SOLUTIONS MANUAL CONTINUOUS DSCREE SN SYSTEMS Samir S. Soliman Mandyam D. SrinathAssociate Editor: Alice Dworkin Production Editor: Mindy De Palma ‘Supplement Cover Designer: Liz Nemeth Special Projects Manager: Barbara A. Murray ‘Supplement Cover Manager: Paul Gourhan Manufacturing Buyer: Donna Sulivan © 1998 by Prentice-Hall, nc. ‘A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Al rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Printed in the United States of America 0987654921 ISBN O-13-774308-4 Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited,London Prentice all of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall Canada Inc, Toronto Prentice Hall Hispanoamericana,S.A., Mexico Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-Hall of Japan Inc, Tokyo Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd, Singapore ditora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Lida, Rio de JaneiroChapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 CONTENTS 22 50 87 il 138 171Chapter 1 Signal Period cas(et) 2 sin@2zt) 1 ay ewe) 5 stacy x cS) 4 san) 6 4 3 8 1 3 19 7a Lee EE _ -— @ xp esi +20)Oinyaree ere a ea 12a r = @ x0) = 2expi-1}, O , then heir linear combinahon is also periodic with peried am fea.1B Since =(E) is periodic with period T) then x lat) = x lat+T) = xlale+T/a)) For xlat) to be periodic wih period T; ont needs = T, = t/a Similarly , zlt/b)= xe +t) = (4 CesbT) ) For xLt/b) 40 be pericdic with period Ta one needs, Te = bT For Sim t T+ 20 Fer Sin 2b, T27 =] For Sin ty Team 2 27 14 (a tim Ef gat pe pli ap Jeet nu ae dt = tn fecal ir ifort 7 2x = af al | + So that x(r) is neither an energy nor a power signal. © ee lit, Jovan - im, J expl-4r](1-cost2enyjat = wea so that x(¢) is an energy signal with P = 0. 5ho © vt Po tn [ottnd= tm I ‘0 that () is neither an energy nor a power signal. () 0) is periodic with period 7 = 12/5, so that itis a power signal with r 1 1 Pat =| fiero a2, Pap fora 3 fens ra Le 2Se Je (2) 00) = 5 sinc F 0) ~ sin 1) and is penodic with = 48 secs, Thus Po ap [lone 9s oa LT 258 nea TE aap f sin sine ot © So that x) power signal | Sxceae Ps (lxeipae . pr VfTxuae| < VPrfel 0 otherwise aa) -ist<0 tues 1 . | 7 oFf.12 248 x(t+3)= 264 ° Aistc3 Bete? otherwiseWB (a) X,Ce)= a Le) + Su len1) -2u(e-2) 4) 18) Xa le) = ¥E)= (es) e (hy) ce) a e+ E)6 % Chet) a3 (L-2)z0 fer all & 221) % 2-4) ! q | | | We G@>? x ce) = 2 L xcrd +x Ce] ¥ me CE) (e) CH = 4 [eee -xc] = -4 [2 - x64] = =x) MIS @ CD LERGy our 3 3 (@) Cure) Ue R) 2 2n 2 Ge) Cured + C-G-e)) = Cute) + (aed e2Re RHe x,€6) = uct) - ule-ay X2(Ed = CE) - v(b-a) - aule-b) XsCt) = 2 [v(e4b) - vera) ena) + rCe-b) J bea Xaqlt)= (Ce)- vey) Cu Cee) - uce-a) ) MsCt)= irlt)-a ved 4 ty lb-2a+c) & <@-cy iS Xe Le) = [rcetb> -¥ Gray] tua 2 [> Ga) -v es] ba 4 bea MT) XC = Ae Ta ey Xi) =A XC )e aL Aeth tet The duyalion of Xilt)=T 7 =3¥ () xle)= XE) AMT Uae Ae Tu ly X@= Aw Ae, The durahon of x2¢H)+T CO Xg lk) =X, (%) Ae FU) 2 Ae ule) XsCO)=A at WI AL Ae ar loot The duration of xX 3(t)= 274) xq) = anced = 247 aH Xq(2) = 24 =e Xy(t)= 2A = 24e aust € The durabion of xq (t= be XUe) = rece LY2) YO) = xXCe) OS KLE-“Wa) + 2-25x(E-T) Torn @ T =10 Ye) = KLE) + OS KCE- 5) 40-25 KLE?) Tor taasiavt fan () T2102 , BLE) yd) - dy Ces) +as Ct-1s)Ha) RCt)= tm H €30 © Wash Ye noe that PC) is an even symmebric funchin with P, co) = Lin 1 a0 €20 er for t#o RCE - tim LE e320 er eve, ey 2 cee SF et. em (ee, ee) slim ete (eh yom) slim TR eve Tee, 4%) (-2.) = lim ene ° ' Ride = im te | = 4 J Reedde nw t Gsh (Ye) = Lin al sech (te) d¢ eso Z oop stim ef Sech Ce'Jae! eso TS ~ climb ben" (sinh &) ) } 0 Bek) can be used as a mathematical model for the delta funcken 15fo Reedae = din f * ae dee eee eS eT cae -=L(2-(-B))- X(E-(E))-1 - Pat) can be modelled as a della funchon i é @) Fe le)> dim cE om és. an even symmelvic funchon sith role that Pct) & R@)s lim £ a0 eso Te® for otto a ~e Pe) s ese FUE) Pa Ode 2 dim £ oe J Reba» din 4 Fee ° 5 an* Par). eg |e gs (EE) LE) can be used ag a model for the della furelion .e) Pe lt)s dm € expl-efel] ese role that Pelt) & an even symmebric funchon with R(e)sdim € a0 és. Fp) cannot be used as a model for the delle fmeken . GG) R= lim L Shet ge eto ™ CE mole that F(t) & an even symmetric funchor catty Kle)= tim £ Smet 0 Este ee EC) cannot be used as a model for the della function. tae @ f2r-da0— ner t, 23. . 23. e 3 © fever pare Jon nage-par= [ov Za6—ndr=0 © fences nosso dao 2 © flowers + sin m6 Jat = 0% + sin © fexrl-see ns -5ah--se" ase 7w2t pLxea)- , F cx) dx Foye on Slate) bo-aT) 40-2 SEx-1) + 0.1 [ule 3) UG] “7 we @) PLxsetst=f fends 2 02 FORE RD = 87 @ PLxead= §* fexyax + soa ses te2 tor {dx 3 24*OZe oro 2 Os ‘ @ PLKeeT ef Lexar ‘ vented tortor fay 3 502+ 03 40:2 403 of~Ce+t) 22 Vie) = ucett) +S Ce-1) @ (b) Fle) = ma f a (vee) ed [exp [Gr] acer 48 (et) Jno? t a = (expl-cerd Seer) ~ exp Gu Ce!) + Ga) ) ¥0? = (Sten) - ter? an Cea) Tce) xt N © fle) = k fucride t wie fo exp l-(THi]uceen + See) de WM bet f, (se ° @)-F EST GUE = (exp [- Cee] ow @ eat Feled = trexpl-cerny +4 (e-r)123 (a) x(t) = (0) + 55(¢- 1) - 26(¢-2) ©) FO =u ~ ue 1) +25(¢-2) 2°(O)= 5) ~ H(t =1) +2802) x (e) 2(©) From Equation (1.12), we see that ¥() = ule + 1) = 45(e) - 2u(t 1) 2°"(0) = 260 1) ~ 46) - 2501-1) x(t) F apt he 1Chapter 2 21 (a) Nonlinear, causal, time-invariant, memoryless, (6) Nonlinear, causal, time-invariant, memoryless. (©) Linear, causal, time-invariant, memoryless. (@ Linear, causal, time-varying, memoryless. (©) Linear, causal, memoryless. To check for time-invariance, let x(t)=u(t) and let (0) = x(t + 1). Then 1 120 wo-f 22 _[xe+n 120 no {00 1<0 1 120 { a1er3 2B043) le) Ale > [1 = Bete2 Ruy Ct) = E(reeye Mra) c A (1-8 )+RUea) (E-e) actes eB (a-b) gsbs3 toe ZED RED = fee) x(Vse st fo xtae= & ~ - yn RW e( [ Pere J a(ese)de ) Ryle) = ( Peeve Sense! ) = Re)~ oR) = f z(e)a(Vse) de =f (20) +1) )(zleeers yeese) Ue Re CE) + Ry (ED + RC) + RV) 24 Ryle): f 4%) Y(ese) av -* ; (7S xen) aa fx (eee Phe ae a 2 ff mane) [xe aralere oie aye? ef [bee BED dad? : f h (4) 6 (tA) dm where © (2). 