plrs plrs plriu plribu plribu
m s s
plra plra plriu plrib plrib
m us us
In plural, plus functions as adjective (plrs amc). In singular
it is not an adjective, but a neuter noun commonly followed by
genitive of the whole. Plus pecniae more (of) money

Participles
Adjectives formed from a verb
Active Passive
Pres present stem + -ns ---
Perf --- part. stem + us, a, um
Fut participle stem + pres. stem +
rus/ra/rum ndus,nda,ndum
All but present participle follow pattern of magnus,-a,-um.
Present follows 3rd declension, but ablative singular sometimes
ends e.

Conditions
Indicative:

Simple Fact Present: S id facit, prdns est If he is doing

this [and it it possible he is], he is wise. (Present Indicative in
both clauses)

Simple Fact Past: S id fcit, prdns fuit If he did this [and

quite possibly he did], he was wise. (Past tense (perf/imperf) )
indicative.

Simple Fact Future: S id faciet, prdns erit If he does (will

do) this [and quite possibly he will], he will be wise. Future
indicative in both clauses. Translate as present tense + if.

Subjunctive:

Contrary To Fact Present: S id faceret, prdns esset If he

were doing this [but he is not] he would be wise [but he is not].
Imperfect subjunctive in both clauses.
Contrary To Fact Past: S id fcisset, prdns fuisset If he
had done this [but he did not], he would have been wise [but
he was not]. Pluperfect subjunctive in both clauses.

Future Less Vivid: S id faciat, prdns sit If he should do

this [and he may or may not], he would be wise. Present
subjunctive in both clauses.

Constructions
Place constructions
Place where: in or sub + ablative
In ill urbe vsus est. He was seen in that city.
Nihil sub sle est novum. There is nothing new under
the sun.

Place to which: in, ad, or sub + accusative

In illam urbem bit. He will go into that city.
Sub hastam hostis occidit. He fell under the enemys
spear.

Place from which: ab, d, or ex + ablative

Ex ill urbe iit. He went out of that city.

Special place constructions

With names of cities, towns, islands, and nouns domus,
humus, rs, no preposition is employed, though they are
supplied in English translation.

Place where: Special case used Locative. Identical to

genitive for singular of first and second declension nouns;
elsewhere identical to ablative.
Vsus est Rmae, Ephes, Athns, et Carthgine. He
was seen at Rome, Ephesus, Athens and Carthage.

Place to which: Accusative without preposition

bit Rmam, Ephesum, Athns, et Carthginem. He
will go to Rome, Ephesus, Athens and Carthage.
Place from which: Ablative without preposition
it Rm, Ephes, Athns, et Carthgine. He went
from Rome,Ephesus, Athens and Carthage.

Time constructions
Accusative of duration of time: Indicates not the time at or
within which an action occurs, but for how long a period of time
the action occurs. No preposition employed. In English, for is
often used.

Examples:

Mults anns vxit. He lived (for) many years.

Paucs hrs dom manbit. He will stay at home (for)
a few hours.
Qunque et vgint anns ntus, impertor factus
est. At the age of 25 (lit. having been born for 25 years),
he became commander.

Dative
Employed to indicate person or thing that some act applies to
indirectly.

I am giving the book [direct object] to you [indirect object].

Dative usage occurs with certain verbs compounded with

Ad, ante, con- (=cum), in, inter, op, post, prae, pr, sub,
super

Dative of agent
Dative of agent is used with the passive periphrastic.

Illa fmina omnibus laudanda est. That woman should be

praised by all.

Dative with adjectives

Dative is employed to indicate the direction (literally or
metaphorically) in which the adjective applies; usually followed
by to, for e.g. friendly to.
Mors est similis somn Death is similar to sleep

Nbs est vir amicus He is a man friendly toward us

Ille vidtur pr esse de That man seems to be equal to a

god

Dative of purpose
Expresses the purpose for which a person or thing serves.
Dative of reference often appears in conjunction.

Examples:

Hs librs dn msit, He sent those books as a gift

Ill nbs auxili vnrunt, They came as an aid to us.

Dative of reference or interest

Used to indicate a person (or thing) to whom some statement
refers, or from whose perspective it is true, or to whom it is of
special interest. Sometimes translated with to or for, but
not always.

Examples:

S quis metuns vvet, lbere mihi nn erit umquam.

If anyone lives in fear, he will not ever be free as I see it
(mihi) or in my opinion.
Caret tibi pectus inn ambitine? Is your breast free
from vain ambition are you sure (tibi)?
Nllus culpae mihi cnscius sum. In my own heart
(mihi), I am conscious of no fault.
Claudia est sapins mults. To many people, Claudia is
wise.

Demonstratives
ille, that
 Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
M ille illum illus ill ill
F illa illam illus ill ill
N illud illud illus ill ill
ille, those
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
M ill ills illrum ills ills
F illae ills illrum ills ills
N illa illa illrum ills ill
hic, this
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
M hic hunc hius huic hc
F haec hanc hius huic hc
N hoc hoc hius huic hc
hic, these
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
M h hs hrum hs hs
F hae hs hrum hs hs
N haec haec hrum hs hs
iste, that
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
M iste istum ist ist ist
F ista istam istus ist ist
N istud istud istus ist ist
iste, those
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
M ist ists istrum ists ists
F istae ists istrum ists ists
N ista ista istrum ists ist

Genitive
Objective Genitive
Sometimes translated by for

Examples:

amor laudis, love of praise

cupidits pecniae, greed for money
metus mortis, fear of death
 sps saltis, hope for safety

Genitive of thing charged

Inertiae condemn I condem myself/find myself guilty of
inactivity

Genitive of the whole

Genitive of a word indicating the whole of some thing is used
after a word designating a part of that whole. Also used with
mlia and after neuter nominative and accusative of pronouns
and adjectives like aliquid, quid, multum, plus, minus,
satis, nihil, tantum, quantum.

Pars urbis part of the city

Nihil temporis no time (nothing of time)

Quid cnsili what plan?

Genitive and Ablative of description

Noun in either ablative or genitive case plus a modifying
adjective may be employed to modify another noun. Modify
noun by indicating its character, quality, size, etc. Ablative
common in describing physical traits.

Examples:

Fmina magnae sapientiae. A woman of great intellect.

Px in hominibus bonae volunttis. Peace mong men
of good will.
Cnsilium eius mod. A plan of this kind.
Dlig hominem antqu virtte. I esteem a man of
old-fashioned morality.
Mles frm man. The soldier with a strong hand.
Es mribus bons. You are a person of good character.

Gerund and Gerundive

Gerundive: A verbal adjective, future passive participle,
formed with the endings ndus, -nda, -ndum.
Gerund: A verbal noun resembling gerundive. Has only four
forms neuter singular of genitive, dative, accusative and
ablative. Identical to the corresponding cases of gerundive, but
are active and correspond to the English gerund -ing.

Examples:
Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative
laudandum laudand laudand laudand
praising / etc of praising / .. to/for praising by praising
sequendum sequend sequend sequend
Magnum amrem legend habet He has a great love of
reading

The gerund is a verbal noun and thus can be modified as a verb

and used as a noun. Gerund has no nominative case and not
used as a subject this function is instead performed by the
infinite.

Example: Latin would say errre est humnum To err is

human, but not erring is human.

Accusative generally employed as a function of ad and other

prepositions, but not as a direct object (again performed by
infinitive). Iussit es venre He ordered them to come.

Examples:

Studium vvend cum amcs habet She has a

fondness of (for) living with friends.
Bene vvend operam dat He gives attention to living
well.
Ad bene vvendum Athns iit She went to Athens to
live well.
Bene vvend flcirs fmus We become happier by
living well.

Differences between Gerund and Gerundive: Gerundive is

a verbal adjective (liber legendus, a book to be read) and the
gerund is a verbal noun (amor legend, love of reading);
Gerundive has full masculine/feminine/neuter endings etc as it
is adjective and gerund has only four neuter singular forms;
Gerundive is passive in meaning, gerund active.

Gerund and Gerundive phrases

In practice, when the gerund would take a noun in the

accusative as a direct object, it is preferred to put this noun in
the case in which the gerund would otherwise appear and to
use instead a gerundive in agreement with the noun.
Translation is not affected.

Examples:

A. Studium legend librs (acceptable)

B. Studium librrum legendrum (preferred)
Fondness of reading books (not fondness of books to be
read unidiomatic)
A. Librs legend operam dat (acceptable)
B. Librs legends operam dat (preferred)
He gives attention to reading books
A. Librs legend discimus (acceptable)
B. Librs legends discimus (preferred)
We learn by reading books
A. D legend librs hoc locta est (acceptable)
B. D librs legends hoc locta est (preferred)
She said this about reading books

The preposition ad + accusative gerund(ive) and postpositive

caus + genitive were employed to indicate purpose.