7 hea) a (0 -»)4> = Ry LED * hUe) bub the leek “inlegral 1S h(E) * G LED dhe re fore, RxQ) = Ry UE)*¥ha)e hOt) 30zt yte) 2 XL) x hle) 2 5 S h(e)xle-B) ge -« 2 sf hee deep (jo le-e] de expljotd [ob exp Ljeedae = exp] jot] Hw) PUL. OTE be ales Co seble css (by hts: AP ae © Noncomsal One) s ©) bie) = ~€ Buck) NC castable Casy CU) Bley. Gall Nes CWE. (ent EL Ne 5 GQ) ke: net(£) Nes GI. See hoy as Gh) bib: Sie Ste Nees, us GQ) bGS s Sg grlet ” We as Gs Me. Ge E)rect(thy Nos212 CY het)= Slesz) & invert ble with mmverse hy): SLt-2) (b> hUE)2 ULED ts AverH ble cotth inverse hp leds SUED Cod Wlt)s SCe-3) 1b mvertble Sth mene hg led: $Lt43) (A) hys rect (4/4) & net mverhble The hee Inputs RiCt)= Sin Et ond X22 Sin TE Predua the same output ya) Ce) het): expl-tJ ult) is invertible and the inverse system 9 hy Lt). 5'Ct) + Sle) 213 Cay Ne , 4m would contradict 4he assump tin that syskem IT is 4h opkmum operalidn on X(t) fb) Ne, dhe would eontradick dhe shakemeat that che second operahin th system EE is ophmum CQ These syskms are ‘identical from the performance Vieo point (Ad No, need only the system be be jsaverkible 32Re HH Wsce) xCh eh de ke (ey aha (Ly = huey «Line ce et*Jucey oC oF aleye Cetus $b] 2 £fet- Saye SFU) tet s OF acy Stoble 245 ro f 49) t I @ ch) Ce) ff i" yA) -* «| | | . | [ee Yo Lf L, co ) 216k hed s ht) = See) R RO)» @ expl-Res/eJu&) T 717 Re ARH Shays Su) dé If heye td exp [-E/ac Jule) Re Xe) s uG-w%y )CO TE geeye [i ~ exp [-Le~ oy )/ac]]uce-% J) * CO = uleeea) 30) (1 expl- Catan )/ac]) Utena) (6) TE xtty = reek CU) = y lett) u (een) YG) = veh (2) - exp[- Chen Wee Tulterey) + exe [Go ) re Ju Ce 9) 21S WEY nce) L stay ae Re ht) = Sle) - exp Ge /ec)u) OU xe = ule-o) Yer = ule ore) [ecexp[-(e-a7,) [ReJ- tJ ule-m%) = Re exp [- Cee) /Re Jute) Ce) $f lt) = ultson) yl) = Reexp (-Ce+Wed/eeTu Ceson) 46 ze) 2 rece Cele)-uLe+ en) -ulb-a2) glll= Re expl- Ce+en)/acJu lesen) RC exp [-Ce-o) (RO Tu Le~ 0/2.) BIN MRE RGB) and Sa Lb) oe tie mpat signals, and NSE 468) ard yl) Be the correspond ing responses. ab is . na M « 2S geratnn | Fou 4 i) w ae veo ye ee see . na M . PHO. F awdnw | 5 bwodtad) @ dee OE I and also yc) and yp Lk) musky sahisty Weer. vey we @ Sensider next the input elt) = x x, (t) + pat), where < and fare any complex numbers . Then, 342 20 Let using eqns OD and @), it & nok diffrevit fo cee that Yale) = ayCE) + By.ct) sabsfies the differential equation " uot M ASL) |S ayte) APys te) _ byt) d*aacey Te ke Te eee a and alse, from ey @) ye) 2 « yey + yh? Uedee Therefore, Yalt) & tne respense fe aE) and thus the syslem linear is WCE be the response, te an pu x.cb), wheh mere for t ha) = get uc) t+ DSLE) er gsltd+ OSCE + DB sce). S'Leapdat B-k Ro ‘ © -E = > hG) = Sl - Le Fut) Re aBIB The [ial form vty. ft J fow+(i]ae yes Ci ee) Send bro v's (2. 2 +(F pe g> fi pace Ges sy around fre caT lap, o& ar = 403-1) . Alss @ = fa we tee Be 662. 8- 4x orn Ge HH-HEX Ge Hd &S mot a Afele Variable. 2:39 Fest [ness ne) 0 b } eo 1 {UFfs 1% L o 9° -* ys Loe Jt Second fer Ss yer qe a2 31 f@) Az fl © 6 G@) Series expansion 2 eat 1 eo -eE 8 © gee a + * wy freee ete o 28 0 eo 2 ot e ot ee 73 e = tree hy ° ° ° reap eae 5 ° ° ta3e 4d o 5 & oe 0 a 2 0 aGi) Caley - Hamilbon aed, 4 1 Age e yh 44, Lott Ye we | s[ ve 2, een] = [2 4 v 3e e y. <3) +9% 1-304 a a 7 wap 3 Ye 1 é get -se +e . a || ot] =| se* -42* e x * 2 cemae +t 1 3 mt at * y £ < Be -e +e 10° - 6 8 12 e aM + ete o -2 6 o 408 oot oe 3 eo 4 exp AG = 2 8 pe o ef o oat o ee 7 a 6 @ az[-! 2 74 Vee ‘ > et 8 Os as oe eo o ! eo eo wt 1-8 oe eo te o 3 ! 43G) Series expansion expAt: T+ace er, ey abies... a Bt a tee a2 on tones ‘Yo codel on ofttfo 1 of & oe! ee -t eo! a6 38 + 3 en off tee s! ee +t ae ey eee tent iat.. = ’ Be Er eB teeeS By) 5 231 Hee eB, ° o ee at et -ece*) ° e ’ ° eI € Gi) Caley - Hamilton she eigenvalues of the metre A are =) “17! ets VoL + VAs Yah Car beh es Roa@) series exp At expansion : as Etae + eet, Aa, 2t ar Leo ae] + eo 1) Ce ee | eo 1 3 1° 3) 45 ee et = oo38 si a 4 rae |e o 3 8 [* o2eee, 3 ve re es ef (eeeye® Grtoe =l oo Geaeje® -aee* otek Genes Gili) Cagley - Hamilhen the eigenvalues of A= Cs Ye EY AEM | => Fl nw -¥, +h = 2%, Poel ay a thet Avera PET ~ Ces ere® Yo sete bet eet et (etek Je expt). wT +A + vat (ert yeh Cenee® ° Cr+ 2eye® qb ® ° te* cr-2ee® 452-32 Seed Gamical pam ges Ws fs wee [i] y= ft ye Ecgen values sf A one mech, Ane v4 weete Cec Cos -4e Bes- ets Ye re KA 233 yl) + Tye) © Wy Led= X'CE)~ 3x1) FAKED yleoy = yeorzo — XL#) = SL) the gecond canonical form of the syskem is tguen by 5 . ot vce) Wied | + 21 xu) we) a2 7 we | 1 ye +L-# ace]. xe) ve tt) whee ar[eo | bel? e-[* ae] dzl a2 77 ° t ’ the eigenvalues oF A are -3.—4 47é* 2y,-3y, => ott oy ea Yee ast expAt = ¥oI eva =| 4¢ -3¢ < ste “BPS ed ht) = C explat)b +d SCt) att cht ae te = [-# -10] | 46° 3 ene 14Sis) tye ase ae \ mine ie 3c get -3e © = 246° -326*"4 34) t30 234 vicebs AVG) + bxXLt) YO) = eved+ axe) assume Zt) = pvit) aad pt exists shen vat) = PTzc) vide) = p'2'Ce) subshhule into stale equations > PEG) = Apizle) + bx) yt) = eptzcey+d aw) or Zick) = PAPT BU) + PLxCh) = Ar E(t) +b, Xt) yt) = cpt ze) +4 xe) = GEG) +d, x Ce) @e-0 305 +f 8 [x -2 alt (1) yr Ci o]¥ 43lhe °] yes De Ok feu ba 7 [a buat PAL ZAP gever y= be ' ne Sais bas bys Pb gives fet @ ; r( ee pref - a \ DoE fe wet Pa LG Sy (2 3) e+ e"= C1 If - zo3 Chebken 3 Xi = Bu AC 4 2 Xue feoptede . fos (eae ayt l. a mee [* (OL ae = fF (BE) Keds ao, fC) 4 whe {HW Ede =f 2 le-2 fF ce-aae 7 2 oa eye, why vl om Xe, 22 fF (are *E ees fe OK (EE = [racer /P Ged ES Ue “VE z e 50vg CE) = xs, fle) + x, 1.) ts, [ C tlnae » [3 fF eee + fea Eee > AF [ea - 2/F (Gaya 5 Fit ie afz tes 7 , Xan sf Kale Lede + [3 [Pte fie (Eom + aff (fae a2 fF feavae ; -9f§G) VEGP ae (a>) 32 (@) Choose a, such that < yy, v2 > =0. Thus =0 or ge Choose by, bp such that < yi.