Examples:

A. Ad legendum librs vnit (acceptable)

B. Ad librs legends vnit
He came to read books
A. Legend librs caus tium petit (acceptable)
B. Librrum legendrum caus tium petit
She seeks leisure for the sake of reading books

Purpose can also be expressed with ut/n + subjunctive, and

the accusative supine after a main verb of motion: venit ut
hs librs legat and hs librs lctum venit She is
coming to read these books.
Imperative mood
Deals will commands to be undertaken that are not yet going
on.
Con Singular Plural
j,
1 laud laudte
2 mon monte
3 mitte mittite
4 aud audte
M cape capite

Indirect Statements
Reports what someone has said, thought, felt, etc without
direct quotation.

Example

Dcunt / Dxrunt / Dcent

- They say/said/will say

1. eum iuvre eam

that he is / was / will help(ing) her

2. eum ivisse eam

that he was / had / would help(ing,ed)

3. eum itrum esse eam

that he will help / helped / will help
Recognition: Look for main verb of speech, mental activity or
sense perception with an accusative + infinitive phrase
following.

Example
Direct Indirect
Julia is a good student, says the The teacher says that Julia is a good
teacher student
Ilia, magister inquit, est Magister dcit Iliam esse
discipula bona. discpulam bonam

Infinitives
Active Passive
Pre -re, re, ere, -r, r, , r
s re
Per perfect stem + perf. pass. + esse
f -isse
Fut fut act. part. + -
esse

Nouns
First, Second Declension Nouns
No Ac Gen Da Abl
m c t
Singul a am ae ae
ar
us um
um u
m
Plural ae s ru s s
m
s ru s s
m
a a ru s s
m
 Third Declension Nouns

Ending of all genitive singular is -is

No Ac Ge Dat Abl
m c n
Singul - em is e
ar
- - is e
Plural s s um ibu ibu
s s
a a um ibu ibu
s s

Forms

1. M: -or, -ris
2. F: -ts, -ttis / -ts, -ttis / -td,
-tdinis / -ti, -tinis
3. N: nominative ending us, -e, -al,
-ar, -men

Third Declension I-Stem Nouns

Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
Singular - - - -
- - - -
Plural - - ium - -
ia ia ium - -
Recognizing an I-stem

1. Most M/F with nominative singular in is or s and same number

of syllables in both nominative and genitive. Hostis,hostis;
mls, mlis
2. M/F ending in s or x with base ending in two consonants.
Ars,art-is; nox, noct-is
3. Neuter ending in al, -ar, -e. Animal, exemplar, mare

Fourth Declension Nouns Fifth Declension Nouns

Ending of all genitive singular All feminine, except
 is -s dis/merdis
No Ac Ge Dat Abl Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
M s em
m c n F s em e e
Singul us um s u Plural s s ru bu bu
ar m s s
s
Plural s s uu ibu ibu
m s s
ua ua uu ibu ibu
m s s
Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Refer back to the subject. First and second person reflexives
follow the Personal pronouns.

Third person

No -
m
Acc s himself
Ge su of himself
n
Dat sibi to/for himself
Abl s by/with
himself
Intensive pronouns ipse, ipsa, ipsum follow declension of
magnus, magna, magnum except genitive, ipsus, ipsus,
ipsus and dative ips, ips, ips. Emphasize the noun.

Personal Pronouns
First person
Singular Plural
Nom ego I ns we
Acc m me ns us
Gen me of me nostr of us
Dat mihi to/for me nbs to/for us
Abl m by/with me nbs by/with us

Second person
Singular Plural
No t you vs you
m
Acc t you vs you
Ge tu of you vestr of you
n
Dat tibi to/for you vbs to/for you
Abl t by/with you vbs by/with you
 Third person
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
Singular
M is eum eius e e
F ea eam eius e e
N id id eius e e
Plural
M e,i es erum es, is es
F eae es erum es, is es
N ea ea erum es, is es

Relative Pronoun
Qu, Quae, Quod who/which/that
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
Singular
M qu quem cuius cui qu
F quae quam cuius cui qu
N quod quod cuius cui qu
Plural
M qu qus qurum quibus quibus
F quae qus qurum quibus quibus
N quae quae qurum quibus quibus

Introduces subordinate clause. Refers to its antecedent.

Agrees in number and gender. Case is its own as this introduces
separate clause.

Example:

The woman whom you are praising is wise.

1. The main clause: The woman is wise.

2. Whom introduces a subordinate clause, modifying woman.
3. Woman stands before the relative whom and is its
antecedent.
4. Whom has loyalty to both its antecedent (woman) and the
subordinate clause in which it stands.
Intensive Pronoun
ipse, ipsa, ipsum

Follows declensional pattern of demonstratives in genitive and

dative singular (e.g. ipsus, ipsus, ipsus and ips, ips,
ips) otherwise like magnus,-a,-um.

Interrogative Pronoun
Quis,Quid who?/whose?/whom?/what?/which?
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
Singula
r
M/F quis quem cuius cui qu
N quid quid cuius cui qu
Plural
M/F qu qus qurum quibus quibus
F quae qus qurum quibus quibus
N quae quae qurum quibus quibus

Interrogative Adjective
Qu, Quae, Quod which? / what?/ what kind of?

Asks for more information of the person/thing

Distinguishing Interrogatives and Relative

Interrogative pronoun asks a question about the identity

of person/thing, has no antecedent, often introduces
sentence with question mark
Interrogative adjective asks for more information about a
person/thing, precedes and agrees in gender,number,case
with the noun.
Relative pronoun introduces subordinate clause, has an
antecedent, does not ask a question (usually answers one)
Numerals
Only numbers 1 3 are declined, and 1000 in plural
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
duo
M duo dus durum dubus dubus
F duae dus durum dubus dubus
N duo duo durum dubus dubus
trs
M/F trs trs trium tribus tribus
N tria tria trium tribus tribus
1000 is indeclinable adjective in singular, mille. In plural it is
neuter i-stem noun
Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl
N mlia mlia mlium mlibus mlibus
E.g.

Mille vir a thousand men, mlia virrum thousands of

men

Questions
Direct Questions: Ne, Num, Nnne
If the speaker expects yes Nnne.

If the speaker expects no Num.

Examples:

Venitne? Is he coming?
Nnne ills litters scrpsist? You wrote that letter,
didnt you?
Num ills litters scrpsist? You didnt write that letter,
did you?

Indirect Questions
A subordinate clause which reports a question without
quotation.
Recognition: Uses a subjunctive verb (not infinitive, like
indirect statement). Distinguished from other subjunctive
clauses as it is introduced by interrogative word, such as
quis/quid/quam/ubi/uter

Example
Direct Indirect
Quid Gius facit? What is Gaius Rogant quid Gius faciat. They ask
doing? what Gaius is doing.
Quid Gius fcit? What did Gaius Rogant quid Gius fcerit. They ask
do? what Gaius did.
Quid Gius faciet? What will Gaius Rogant quid Gius factrus sit. They
do? ask what Gius will do (about to
do).

Sequence Of Tenses
Logical sequence of tenses as the speaker/writer proceeds from
main clause to a subordinate clause.

Primary Tense of the indicative must be followed by a primary

tense of the subjunctive.

Historical (Secondary) Tense of the indicative must be

followed by a historical subjunctive.

Group Main Verb Subordinate Subjunctive

Present (= action at same time or
after)
Primary Present or Perfect (= action before)
Future

Historical Past Tenses Imperfect (= action at same time

or after)
Pluperfect (= action before)
These rules operate in purpose clauses, result clauses, indirect
questions and others.

Examples:
 Id facit (faciet) ut m iuvet. He does (will do) it to help
me.
Tam drus fuit (erat) ut eum vtrem. He was so
harsh that I avoided him.

Exceptions:

1. Historical Present (present tense used for vivid

narration of past events: Im sitting in my room last
night, when suddenly I hear a knock. Uses present tense
and is followed by Historical ssequence subjunctive.
2. When focusing on the present consequences of the past
action: perfect tense main verb may be followed by a
Primary sequence subjunctive.
Example: Iam cognv cr clra facta vr nn sint
facillima Soon I recognized why renowned deeds are
not the easiest.

Subjunctive
Deals will potential, hypothetical, ideal or unreal action. If that
student were here, he would be taking notes.

Jussive Subjunctive
Expresses a command or exhortation in 1st or 3rd person
(imperative used for 2nd person), with n used for negative
commands.