¥2 >= + DLE so that 6 1 E Also xp Fay Hy + bx + bya + am) >= < YH DHL < AY A> <1 %2 bE: - + bof Ey Ei 51so that pp w= SEEPS > — By ty 15> g r=z y=, B= 3 S41 42 >=0, So that yy = xp, and < y>, y2 >= Es xT 2 ayp Jo-osdrs Jor +31-2)|dr <%2,25>=0, so that by = al- ‘Therefore 4 2 3G" ~ O= 5 a for-» a for-ya]- We therefore have aOM=Vz me Ve 2 ann Osrs2 52y= eu), Ey = feMar= 3 1 oa Eye feta a 1 wie 1 $0 that ay = 3 and =, 1 = V2yi = V2e"ult) 1 2 < Waa >= 36) 92= Ov = Ole — 5 e“Iu(t) 1 6 3 < ==, gs 5 a6 oy - Yd >= G+ bs = LOVE ys = LOGIE 2 + pom (©) Now ¢, = J xo,dt a so that 5334 G 2) =€19) + 20, +99 6 and E,, = Energy in x(t) = 0.125 Ey = Energy in X(t) =0. 1249 E, = Energy in x(t) - &(t) = 0.000102 = b M = a) Ee(m)s fo] xc - Fee oc ce) Pate ze fy “ x ae - Ce bile) | dt dg J 5G [xe 2, | b ™ Bia (xe Zt) B (ed cree le) dt . foe (ate) - 2" eee) (- 4) ce) at b bm B af XU) gj) det f Z Ce $e Le) $y Ede he o o we erder do minimize the energy error, the mecsary condihen 3 Ee sy 7° ¥ = tf xwrdpupar- °(©) Consider Compl functions - b M Eecmys f [xu - 2, edit prae b iM M = [Caer 27% dct) )(xeey~ 2 Cee Ce) “Ue dee Bs “ * Fe) Poca sh atar) CYW de ag e ane Nok that Equaling te zero and solving yields * ee ey" sf x"ce) ede ce = (7 xle eG) de To. Tv < 36 J Soc) xUWae = J PEE) Ze He AE ot 7 eZ f Gq oo 4 wrde Keo 8 faw eilde 2 G& Ty or ae J xc ef cerae e 5536 (a) We can verify that the given Walsk functions are orthonormal by directly evaluating \ J wal, (k, nwaly(j, dt, OS kj $6 a (©) Use eg = f way (ky4) ¢ de to get ° 1 L 1 = 511 = FEHB Thus x3(¢) = x6(¢) and is as shown below. x0) = x6(0) 3.7 (a) With a |. We can write pees eso tno adn sei] fester citar] ‘so that fo =2,c,=c, 56(b) en 457 deiact 38 ° —w ct e-L = KG) 2) Gok Bcter ° fxd exp[jat}dt a os / 7h J Cost explajnt]dt =u cos nr F wlio) z= Inlet Et use CHespitls rule Gee td 3734 a a4 X(t) s dot Z Lan Cos(nt) + basi nt ] wilh Gor Ce = L r Qn = 2 Re fen} = 2 os ar Inl#t feb = Bama) 8 bn = 2ImfOn¥ zo @ XLt) = Sink ostem = xXletr)= xc) Gea s XG) exp Lj29t] de . " sjaatide = 4 (see a fst explasnedde = 2 |" * 2 (a) KLE) = ae + Z~ (an Cos ant + ba Sin ant) see Aan = 2RefG Pee bn = -2Tmfer} o The XE) in Gb) the ume ShIEE version of KC) in 62) with shite eek dns GrexpL jnuee J = cn exp lirE J = Idal= Ja] Sdn 2 FOy - 2 (-1 6 ¥dn cr) lat 4 e se ar Sit ase =F a es 4, z roy Tg Sa i 24 59(The xce) in Ge the hme ~ shift tr Ca) coith shift = an = Coexpljne J version of XCt) => [dnl] = lead boda SGr4 or = Jeb ae ae er er ae * dy ror nom Ga) XQ) in Gd) equal be KG) 1 Cay with ow de component -l ~ fe XG ett Zo explym me] = tt Cn expljoTe] nao os - or aia t t Se | ___1_,—_+ a {* Te (ie 42 2 a a 7 dna dtr , Sdn og In] % * % yn 'p [ rf Fn 2 > Ma ] | , 2 3s a SS ie a “ He 61Gh) i = XU) S$ an even funchon Gos +J X(t) exp [jnunteJdt r 2 Bf? xu) ws nustde 62Co Bf Crk Gs Bae de 7a Be °C) a [ee Pg, or] 5 LEG) Ces ser). -3 bes ar) 1] Ca Arad leqt (2m) CO xe) an odd symmetric funchon Co = & f xt) exp[njneootJat 7 Or es Sxl) Sin nwse de W. +2 2c F, & Sn = -25 eo 20TF SL [ Ce") Sin 20, f 2274 de apr Pee os 20 4/3 \ S20 “al [ By Con agen) By Gog fa sae]BAB(O) an s 2 Ref inyzo ae a edd bn = miele ° neren () dns Cy exp Cyar] Qn= 2Re {do} = paee ome ° n edd A even tr ° a even bn are the same as in Ca) { Bon add ° n een Bon edd a ar n evena) Qn =o Sin 20T be te Sey SE BAAD Gee 2 Tt aj 207 = J xce) exp Lyaame Jae lets Jb f x yexpl-jante Jat) sf [rela co CB) No it does not. The funchsn x)= Sih 20 © dees not meet Diriehleh condihin 2 As iWustrated ih dhe frgure below the funchdn has ae finite number ef maxima and minima in dhe th kerval C0, x¢e) (2) No ik does net The furchsn x(t) = ban aT dees nok meet Dirichlet 1, Stree J? lxwlee 2 65BF x Ue) se -Uetew Let 21) = XLb) COD X ce) = KCE) my Eee Qn = 2 xct) cos (20TE) ab ale © . t Gos ntde ~ 2 f tesntde re f BMGT]. sem f B16 0. { ° ore ve explnE Ja expljEJ 74° Yes ik does because © * Cn = 1 + exp Lief J-2 expliE] = on x)= Sle) +d(t-L)-25Ce-z) M - BIT XC) = 2 on FE cos ant 66fay 2.a7e+00 2 8.95e-01 mos 6.21e-01 3.47e-01 7.36¢-02 ~? 00g erOOT BUTUFS THEVIE. FEST 1 BEET 31 4e+00 &) AS Ms, we predik tak X(t) = 1.00 lel 4 aie E § an Cte) 6 yn] vee) 4 ve FAL [ x@yerteare © eo &> ae ee GB) jields (xtHG@ yard @ vine a ( ( xerdye ets SD )vle-t-o Bode) x@ [yee vo (associakvihy) 3.23 The periodic convolution of x(t) and y(t) gives ”n=0 5 a =i =} Lh neven,n #0 Ine “ = nodad mn Ine It easily follows from the above set of equations that a, = Bn7n n3214 Pa (2) xed 2 Grenpljowetl, a =o he-o ° - yd = (xurde = ZG fexpLjowtTde Cn expLjnwt] ne-@ jnwo S4+TY 2 s™ ow expl ines Get] w nw. = SoG cxplinet] = ye) nee jnwe Ce) da = Cm Gre smaller thon the amplitudes Jno. of xl) 6) Integraton deempbas ize the high Frequency, components « @ The inkgraled waveform is Smecther Jhon she Cfginal wave form 3>F he signal x Figure F319 Cb) can be wovitten im terms of the Signal in part Cad as A(t) = U4 xq Cat -T) - Flex, (214-7) therefore dot la ey cxpl- jar] hence. aCe) = '~ @ (Cs2ta4Gs¢ a OPEL Ge wba. nB2€ ewe exp [jot] wer @) a 2 expljeE J 2c, => 24) is real Signal ne (by Average value = C=] CD Re ayer) , yer = XG) ae er a pyle) 2 xD ae :_t HGe) = so or H (nw) = yrs. yds oo” expljob] ex pLinwet] © Us jne.) a dos Co ays epLlytj 2C1+ jos) expli2E J FUisjawey teGaj A) for ey D1 ° sq h= frequen ¢y the cireit deemphasize the high- freq components , Bley sk TE ye ie the voltage across the resiiler wskad, 12; H Caw.) _Jnwe tiie T+ jn we Hows 1s le s jo SOP) = 5" jnwe explinE J exp Cine] nee [4 jRwe ne Bwe 21+ je) exelj EJ 4. > 120 expfja 5 Ci+ jade) plier] dy 2 iss expel yr] te (i+ jawe) Cex os Pwe 221, there nth 4, armemic can be wrilten os be wri be: dn w —~ explLjet Jz cn ay ctPlirg d= ¢ '€ the circuit passes the . high frequency mpenents without alternation: 3.27 * 1 jo __ H(o)=—— = Teh i+ie jo With oy = 1, 3 3 1 1 HE LHS elm MEI +> Pata 23 se,*=5e 0" 2 Therefore cp = H(0) = 1, H(@) = 7H = OTe", Hap) = 0.447267" i and dy =1,dy= dy *= 1.060767", dy = da *= which gives y() = 1 +2. 