Translation: may, should or let+subject

Present subjunctive
Conj I You he We You (p) They
1 em s et mus tis ent
2 eam es eat emus etis eant
3 am s at mus tis ant
4/M iam is iat imus itis iant
we fear a liar

Examples:
 Discipulis discat aut discdat Let the student either learn or
leave
N id facimus Let us not do this

Sum
I You he We You (p) They
Present sim ss sit smus stis sint

Possum
I You he We You (p) They
Present possim posss possit possmu possti possint
s s

Imperfect Subjunctive
Recognition: Present active infinitive + present personal
ending with a long -
Conj Active Passive
,
I laudrem agerer
You laudrs agerris
he laudret agertur
We laudrmus agermu
r
You( laudrtis agermi
p) n
They laudrent agerent
ur

Sum
I You he We You (p) They
 Imperfe essem esss esset essmu esstis essent
ct s

Possum
I You he We You (p) They
Imperfe possem posss posset possm posst possent
ct us is

Translation: were, would, might

Examples:

Hoc dxit ut es iuvret he said this (in order) to help them

Hoc fact n urbs capitur he does this so that the city may not
be captured
Hoc fcit n urbs capertur he did this so that the city might
not be captured

Perfect and Pluperfect

For perfect active, add er- + personal ending to perfect stem
(shortening - before m, -t, -nt ).

For pluperfect active, add iss-+ personal ending to perfect

stem (shortening - again).

For passives, 4th participle part + substitute subjunctives sim

and essem for sum and eram

Translation: would have, might have, may have

Example

Perfect Active
 I You he We You (p) They
laudverim laudvers laudverit laudverm laudverti laudverin
us s t

Pluperfect Active
I You he We You (p) They
laudvisse laudviss laudvisse laudviss laudviss laudvisse
m s t mus tis nt

Perfect Subjunctive Passive

laudtus sim, laudatus ss, laudat smus

Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive

laudtus essem, laudtus esss, laudti essmus

Subjunctive Clauses
Cum clause
Introduces subordinate cum clause that describes an action
connected in one way or another with the main clause. When
describing the precise time of an action cum temporal
clauses cum is translated when or while. Cum tum
translates as not only but also.

Cum eum vidbis, eum cognscs when you see him, you
will recognize him

Cum ad illum locum vnerant, tum amcs contulerant

When they had come to that place, they had brought their
friends or not only had they come to that place, but they had
also brought their friends.

The verb of the cum clause may be subjunctive, describing the

general circumstances when the main action occurred (cum
circumstantial clause) or explains the cause of the main
action (cum causal clause) or describes a circumstance that
might have obstructed the main action or opposed it (cum
adversative).

Cum hoc fcisset, ad t fgit When he had done this, he

fled to you (circumstantial)

Cum hoc scret, potuit es iuvre Since he knew this, he

was able to help them (causal)

Cum hoc scret, tamen mlits msit Although he knew

this, nevertheless he sent the soldiers (adversative)

Recognition: Temporal has an indicative verb.

Fear clause
Verbs denoting fear or apprehension take subjunctive clause
introduced by n (that) or ut (that...not), or occasionally n
nn for ut.

Examples:

Time n id crdant. I fear that they will (may) believe

this.
Vereor ut id crdant. I am afraid that they will (may)
not believe this.
Timurunt n amcs mitterent. They feared that
they might (would) lose their friends.
Metuis ut muliers ex cas exssent. You were afraid
that the women had not left the house.

Jussive clause
An indirect command. Not he ordered them, Do this! but he
ordered them to do this. Introduced by ut or n with a
subjunctive verb.

Hoc facite. Do this! (imperative, direct command)

Hoc faciant. Let them do this. (jussive subjunctive, direct
command)
Imperat vbis ut hoc facitis. He commands you to do this.
Petvit ab es n hoc facerent.He begged (from) them not to
do this.
Identical to purpose clauses but different. Answered what...
was ordered, requested, etc.? Examples are:

Persude e ut, I persuade him to / that...

Hortor eum ut, I urge him to...
Imper e ut, I order him to...
r eam ut, I beg her to...
Quaer ab e ut, I request (from/of) her to...
Pet ab e ut, I beg (from) him to...
Rog eum ut, I ask him to...

Proviso clause
Subjunctive is used in subordinate clause introduced by
dummodo, provided that, so long as and other words that
express a provisional circumstance.

Examples:

Nn timbo, dummodo hc remanes I shall not be

afraid, so long as you remain here.
Erimus flics, dummodo n discds We shall be happy,
so long as you do not leave.

Purpose clause
Subordinate clause indicating the objective of the main clause.
E.g. we study Latin so that we may learn more about ancient
Rome or we study Latin to improve our English, which is an
infinitive in English, but in Latin a subordinate clause with a
subjunctive verb is used.

Recognition: Subjunctive clause introduced by ut or n and

stating the purpose of the action.

Translation: may, so that, in order to, to,

Relative clause
Describes a general quality of an antecedent that is itself either
general, indefinite, interrogative or negative.