1214cos( 1 — 15") +0. 4472c0s(2t — 63. 43°) 3.28 System 1 has magnitude and phase distortion. System 2 is distortionless. System 3 has magnitude distortion, System 4 has phase distortion. "4=) = exply ts, the culpub is an npuk exeliet] 329 Ce) For yl = Ce) for xlt)= lo exp [jot] YU) = 10 Hew ezpl jot] e Lemtertel & o.oy Lyce- 2) | Tce) | me er | husy- re] < 0-0; Ltctes | < 0-0; 75G4 Hue: - ban! tobe, < Need |tawticSe -1 wl 2 og, Virol @hich gives we 2a %4SO 330 yee) 2 A xt) + Bx*lE) FLE) = a\Cos Wet +a, Cos 2wot 2 SED = ALa,Cos web + aa Cos 2wet J+ BlaCos wet +02 Cos2uet] + Aa Cormot + Ao Cor2wet + Bla®Costwet + 2aaz Cor wel Cos2Wot +O trot] Aa. Cos wot + Aa Cos2wet + BL > 14 Corer = + Zeer Clotvet + Cos Sut) AF (14 Cos sunt) ] TS Aa, Cosut + Aa. Gs2o.t + Ba® + BGszat = + Baas Gswet + Baas Cos swet 4 Bah, Bar Gossage ze The new harmonics are Baa, Gs 3uet, Bad Cos awe t - Also a DC teem with magnihide “Bats Ba> coas generaked. 6331 3.32 Now fy = 2 kHz and c, = (Kr/T)sine(ne/T) = (1/5)sine(n/5) The filter passes only the de, Ist and 2nd harmonics. For OSIfIS5 kHz, IH(f)I=10, Arg H(f) =—(2f)/10000 rads, 2, 2 since = a asinc(dye", dy and a2 +sinc(eos(4000e8 -36") + sin(2)e0s(8000e7 -72") BA odd From Example 3.4.2,a,=ne ” 0 meven 4A ad With 6, =0,we getc,={nz "° 0 neven For the given circuit, H(@) = 1/(R + joL) = 1/(100+ j0. 5) so that with a = 7/2, we have 1 40 100+ j0-5en “nx "O08 and _ 1 1600 * (00% +O. Sen) “(nap * The average power dissipated in the resistor is, P= 1d, ita? 0.018 odd ld,I 73.33 From Example 3.3.2 {_e =4 (1-1?) n even i. 0 nodd, n #41 E eeeytes 4j Since H(w) = 2i(ja 1 3), E 2 26 sane! 220 =e gant 200 3 floyt3 ” 5oaae 3 334 With #(@) = —J2*1 1 we have Goy+3jo+2~ jor? 2E ae E # tan! % = — tan Neve Co 2E -1 frr-tan'o, ~ Yl +03 235 . e Yeter = fo xl) Cos nee h(e-e) ae eh { 3eC%) Cosmunst Je -* eT, & - f X12) sin 7H, CA e er Ysled= ( (er Sim nw tha-ee = “= Also Ge 2 ("x @rexplinwe ae oft. Tv TSO) Co mtae ~ fh [ xC@dsin nex,.%d & 2 Ye E) 4 Yee) B& ES § KE) Cosnwstd® iT a ["x@eosnwtae = Re Len} & : + YsGe a f XLE)Sin rude ot | xCR)Sin meet de i J = - Tn fen} Cb) Tsar + x 3eC)= al ACE) Cosnoetde -L f CA) Gos nwo Pde e-aT one S {ee bs mntde + = Re fen} 2(O) Sawada iy = r oo H bn a f BCeSilnes tiles pace Si wetde FT tind co ToT bet Tear assume T, 2 AT + £T Le inleger, oc 64! and tog ay ' t (4-7 eer CO) > Ff 0) Gog nee tae “ae ) eer Genwo tse eT, FT en, - (eh )4LTeT +t KCB) Cosnwe tie ATHET Co-Ty ety . at Swee 4T set yicey 2 { xc res nw. td ar oer wb f xle) ls nwetse AT ¢ © 2 Sl xcerCornwetde = ke Len} Similarly YysCt) & -In§ Ge} 792. 336 Hlw)s (Riser jo rae 24450 x0 Ideals le Hee) ) , with ones oeszag Nae] s | cy wCeese) | o-c10s6 = jae TO 16) °37 Hoo). CR wR ESE pol - Sy CFT ae Ind. le 4 (awe) | + BIth woe] = O-1oey Hew lag). on H C40) | - Gs ar 1 ayereeent a ayant | 803.38 neven =) a 0 nodd For the circuit of Figure 3.36, since H(w) = 20(40 + jo) 1 40 + ds] = ———— oT 3600+ of For the circuit of Figure 3.37, since 10° dy (b) We have n odd even 40+ jay) For the system of Figure 3.36, we get 40x10" (10 =0.1a + jo) 81" ; 33%(a) Ey expljowot] = etplnoty- gilt) Bot . | expljeot] 2 expls SF Vex i oiz ot SOW] bj expL jut] [ex plunger] - expliget]/ej sin Lon th) wot J Sin Wot VW, O) 2 sim Cn ted urt ge woo 2 “Ye Sih Cue te) ? « Te oN Nn (fe zea ot dt xpljrwctide = L expljrw Ve -23" explijn wet] ven jew L,, z MT gepl int] - expl-jnt] ree N j nok for nto, exp lint expl jon] 20 j2rn Ts % enp\ jt expl-i™] $ J secveg dae ge. Zo ( seehjeel eel") nz-N mm “HE Sin( wets)BHO ces KE Sine) — Clem 3245) O £202 \enl = 02K Sin @ (o-antT) amdlly | ! tllan. WO Zs o lénl 2 olk Sine Cot nT) leas Tatil [ | | [ Tigger WHY Zisoes len 0.05 Sint Coosa t) Gonclusions : (@ the magnilde of the spectrum ‘increases Prepertisnal te @, @) the frequency content of tre signal is Compressed when @ increases. 83Che K Sm fare -4l 3-4 aw - G+ Bb Sin(2ht), tee e ar 7 = sin(2F (0-6) an 2 He Si (AF a, ane) eset a oane = Te 7 FS Gs 2 @ Sine ar 7 tohen q cos 20 2 T AL Cz exact = Ooms k x \0 =| ke Gs 2 % . ere K cn are, 2m Tv 2 loo | & Gt 272, am T Flee x ot ex SL x a7E3e Zia342 @) eee Sin (oe) be )e amcee nto] oe) ° NM even Ge) legsl= 4 [2 Sin at +sinee, | when Bs Ab, te = 08236 vad, fm IMS ease ley] = 0 cera a “) lesl & maximum at ke 30° and 150" 343 coy an pee lione] _ seer bd | oot A exe on be a. nat o n even ©) lel is maximum at bes 2234 vad Clze? ) Lestage 2 CATE A Ge) The method ef generabing the 3rd harmenic ‘problem 3.37 is more ecient 3+€4 (2) wb, = W- ten! (at x 6.0) FL S473 Az Sin S473 xe} UL Crsa73) expel = oe 2g Acep[ =e ] - oases = Sm ote 85“ ta b) cn i f Aexl-tt lexp[-jntl de Yee ‘ 5%eo { Sint exp[-jnt] dt € a [earleconyn]-ennlt uot] | lorjo a exp (na) SE -eplions.]] a =] = [er fiense]- voli} | iol : =a ; co Coe fa 72x 1o7F Vet = basa cit let 2 e42iZe 85CHAPTER 4 41) 2ee OS xEw) Met) = (xele) 4 EEL a Xs XE) A ted (aE) = HEE) ie > CM x00) a. yee e @ 2%) OS xu) CO Re Exe (xe EMD) A > (xtW) = xEw) ) Ja CO Ta fx trds Crete ~ 2x7 Aas mo (xt) — xo) Yay CE) OP ACES nok obs hbl infegrole 426) Koa) das nob ence HE I (Ee (mEL aE) Bnet ahes (ately wn $le w&) Mo Renaten bransfom O x08. GE» not ell weheved ab b20.Ne xe @) xe). — ok wbeslabeby catereable.Na d< (9) © gel ge erat) © obseletely entegn able. KO) ens& - 4s wo) = ° Kee) = Cb) expljwt]at . fea Bobi nee at 3 at = Diol ew ae “2 Gm, 2 art al 87oS) a 4 f Coswtdes + lim JS Greta elim ZSinwt | “7 Rae lg aa & 4S le 3{xc-£)} = XCY)s neck (whet ] & Sle xcoj+ 5 HO. y Cray - S@-y] © 3fx xu}. xcayel= oh? net P27 (i) Ff§xCakea}s afxl2(e-23)} apex ©) ge mek SA] e) BECE-W x Cees} = FfGEsyxctey -axcé-o} je? ded a et” xo) 2\8(4)-se ? Slot- 7) a" nae 25!) CH sf42 1. ponca). jo met (AE) db xcb). ali uxce)) qs ate gchy. y AEbRAw dw 2 nu SRY Lx Gy) “ao + 2 fQo-w- rack (45) A G) a [xcae-o}. B[x@ce-Q} « a[x crepe? ~oe YY neck es 24) 3 [nebo ok 24 SHY nee GQ) dfaceeP Of = xcoer) = ek (FED a) exe} j azawely a5 = nad Cott) Fees ~ Soa) 8aa = 26-9) ya Ge) ice ace) oP. FeV oy si SY [Cece - §G)] ee @ 3h" xenat]} = xc) 4 WX) SY 0 je wy mee CRED + Ese) 4g now) = al ; YO) = eee? a cos 2+? 2419 AT From Genta) 6% enbl jek cap Corde = ar 8O- 0) + te sc) rh ae eh Bow, Be“ a Saeed cae Replacing 283 © and vsing Colergnile gives fos ck +) fin BWETEE = aw § a) You can trink of fe entegral above of fhe San qo Enfiarte onmber Sines and Somnee +f Verions fe mues. Ak ang anapk Hao os many of (hese uma il fa positive os will be negate and fone fein Coctaibalrons will add oho pro RE £20 bemaa, ll Ke cotice Ferma one +6, Sed fein Confribrhors odd op fo produc & Re. RCE). mack (te Sy/m)- mE CE 2 /n) wo XO) 2 a bine Be evel] 2] = 0 bene SP exe SE] 2 ahine SE [25 Sun Ae 89t Since qhe SL IES ena © 7 = 7 Ya) « se, Be Bae CHR) he CSE (x Gals a ae AS @ xO tL 7 Tyo e bus + oe S| ‘ dus tf. 2[= z ae Jie 4+ Oh * atras SO)\y cs e. i—{ j) xckls 4 (Sj.pme eG) amet) Od. a ges. BSP + SEES “(7 feweTie +4 He 2m ex K Gels mek C S=) Gs 90& to XLtd= Aexpl-at J] y Ce) = x*Ce) () xewy = a JE exp l-e%0] gl = Fe York [GE VE)eelS] (OE opr espe seifort Sethe using = Vere expl"*4e]dz = Yeo) 2 A enpl-S¥e], fate za (e304) syle) eh) => Ble) = Vw) Hus) Zlwo)s ALE wee! [= exp[-oF AE explo BE expl-she] = AST exp(-P (8 +£)] Zeb 3G) > ABT. Pao exp[-Se-e* Wiab V(a+G) a - aes 2AG[E exp[-2e— al FE me l-S 1see) © xa) hele oF P= 3 Yoo) = Hew) xew) =» AB e® (expl-wisa - w/b] ) Soma *ABS® ezp[ -(+b) y> Sea a6 (tye T exp[-sh yt aol e[-s& *] C4) 2 (AB) Ie ae 3 (a5) exp | a+b 40 (e) tet X= [Pasne elite le) = ” Si ° fe =f Sine doo J See + OO *O)= expla] os xe) son exp TH] XU) = ae J (2% exp ltt) expLjwt] dis me) 212 S exp{-Te*] dw © x): expl-alti] o> XCw) + 28 tut xl) = “ a8 (ta Jerrtinnaan Resta tL [20 ay : nfl gy . @ a HW) 2 lyr) os Kus Se oh ) om 2 eto af (2 r aT = Ac ) expljot I duo xOy= 1 ot "(Sate ye#2 G) zlt)s Ye) = A) lw) Yo) = Wexpf-alwl] ee 2 , (ae) te Se) “a J “(E)fespl-2e fol] duo a 4 © a> () xe) =2 1, Xe) = © exp Lalul] ae = yled= Sivek | Yow) = et (w/a) 2 Sinet ae J Sinek ge 2) ae oe -2 se [7 © expL-alel] rect (wlan ae awit eh fo Eexpf-atot] duo are = Lo expl-Tel 2a GD d= Site | XL) = TA (4/2) = Yuo= SHE | Y(w) = TW rect (Ha) © ” cine 7 _ J sot dt = eewll Tp (wie) ect (whch \ *z J A(z de amon rs 93@) U)= SHE ur 2 T afore) = ges shee 1 Yto) =F (wh) "Sint gen 1 [Pgh z, J atF ase 2b (F[atwn)] Se “Eforg yee - 3 4 xl) = expl-ée7 ule) (2) Xw)s Jf expl-ee] expLjotl dt = it erje ©) Xue &-Je Le ee Fre © Lim wero 23. re -{° end 1 zl a Ws se lim an dit, Sou wipuse mw F ii, exp-etJul) } = LN aes = lim Se wie ee = TSlwo)+ 1 414 Heda neck CZ) 5 XW) > o) yeh Hex). feo Bist Ob) Eapel Sige Out but Kgrol trergy = te (4 Gepae 4? =i (am de: nS, +O Tek tact awv 4 ad 41S @ Ffxcr ees 4 at x(-) eg BL ypoed até a -B ya +3 2-3 ae ea ch secel*}. xcyege Core isOrds? Cot FAH t5 ee a( asc. juxwy.jo S4jsery + juts A) Fi{xtb) Ka TE] = E[xco-n) - x¢v +n)] 5 f mse . coef isGoer es | a Sort + fA ne cone -GS-m) + 34 -nI tS — Catt) + 74 Qierj ed Ei Tlacey* SEM. oxy rI9 OL amar Hep easd GQ) sfx exci. SPM (w)]” “je weigeee 2 oh peste [=Sie8 week (len) ““o) pf sase } . F fxw« sieat f = X(s)- rect (wae = Xu), «> We hence x(t) ¥ Saat Lx) | K >We we (9 XC) = Sing XW) a vee (HE) wet 952 z@) x3 f Sine ® on (t-) ge. er CEB) F{ rect (4%) rect (Wl) } VWs Lyw) Tes) Whe induckena = Veli) jel Tbw) For a capaciber ielt)= © duce) dt Te Ww) = jue HOw) the capacitance = Vetus) a Te) © jee hoe i . 1 SE Ode a Ron * Tee J HOS) w a do-fars felfea: ® vw). 2 _ flow a joa (F jae an lek Yi) ond yc) be Be inpoks te He Bashens OU Ewnpulie Anchen ces KiCE) ond f(b). The. figrnss Galow tha fre Metre of the Vorons 4 geal cn ee Rae Kan, Vhene HIE & Keoufput gkey Wp hack Jom On? —o8, — Since HyCo) = neck CS) , ¥@) KL) suber en 4 OR Ya KO) ont Lod Xn) Al = = 2 © xtk)~Sal SBF) gs Xle)> 2T rect (/suq) We . 4 > sh S (8) 72th. tere 5B 7S wT a) xtu) TLE@- ws + Score] yea) = FL Hilbert transform xcty} 2 Age 8) F LEO Oe) +8 (W+ oJ] = TE C£catee) = 6e we) : yo Bin Wak we ES RC} emi f xCed (te) expl-jut]ded@ =f xcey f xcarerenp [jot] deat = Xe) f x(@ exp [jo eJae = |Xtwo) |, fer real-valued =0t) 8ce ow F ycer ylereae ~ IT fc 2 (2-4) hCw) x (Get -v) dude de 2S? bead how) Rle-wsu) dudy = R(t) * hte) x h(t) z 424 xlt)= W, Sq (wt) fu 5 ung bY wo eu > xKeol = Wreet (Yh, + THect (oper) CO) of wm ec cur Mol YC) = FT PH ew) Kew) sai = an 7 [rect (Zou )+ rect (ogy. VJ eon +E" Lamect (% aap] = 2uk Saluee) +2 Sih ge = (ey wy We Swe He ycey = F LHe) xwJ Tee TPT [reek (% up) Teel Hy, ) + rect (“Zap ) ret ($85)] TF" [rrect (4%, a 7 rect (Yiu ) J 992 Wy Sa (wd, &) + We Se (WEED + Sin Wit 4 sin Wet . & (© wy Sw ewe ce) We conclude thet from Cad, 4(e) = wie , Sin Wit © st (mle) +4) Cos Wok [ mle) Cos wot + AGS wot J] jan [Slo-¥e) ad (ws we) | 42s KE) = @) Xtwit 2 EM (orwe)* $M (wre a Ge) yled = bce ® KE) => Go & We £ Be 7 Om yuo Gi) We - Ym 100©) BEE) = yle) Gos we = Bla)=b Ylwo-uoe) +L Y(t we) C1) of & 6 We -Mm ~ Ylw)so => Zl) Gu. Wm S$ We cw, SEG rye RS Wii) We > We + Om ce ee ear “e @) Va): bp CO * 2a) => VG GO) WE 6 Om 101 200) i ra wo) = He (ww) BO), ara ai aCiti) Fen pet Om Viw)= EM) in ©)-Wi) and fe Medeor # the Lame ae cn conti aie KOE) = BCE) Reas Grok ILA cos wot + Od) : a 30O Coos ga Cos C2M0E+ OI] TG ve poss 3b Browal s fow-pars few wil cok of( On Sce)2 Bese xb Desrard output oo sgh) = xct/ Rds Reo ace) 4:27 (a) x(e)= mt) Cosumte => Xiw) = EM Co sue)+l M (wwe) SCE) = be (t) « XCED =p YOu) = He (we) X Ce) oo