Recognition: Verb is in subjunctive and its antecedent is often

general, negative, etc. (typical examples are sunt qu there
are people who...; quis est qu who is there who...; nm
est qu there is no one who...).

Translation: would, the sort of, the kind of are often

employed.

Examples:

Quis est qu huic crdat? Who is there who trusts this

man ( of such a sort that he would trust this man) ?
Nm erat qu hoc scret. There was no one who knew
this.
Sunt qu hoc faciant. There are some who do this (of
such a sort as to do this).
Is nn est qu hoc faciat. He is not a person who does
(would do) this.
Hic est liber quem omns legant. This is the kind of
book that all read (would read).
Hic est liber quem omns legunt. This is a book that
all are reading ( = a fact, hence the indicative).

Compare:

Hic est discipulus qu Latnam amat. This is a student

who loves Latin.
Hic est discipulus qu Latnam amet. This is a student
who would love Latin.

Result clause
Subordinate clause that shows result of the action in the main
clause; answers what is (was) the outcome ?, as opposed to
Purpose clause which answers why was it done?. Result
begins with ut and is distinguished by the sense.
Recognition: Begins with ut and contains subjunctive verb.
Usually contains an adverb like tam/ita/tantus or adjective
indicating a great degree.

Examples:

Tanta fcit ut urbem servret - He did such great things that

he saved the city.
Haec fcit ut urbem servret He did these things so that he
might save the city.

Supine
Defective fourth declension verbal noun, based on same stem
as perfect passive participle. Only two forms common
accusative and ablative singular.

Ablative used with neuter of certain adjectives to indicate in

what respect a particular quality is applicable.

Examples:

mrbile dict. Amazing to say (lit. amazing in respect to

saying).
Facile fact. Easy to do.

Accusative used with verbs of motion to indicate purpose.

Examples:

bant Rmam rogtum pecniam. They were going to

Rome to ask for money.
Persusum amcs vnrunt. They came to persuade
their friends.

Note: Supine can take direct object, a dative or any other

construction a basic verb can govern.
Verbs

Quick Information
First conjugation:
o Remove re- and add personal ending.
Second:
o Remove re- and add personal ending.
Third:
o Remove ere-. Present: Add i- + personal ending.
Future/Imperfect: Add - + personal ending (in
future I, it is am).
Fourth:
o Remove re-. Add ending of 3rd conjugation. Shorten
- in future and imperfect.
Mixed:
o From present stem, remove -. (capi -> capi).
Exact same now as Fourth, but short i- everywhere.

Adverbs
Positioned before the word. Modifies a verb or adjective.

Formation
Positive Degree

Many formed directly from adjectives. First & Second declension

form adverbs by adding to the base. Third declension formed
by adding iter to the base; if base ends in nt-, only er
added.

Comparative and Superlative Degree

Follow the same as adjectives ius from the neuter. Example:

diligent-ius (more diligently).

Quam with Comparative and Superlative adverbs

Used same as adjectives. Ablative of comparison not usually

used.
Example:

Hic puer celeries cucurrit quam ille This boy ran more
quickly than that one

Examples:

Positive Comparative Superlative

long (far) longius (further, too longissim (furthest,
f.) very f.)
lber (freely) lberius (more free) lberrim (most free)
pulchr pulchrius (more b.) pulcherrim (most b.)
(beautifully)
fortiter (bravely) fortius (more b.) fortissim (most b.)
criter (keenly) crius (more keenly) cerrim (most
keenly)
sapienter sapientius (more sapientissim (most
(wisely) wisely) wisely)
bene (well) melius (better) optim (best)
multum (much) pls (more, plrimum (most)
quantity)
parum (not minus (less) minim (least)
much)

Personal endings

I You he We You They

(p)
or s t mus tis nt
m

Vowels normally long are shortened when they occur

Before another vowel (hence mone not mon)

Before m, -r, -t at the end of a word (hence laudat not laudt)
Before nt or nd in any position (hence laudant not laudnt)

First Second Third Fourth Mixed

re re ere re i, ere
Find stem drop re. Add personal ending.

Active System
Present
Conj I You he We You (p) They
1 s t mus tis nt
2 e s t mus tis nt
3 is it imus itis unt
4/M s t mus tis unt

Future

Mostly done through adding bi- in between stem and personal

ending
Conj I You he We You They
(p)
1 b bis bit bimu bitis bunt
s
2 b bis bit bimu bitis bunt
s
3/4/M am s et mus tis ent

Imperfect

Mostly done through adding b- in between stem and personal

ending
Conj I You he We You They
(p)
1 bam bs bat bmu btis bant
s
2 bam bs bat bmu btis bant
s
3/4/M bam bs bat bm btis bant
us
 Future of audi: shorten of present stem and add future
endings of ag

Imperfect of audi: formed with i-, not -, before the b-

sign.