ke ae ae ara we Cb) he l= Af He(w)-explywt] do a Omrse tap] ” BempljetTde +t fs expljorT do 7 Bee em oe o4Uam a eee 2s expLjet]de + 2 J expljet] de «= B [Sin Cwst om It - Sir wet & l woe +05, a he CE) ao for t aE [Belo-teey teen J meaante)] « 5 [fotos lezen) Mose) ] aby [evfs-aue) 2 jae) )M Corea) m4 Pele) — He (wt2es. I] MCe04 020) ] 103Newrs £ OM (2 - we) Role-2 os 4+ 4 lw care die (waz) | {Ye “Fe, We ebhun e distorted 6 long LsB signal. Re eS Hole-We) tHe (wtwe) conclusion as = consfank the frequency — bone of by Signal , ux can cblain undistered ise. 2d Baduckte ¢ Z(G) © Soothe ©) Tras = = oer indeo o OF xcs mk), yode mb Faz) looo Th +2 oats We ~400T Zla)= x(a VO? goo T a fooT SWE foo (esa -W 400 Tc < (oooil ° othe wise Fox Trsogmieu, {gs t= rece HE % 5 ae F mises =2908 =1s80 T5d0 -300 350 Soo 7390 ucoo 2508 Tees HO -488 geo 506 500 —= 6 42 104430 (2) The pulse drain plt) has the Fourier expans ‘on series ples & Sin (Kus Te £ emacs: a Jexpl jkust], fo k ws @/2 Ths spectrum Sm(KYs FE) Sw bows) ener Xlw)* Pew) 4 an RT St (Kes th) x Cw Kws ) To bee Kw Op tb) Yes, Sse tong ot Ws sau. BY applying %s(E) fo a low-pass filler of bandurdth We, xt & easily recovered withouk disbechion- #31 (8) Assuming ideal cectangular pulses, he flat- bp sempled signal is meyCe) = Fx LAT) veck (G-RTY/2) eae ~ . 20 (ey xXeesy) = 2 FJ x lw-kurs) SHYT , ws” T ulin tla 105bb be similar G) %elw) appears eon the surfaa fo part (a) of prblem 4-30 There 18 an important difference , however A low-pass fill operabiag on Xslw) in the flat-tep sampled stypal will nek give clisherhon - free culpuk pwporhonal te x(t) (AD Using a (ow-jsass filler alone , thr outpuk spechum Weald be © X(u) Sin Cus 2/2.) Ts wt which 18 clearly neck prperhanal be XCe) as xb) cannot be recovered needed Therefore, disherhon - Free C2) he fucker Q(w) = Sin(wt,)/Cwt/2) represents Aislerbion which may be correked by adding @ an equalizing Filler second filler , Called Tt must hore a branser funchon. Hegtwr= '/@ U0) Twl cwe = W%y Jl we SiA(WtA) = arbilvary elsewhere The equalized culpw ig Kelw)= & Xtw) and xXeb) = Z x) t ve HU 4b) HW) “Me Les) wid on 106fy ytty= (xen - rgct) Cos 2iork + LE) +4 CED + Cos wit) Yous) 2 g[ Aled d- Mglis-tand +X Goraun) = x_keoe2ea)] a Yl) + Xp Ow) + $ Slr d+ £ SCw sen) Yl) &) zt — sr Tae vor \ a aD We) 107©) Wher s x, (0) = Xela) Zw) = X& lw) + Xp Cw) Then Xtw) > (Ww) + F009) 2 ond Xp (2)2 (Eo) ~Ww)) /2, #8 ZS) 2 Dd Se-7) Rem pene FF but Ff S seer) | 2 = Z slo. nat) = WF Scones) £ DAS (wore) => 3" ste-0t) os Bo jmeskSCus-nive) = jus nas nae 434 @) Sine (BE) Bandwidih. 3TwW ws f db) exp(-st)ultd= xe) Ixcws | = aX let xq a => Wetd [xcey |> Bondusidth = 3 Ys wy, - _ ca J [xw)| dw f ®t dws ety | deo Se a aaied Fee e “ws -< ¥ ton"(we ) pease Wg 2 Stan (49547 ) 249 red see 108(@) x) = le expl-at*] > Xtw) = exp [-w%x ] JT utlxew [des [orept s-ld0 a 2 Srenrhota . 2 « (ier S xcs [Aw = 5 “apes ha] dw = Jie Bie 2 J Wt Xcw)ldwo alae og J [xves)*de vane Bim VE 4360) Ga te J Hy (9) expl-j 02 wide, oy +3 MS aly Smee th the central period Xq lw) = Kt) 4 5 3 Tar dX (u) expl joey Jd + “lug we = 2F xc mam ) 2 20 xGrT) Ws We ue (6) Xa) = explin aw] 72 2E a Gardexp [jo ar] . 2 25 x (ar) exp Eje ako] keno 8 mete. SP 2 xcet) SC eka) kite Wy ©) Xe) = X, Cw) weet (U/2ug ) taking the inverse Fouriér transform yields 109Lt) 2 xslt) ¥ Sin Wat ra Bite x UT) Sin Wy KT ria Wa le- oT) 436(a) x Lt) = Lo exp [Aor] > xl)» explore] mo = Waa Xme 1 Bey = [LO expel AT 40 ae a TOTO 24 Ixe) Bayt? - Ge) xe) = Sim ame 5 xEu) 2 eet (PAT) Fe i . Tea Re 2mwW = BTs 27 5 ._A ©) 2a)2 Ae ult) > Xe) = z Tet Be Bret 110Sa) xceye exp [t41] 2 CHAPTER dees rok have a bilateral haplece transform because, J eerexpf-se Tae dees net converge Ch) Xges)= £ epleelacey exp [-st]dt 2 t_ , Refsdeb bes 2 XCes EL dees not have a bilateral Laplace tronstorm C4) = leds C= IE) clos net have a bilalerel Laplace transform > xq (S)= ST expl-zlellespf-stJae ~rckefsgcr aaa O) meeye Bexpl-tJu(-t] does not have a bilakre| Laplace 4ransform DX qls = [coat ult) exp l-sk7 de = 2S) Refs} co me . (1) My (3) =f" shat ace) expl-st]ae sas) Refs} ena at sz qi . a J xyes [be® he. CE . =CU XS) = Mee i di) xc. Coe dt = 7 SS Ce) Dees not haw a bilaleral Laplace transferm CRee for *CED is Re Esti and the Roe fr aC) ws REESE C1 and the overlap ts the null set ) ©) Xess f exp(belexpLst]de = a sz Xscse fepbeed} A Refsice Tee5 SO Dees not hove a bileleral Laplace trandorn CD) Dees nek haw a bilakral Laplace 4ranstorm 68) x.tsy= f expLae]expise]at = Sexplrsve]ge~ t 3° TSE nencausal part 2 f fexptaer} X(sye ote tw a a ser tah @ Dees nok have a bilakeral Laploce Hansform (3) Xp CS) = xs= L fees at} Loe oa G) xcs). 6 xcereZ { SmhGeato} = #5 Svs 2S:4 @) yaje 34 r(4). vad s(4+' 7. eee GP Ee 3 (8 464-1134 54) 3470 68a BR TES FIER 4154 WS (Ga BSED BD yase- daG. ex) + 2 $3228 2342)* ¢ GS leds (E-) x(f-D-x(e-0 eae Pidxays (eieoCre reas) gee ae Vee dG 42D 4 1 gdy aH 28 W yosys anw« pao Rs a ater 4 agar raher > VEQ)2 Sxc e BKCY AX a2 XRF 428742842 B+ ARs dhe Lyra ye CB a eee 5 §) +t xc) Pee ere etry] Se LE} ~ [exp ised dt = tPexpl-stt re a yen expEst]dt aoe és os f 27 gap Est] dt [er expead ae] p[ tase | : ace { Eo eee [stl at : ao cP expEst] ifs ea [erartotse] 3* =s e B neneden-2) f a” Fegof-stT de = 7 = 13o Roeean tf expbselde = a! = . a se d fet}. fet eplstldt one = Lfehe Setetse s [Om ereelas let se ect! dt = gat Liebe Sie Ci sce) ga J sebetdae Compan wh Cama fanchion ° hres = 57 Le} whens n Peneisnd e nent) Pinar) Pensry en Tiny = FN Cnet) Crea) = TD Poors f expbelde +1 Ponsen! re ZL fe"ps at wm Ss hfesuty = {Cos ot explst] ae lee ue Ge we dv = explstldu J Gswt exp bsetae = Grvot (~ 2020) |~ {ceets4) Gsinwe dat sae ef exp lst] Sthust de lee uss wk dvs expl-std de ~ J” const expOser de = ~ og [sin wt (“2200883 |" ian (CEES) eo. Coe eat de] 4= Cust yf Cost explst]at s 2 a (Veswtexplstldes BI Feet L fsmoty 2 [WSawt exp lst de lee usSinwe dvs exphse] de ° << J Sih eb eepCstide = Sim o (20 )| ~ { (“2B acoatae) 2 = 2 explst] cosat de Smee [expist] Gs ut de» steae 1 [snot empl 2 [Ea ]- Bo Seat Feat SAX Coth € = ase) Cobh Cty LJ = Cod Cj mab) Be be yO Ge) 2 web Cas He J HG. b) S Coke ale)= fo feb yw t uty] ee kh K 2 ~~ J Gapeag 3% ee 4 LCrabe wes =) She Gee Dd oY ‘ Ge Be este (rot * a S49 © xX (o*)s Ke _A ‘ lee hae X(e2) . bm B_ .o geo 3483 =o) G xGet)J2 ke a Beco Ca+ed eres Facey Cee) dors Sinw x(t): a-t) © xt). bea 6 20 be BoiS Sin@ MR) Gnfosos a Qigetacde Grn, x (ce) dave oat Onis k. } Axor) = bm SGIY dao Ars Xceye be SCR N) Seo &rd L (rote Hoh xe. EW - S* acer] @) XCot)e Em 3+ S43) - bee Bagg rge2 XCor)s en _SGr eae 3) a Avo Be Aste g ded a(4) a 2 Be BN GH A@Ne FO sao 1. “secee) = kes $ 20 Reo gy-28-3 THe xq. t+. + SS GAGE ~ Gar F oe xt). CLO ct] aceyy 116® xa St a 4 -. 4 4s ce Tox Se xe (bE) = ele carb ol) - EGek OCH co) xcay= —f $e! £ 4 oe cae eee xe) 2 ceabalty 4 oP cask OCG ay 4 ee te Heder ash BS nee ley es 4 POLE CP AH) S nlsy. So $+h \ Basti J to BS-2 94S 4 G xb) eat) + Fe oC y LE * (2 22h - ot \ & ” warget Set + oy Then xX, (4) = cfu] © FoF le) Sacee KB) = SAG) ce Gee xe Xi (td see EOI a) 2 CE ECM CED Gy xcs 28e6erd 2 ae Ro3eah 3-0 + gz + vo xk) DEE) - Puce + et aces a xg, eae BL. (Bay Cea soe) 22 8Gf + Esme k o(b) M @ jhe a et ~“N2 aye eB Gap x¢b): tbh oetuch a ayet ah Sets G) xa). Cee 2 be ete SC S*4 16) s Br+ (6 sey e L aCk-a) eh cos BLE-a]] ace) "7Sb o) Ya)! \ == C2 YO: ss -- Ta+ & f eG bey aCe). sale = bh) OG). a) ges & Fock) i= © ya. Ce ° ea rel wp a & wot). Chayacras) -(E-0 MOU? fe a 2 a pot, . WY)s he ee aie)e bok) - oft) st eta} a ss 3 = s y(s4ye s+. 1% “ © > Bob SE * Gye a). a pee) OQ ys. tb. eee Pee Pas 7 Se ~ 3th) > Sami + oe Beg) ot . “ 47 ype WM yo. to (eE le (4-4 ] eG) aE Daly 2 EP ye 4 ” . Ge) Y@>= (tet IS [4-4 gel= Zae-o HL eEVae-y S33 OG YM: Ha- ge 3-— z a Lge eet RETA» EETAE) 118ui @) Hea). GeO) C8 )(8*+ V ~¥S_ 228 $5 Ss ord Ss Bek - Gt): eos) oe an dhis Kol © rey. (soe se)” > 576) gee Subhoce $$, in Hs) = CR- SB Clx(el 2 for @ Has He and Hy) Then HOS) = ACH) =O 119 @e 2 0G) -28- Tus) ee at5 peak H*C4) © HES) 4 ab HOS )e0 be SF a pao of HOA) Semilaaly fo~ = pele HG) bas gros ob -t,-2 ond poles oF | £15 Trek cs) bales ond pase crear fm Complen ony ng rte boas, “ ] Er5 Als) = X(s)- B(s) Bcsd= _ SAGs) G2) Gr) Alsy= xcsy~ SAS? acsye__XE8) Gays) ls (sss) G43) Yes) = BGs) +2 AGS) s 2 aa [etre 3 pro aes + 7X) Gaye) 2 Jes yes) or Yes) = 8420843) | 3Cs+2) . Xs) (stadistaes sTees be xts) ‘Y¥Gs) 120S16 ACS) 2 X(s) -2Bls) BCs) . sta Acs) S03) © AG y= K6s)- 2¢8422AG) Ly cs) = _X CS) sce) T+ 20s2) s(s+3) Blsd= (sD As) sin xcs) = GHD CS) ss+3) S(s03) (426) Sage SGs3) a Xs) + Bls) + Als) sex 53) T xe) SHB S452 #45542 J Yes ey Yes) © las +8 X03) (S43) (ste 8 72) The feast Caron: cok fans xe)L__@— 2y"Ceds ayes) +4 Yl) 2 2x'Ce) x Ce) oe (2s*+ase0) Yes Cas-1) x65) => Hs > Yess 2 2521 xGs) 24.3544 to b 1 L222 Sire He 122expe] -2b explh eo expt] expe] > £°[cer-o“] = f] eae aay L = 5-3 Ge Gast expl2t] (cast +5iet 7 ae sink | | -exphtel sia t expleeT [Ost -sih al lo as Pie e aot “0 6 expLat] = L[¢sr-ay"]= tpi °° <1 (nore FED er fo oF exp ltd expLt] -2t exp Le] ul) exple] exp{e]- ue) wexpleJ+ ut © uce) 123AGS) = KGS) - HyCS) Hgls) AG) ~ Hes) BGS) ov [ie Hycsy Has) J AGSd = XC) — He(sBG3)- = -@ Bts) = H, Cs) Ha¢s) AUS) — H3($) Hs (S)H2 (8) BOS) or Cit HgHe ) BCs) = H,(s) 2 (8) AG) er Als) = 1+ Had HeCs) Wes) Haced from Cie syy65) Hag (59) (UF Hes) Hg) HAC) HyCs) Hits) ) Bes) = X Cs) - Hes) BOs) or sip [torments rns) AAA MRD His) Hds) = XG) Hees Yes) , Hols BS) 6) xe) = Has) Hols) Hs CS) a [a2 Ne HCH CS) HOD) HM HE) CEC) Hay S22) y+ aye = ult) yO@=t SYS) - yoy +2 Yes) = uC) = caves iad or Yele dota s bia Sés+2) ~ e+e S set yod> 2 [yo] + feW+ gezeL2t] Co) yi) + 2ylt) = Cost ule) — ylcor=! s s esd Yoo + 269 7S a oe e_, BLD sye t+ > zo = Yor gO * Gane) set sat 1242 ceplat]+a Cort +L Sint ye. 2D Ye]: 2 > Yd + 2yce) = exp seduced yevel SY¢s) - Yylo) #2Yes) = 0 $43 —m Yess te + + S43" Coen) Gas) 9G): ULye)) 2 explreT- 4 exp (34) GD Yd ayile) + 3yle) = uct) ylere2 yee S?Ye) = sytey yleoy + 48 Yes) - € yor # 3Y 68) = (Ste ase3) Yes) = asdqag z Yes): 2544 +» ti .3_ Peasaa SCSaaa3) StI gO) = LlyerJ= sephel+y uled- £ exph se] Pay a+ s 338 CO yhera aye) + aye) =, expl-st]ucer ’ y J SPY) = Syteos -yed +48 YE) ~ Aye) HBYGD= AE (s* 4 4543) YU) = Sye@> esy'co +4 oe3 DeSY'COD Yoo: 53 Steast3 ———————— 53) (5444543) § ylo- sy) SF aye By > 33 MO Ryeot Sy s+ S+? = EVO -£ IO + =F yeor +B ys ay So > ye. tL [ye - (Eyer -g9@ +g Jews} + (Eyer 4 a yleo~ g )expl sed -g texpl-3e] 125G) yMcey 4 syledazyle) ~eycey = eapheJuce , yeer = yleo = yea v0 SY cs) - sycey ~ ego - yleor + 3] strco) —s yo-yo ] +2[sye) -yoo J + 51s) = So Yoo. 2 — (S343st 28-6) (S42) (S71) 612 )Cs* 446) 1 S38 + mtr sot aa ste 4ste YO =A explel-7 ep rat] +3 exp C2e)G@size ~_bgerreee soe S21 (ay xe) = SAY ylay + syle = xe) + 2x) Yes) = 28+ ore he = 2 Lys) + 2 Flt) - Texplst] (Ce) YN) + aye) +3 ylt) = 2x) = Bact) x Ce) = 5A) HG) = 2735 oe 4+ str as +3 set S43, Roos £7 [Ho] = Eexptt] -2 expl-3t] xe) FE) ced gC 4 yl -2 yt) Cee XE) + axle) HG)= s*+s+2 2 SPas-2 st nite Lleol = exp(Ced ult) 126» Yereh ede ets dt Boa ses $22 (4) xG) pen 2 pete Sst S-2 stes+1) Cst2) ssteseise | a. SHES Hos) = YO) = e xcs) 2s*ost) > Ger) 72+ 4-3 2 Se s SS () X(s)2 2B s His): YS 2 RTs Mes) bs esred > X¢syz 1 . ce) X¢s) ae Yes) = 35 stu Hos) = Yo) dete Le 272s XG) — a Seu heey = A LHe] - -28u + explel ale) @)xe=2 Yor 2-2 st 3 st3 22 hos YO 2 Tas 2 et . XG) —zr Sosa x 2 2 -2ssc- dt 3 ae LehCe) c Ducky — 251) + EFLED - 19 expEE] UG) 127+ oe) w@ kee : oe 5 >- on Fe Gophe =O 2-4 sre HGs) = == x(s) “‘BlGann) ar a = 2uE (nye 3-16 LRA Gore he) = LC] 2 3 = HO ® — + B expats 4 = CH) xey2 2, Yesy= Bb Se ia os Ve Gray JE Grae 4 -35-% Peieaeen ROO . aoe «ee xcs) Eves aaa [eran] ~ rete 4. Bes“ SE B= Grate te need e 2c] = dg Fe be Sle) 32 exp Peed Gee Xe e 32 expe] sia te ve ede B23 pa | *@)| f xe b wind FH >. Ot ur sult) [ 128at node a, EtA-%H 2 yes Yeas 26 2s mga VG ees = Cires >? 