Mixed conjugation have i- in the stem, e.g capi-

Perfect System
Tense I You s/he/it We You (p) They
Past ist it imus istis runt,
re
Pluperfect eram ers ert ermus ertis erant
Future er eris erit erimus eritis erint
perfect
Irregular Verbs
esse-to be
Prese Futur Past(i Past(p
nt e ) )
I sum er eram fu
you es eris eras fuist
he est erit erat fuit
we sumu erim erm fuimu
s us us s
you estis eritis ertis fuistis
the sunt erun erant furu
y t nt

posse-to be able

Present Future Past (i) Past (p)

I possum er eram potui
you potes eris ers potisti
he potest erit erat potuit
possum potuimu
we erimus ermus
us s
you potestis eritis ertis potuistis
potueru
velle-to they possunt erunt erant want
nt

Present Future Past (i) Past (p)

I vol volam volebam volui
you vis voles volebas voluisti
he vult volet volebat voluit
volebam voluimu
we volumus volemus
us s
volebati
you vultis voletis voluistis
s
voluerun
they volunt volent volebant
e-to t go

Present Future Past (i) Past (p)

I e b bam i
you s ibis bs st
he it bit bat iit
we mus bimus bmus iimus
you tis bitis btis stis
they eunt bunt bnt irunt
Passive System
Present
Conj I You s/he/it We You (p) They
1 or ris tur mur min ntur
2 or ris tur mur min ntur
3 or eris itur imur imin untur
4 or ris tur mur min iuntur
M or eris tur mur min untur

Future
Conj I You s/he/it We You (p) They
1 bor beris bitur bimur bimin buntur
2 bor beris bitur bimur bimin buntur
3/4/M ar ris tur mur min entur

Imperfect

Conj I You s/he/it We You (p) They

1 bar bris btur bmur bmin bantur
2 bar bris btur bmur bmin bantur
3/4/M bar bris btur bmur bmin bantur

Perfect

Verbs Perfect Passive Participle (4th part) is combined with

sum, er, eram for perfect / future perfect / pluperfect.

Participle + esse is one unit.

Passive Periphrastic
Passive verb consisting of the gerundive (future passive
participle) and sum. Conveys necessity; id faciendum est
This has to be (must/should be) done.
 Deponent Verbs
Passive endings but active meanings.

Examples:

Present Indicative Present infinitive Perfect Indicative

hortor, I urge hortr, to urge hortt-us sum, I
urged
fateor, I confess fatr, to confess fass-us sum, I
confessed
mlior, I work at mlr, to work at mlt-us sum, I
worked at
Synopsis:

fateor, fatr, fassus sum

Indi. Pres. Fut. Imperf. Perf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf.
fat-tur fat-bitur fat- fassus fassus fassus
btur est erit erat
Subj.
fate-tur - fatr-tur fassus sit - fassus
esset
Participles:

Pres. hortns, urging (active with active

meaning)
Perf. horttus, -a, -um, having urged
Fut. horttrus, -a, -um, about to urge (active with
active meaning)
Ger. hortandus, -a, -um, to be urged (passive with
passive meaning)

Infinitives:

Pres. hortr, to urge

Perf. horttus, -a, -um esse, to have urged
Fut. horttrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to urge (active
with active meaning)

Imperatives:
Second person imperative follows the non-existent present active infinite:
hortre, urge! fatre, confess! patere, endure!,
mlre, work at!
hortmini!, urge! fatmin, confess! patimin, endure!,
mlmin, work at!

Semi-Deponent Verbs

Normal in present system, but deponent in the perfect system.

aude, I dare audre, to dare ausus sum, I

dared
gaude, I rejoice gaudre, to rejoice gvsus
sum, I rejoiced
Examples:
1. Eum patientem haec mala hortt sunt. They
encouraged him (as he was) suffering these evils.
2. Is, haec mala passus, hortandus est.This man, having
suffered these evils, ought to be encouraged.
3. Eum sequere et haec mlre. Follow him and work at
these things.
4. Eum sequ et haec mlr nn ausus es. You did not dare
to follow him and work at these things.
5. Eum hortmur et sequmur. Let us encourage and follow
him.
Special Irregular
Fer, ferre, tul, ltum, to bear, carry
Indicativ Pres. Fut. Imperf. Perf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf.
e
Act. fer-t fer-et fer-bat tulit tulerit tulerat
Pass. fer-tur fer-tur fer- ltus est ltus erit ltus
btur erat
Subjuncti
ve
Act. fer-at - ferre-t tulerit - tulisset
Pass. fer-tur - ferr- ltus sit - ltus
tur esset

Present imperative: fer, ferte

Active Passive
Pre ferre ferr
s
Per tulisse ltus esse
f
Fut ltrus esse ltum r

Otherwise follows Third conjugation.

Vol, velle, volu, to wish

Indicativ Pres. Fut. Imperf. Perf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf.
e
Act. vult vol-et vol-bat volui-t volu-erit volu-erat
Subjuncti
ve
Act. vel-it - vell-et volu-erit - volu-
isse-t

I You s/he/it We You (p) They

Act. vl vs vult volumus vultis volunt
Pres.
Subj. velim vels velit velmus veltis velint
Pres.
Subj. vellem vells vellet vellmus velltis vellent
Imp.
 Active Passive
Pre velle volns
s
Per voluisse -
f
Fut - -

No passive forms. No future active infinitive. No future active

participle. No imperatives

Nl, not to wish, to be unwilling

Indicativ Pres. Fut. Imperf. Perf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf.
e
Act. nn nl-et nl-bat nlui-t nlu-erit nlu-erat
vult
Subjuncti
ve
Act. nl-it - nll-et nlu-erit - nlu-
isse-t

Present Indicative:
I You s/he/it We You (p) They
nl nn vs nn vult nlumus nn nlunt
vultis

Nlo has singular and plural imperatives, employed with

complementary infinitive to express negative commands:

Nl manre, Catilna! Do not remain, Catiline!

Nlte discdere, amici me! Do not leave, my friends!

Ml, Mlle, to want (something) more, to want instead,

to prefer
Indicativ Pres. Fut. Imperf. Perf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf.
 e
Act. mvult ml-et ml-bat mlui-t mlu- mlu-
erit erat
Subjuncti
ve
Act. ml-it - mll-et mlu- - mlu-
erit isse-t

Present Indicative:
I You s/he/it We You (p) They
ml mvs mvult mlumu mvultis mlunt
s

Ml has no imperatives.

F, fier, factus sum, to occur, happen, be done, be

made

Used generally in place of passive present of faci.

Active in form, but also has passive meanings to be done, be

made

Example: fit used instead of facitur for it is done, is made

Indicativ I You s/he/it We You (p) They
e
Pres. f fs fit fmus ftis funt
Imp. fbam fbs fbat fbmu fbtis fbant
s
Fut. fam fs fet fmus ftis fent
Subjuncti
ve
Pres. fam fs fat fmus ftis fant
Imp. fierem fiers fieret fiermus fiertis fierent
Infinitive fier
Imperatives Sg. f Pl. fte

Examples:

Hoc facit (faciet). He is doing or making this (will do or

make).
 Hoc fit (fet). This is done/made (will be done/made).
Hoc faciat. Let him do/make this.
Hoc fat. Let this be done/made.
Dcunt eum hoc facere. They say that he is doing this.
Perculum fit gravius. The danger is becoming graver.
Mox fact sunt flces. They soon became happy.

E, re, i, itum, to go

Indicative
Tense I You s/he/it We You (p) They
Pres. e s it mus tis eunt
Imperf. bam bs bat bmus btis bant
Fut. b bis bit bimus bitis bunt
Perf. i ist iit iimus stis irunt
Pluperf. ieram iers ierat iermus iertis ierant
Fut. Perf. ier ieris ierit ierimus ieritis ierint
Subjunctive
Tense I You s/he/it We You (p) They
Pres. eam es eat emus etis eant
Imperf. rem rs ret rmus rtis rent
Perf. ierim iers ierit iermus iertis ierint
Pluperf. ssem sss sset ssmus sstis ssent
Infinitive Pres. re Fut. Itrus esse Perf. sse
Imperatives Sg. Pl. te
Gerund. Eund
Participles Pres. ins (euntis, eunt, etc.) Fut. Itrus,
-a, -um
ENGLISH TO LATIN PHRASES
English
With the exception of X
X is .. because/from/with of Y
X of Y (mountain of water,
goblet of gold)
X (is done) as Y
(He sent these books as a gift)
Latin
X having-been-excepted.
Use ablative absolute
participle
Y in ablative (Abl. of Cause)
Y in genitive (Gen. of Material)
Y in dative (Dat. of Purpose)