3 Yes) si- 2 : ya)s ast! Se s 3lst+ise%y) ye) -Lfye)- ue) +2 explttl sn Ee z * a ste gs tle sa4 we = xo Be fs we % ute wwe K +4 -Vo = Va ~ 75) t Yat! irs, s or xeas [ve Yoo] Mies) Yet i 55 Va -YS) = -27 SCS) Vag ne + CIFSDYG) @ @) subshkitk inte C1) ms Yoo 2 Saco) + 288s +1 CsH0> Xt) = ude) =e XESS D 2 (set) SEsH)-T Yes)= 287+ s+? = (s+)? (se)? geo = (zexpbede se expled- & Pexpl-e] ) u(6) 129s Sar S25 X(t) a Cost ult) — X68 ATT a yes) — 28 78) = a => 2s 44 -Yes) H452 2501428) YES) taste E sn 5 Sara efi HE) | + st ara Gra) (2) ae eos a E)* £t] Be = yes -3 Gost +B SHE + 25 expl- a fe iz + Sih Bt save a XG) 2 sin2E ule) Kes = stre 8 + 2584 ast! from faa Yor? ZED Beg cst)? S26 2s74 9s 41 = 28 S S (S44) (541? Gy Hie SF See.) salty asteases a a Eee 37 s*+4 (se) nist SO y [isa(ge Pe adse) 227] ~RTsaLh +b tre Css “154 Coy ak - BB Sinze + tse exp tI Ba = mI +124 Ceapl-t]- 221 texpl-t] ju lt) BS tenpl-t]- 22 pt-t7 ) 13027 at node a: EMESIS ze ch nede bs ba ay+Tere Va + 24 yes) -Ts =e tose Nx 3 tos ft q = \ ne zoe = | [ve “4 Esraeg atst2 op Eb oe ” Jetazse s 7st s2se1. peteses 5 °F 3 exp [-3t yeers LL yesy] = 2 uc) ~ expl: bees Ge ulO ed el 3] Sin fe & ult) ae Sma) Yes) 0s) Hats) asim a Te Gers) [4 28 = She ast24 ere) 1315-5 ae GENE rea) SResevan © Gee wc - pb et]@ Gi, -£ avlptsn St yce) = Gi) ass 24 ate Ney 3 (ste3s 42) S24 35429 vera) Geet (Ge ye) = ule) - explaty Gos Mere - 2 expl Vins Gi) a a beset Yoy= @L—_ * 8 Risen s (ste5429) gers uaer- er FET re s-za Yes) Hees) H(s) xe Te wees) HS) Her ek Re) 2 SEL, BEE ZS > Yeey 2 Mec HED = Ue Hee) HED tea (s+) A_- YC) aims Yes) = lim sae sto Dp st Soe (Ses rst (Eas oP) a) yes = SEAL Ge of ae Soeezyest1 SC steas et) S*43S41 132: LDA f- BS 6), ae ye) 2 au = 22 oe IC 28) LO wel OG expe] 2 xe) -ye) 2 GSA explsree] ae ' = = Ga exp[-23E tJ Te a (2 Ne, pele of #08) is vight-hand side (4) Ne one of the zeros of Hess) must be ob dar origin 53a) A: [° 2] et]. L'[st-ay" s-2 Gane en eo expltJ-e Cele] = exple] b expled exple]+tezpl'] wazft 7 2° - tp expla]. O[sral =: Lan. — st-s+2 So sth a[erlfles Fe ex erplglonGe Beulg]sm Ge é crpPle]sa Ge | exp[E] Cou te 3 exple seh 133\ eple] . [ferar]-0(s3 Gar 6st a oat (> L s-3 Gy Ga* explzt] bexpl2e] © exp [zed ° expt2td teezpP] & expl2t] ° & exp [ee] expht]-texplee] rr _ iti — + * p= Yl? WO y fn / ©) lp Es xUds (ib) state de 2. lepI: xt: lysate ig --- From () Xe): Sip + Bdve gate --- ae de From 2) XU) > BIL + Ve tad .-- (4) From (3) 4(0) a 2 i aig * > io % a |x: + % ae “ Me . 7&) explaed- L' Caray] ~ if st Bre (Gers) (enyar%) =F st % (se goles) (St) (5454) cgep[tt]-Lerf€'] perl) -Zexls4] -2op[at]-zer[E] derled-aer fe] © xX) ule N&y= ° Kes) aay [Re] «eth vees) 2) SE + " Gra yse%) GrErs+5a) : -¥e Sta \ Cony) rn X S454) Vet 2 4 (872d # (seg ylsr 5a) Yds igs Ave oy Tus) = 5 vs) = Velo) =e sve 8) a rot S: - yoo Mout SEE] -(2eek$l+ ger teeq) «0 me (a) vos): (sr-A Y@) pe Gl” 135oa SUD GS? soul - ol Baar) + Yew G+0G+® ucts. Peres ] ee ® vad= ee Pe fal gee fie GT [BE] Fetet Bebe! = fet = - 42 45 oe G++) ary EY ae F fin Btao® . ~B boo =e cas $33 Ca) Pre 5] le Y sa A) Hess Yoo 2 3 = ; a re Sassen sa ee The tue poles of Hey . Siz “Bele, S25 7OSESE => shable&) Lea vO Bos) = Yes aces S*27s%4 1225+ 120 Sat 2 | Seen are all in the lefh-side plane ==> stable @ xt @ 1) et (E% Hed: Yoo) 2 Steers LS KG) te GHD Gra) 2 sce ) (S41) CFS) Cort) Cses)Cst2) She eet us lossais +4 Since these are toe poles fs the right-hand plane the system 8 _ unskable 137x6t9) 62 © @ {0 otherwise 138(e) x(n = 2 @ afr) = (hy =n) +3Gn-4) 63 (a) ea pis) rd 33 So = 8 2m x(n) is periodic with N = 24 0) x(n) = ood L so that Qo _ 13a/12 _ 13 Se = » Se tae Tg Rh ay x(n) is periodic with N = 24. - (4) Not periodic 139Pervodic for ony inbeger T fer any @F Kens 350 WORT + 4 eszen TT No2 atm . Nae2me = te (FT BT we WT N= PN =qNz So that ps Sat Periodic for any inkeyer T <6 equality Ci) fer #1 and equalities Gb integer T° and Lut) can be established by dlividing the deneminater hte the Rumeraler by dong division For x1 | left side of equality Cid Noe 20) =N 70D Nu, ST.) Memoryicss, cousal CO NL. | $-E., Memory , Causal Gi Ly SV.) memoryiess . Cause! GO mt S¥ memoryless cause! (OL, ST. memery , Causal WL, SE, memory, Causal Wid Linear, Memery , nen caused Let x60) = x Ca-n) | then giG9) $ yen-n) 140 yicnd becomes = x(k YOM): SF xCK) ee Me SCHD gen ye Zee = Cari) xtny by SM, memory les oO ge fet Memeny less 2D gdm) =e a= y NE. XG-k) “) ST, memers, Causal (ou, sz Memory, New caused (0) Nonlinear, memory, encanta, § (ND Linear, memoryless, Causal, 6. (80 Nevbnenr, SE memaryless, Caused An-6) -S 2. < = yonos 2.3.7, & 70-4 Wm ak a 2x x(n) 2 Ye Me bw ax xO-D a em Yen xEn-2) 3% te tw man 20-3) oe Bee fee, me, eg, 3B a at 12@ ne 4 sos 6 7 8 xin) 7) Be xine) -t Yn Be et secon) Ye he xén-3) - Ye Me ist zen-a) “1 Big MS ula re, Yay Vee, ee, Mae, Mae, Me, F 6.10 (a) h(n) = [ry (n) * y(n) — hel n)] * g(a) L L = [ens Duta) =(5 Yum] * en) a 1 al = Dk GF - EG) Be Be L 31 9 5, daa, aay win)— 5 yun) + ala) — 2am) + GMC) loi, 5 Laeseny +t uta) + (byt 3 ng Y ala) — FG Yul) + 3 wl) + (GY al) we, 1d 5 1 1 (b) Atk) = Dl-= k(=)f - = (8 + = + (=)* ) B= ES kG FH 3 +H) Ta 5 da dad 9. FE EGM AGN Gt gre glum) 1 1 1 611) a(n) = (Maen) * 5m) — Gy utr] (Gum) Lysu(ny* (Lytutn) = = G5)" Hln) * SY ae) = ( Syru(n * Gran) = 62 ytt — dyetqucny— (n+ vyran) 2 3 3 = 3dyucny - 3dyrun) = a(t ytun) 2 3 3 a a L L ©) sony = ¥ ack) = $34) 34 — a BMH BMG IGN kG 3 dy chy tt elem [3 IQ tIG" TG fe 1434 seteny Z mle) mlork + Z mle eek) kang ae we tetens = Fz (mew )aaCnemen) + 2 xe) 2a n-k) remot oe Bm Ce aa Ck) wet poteny ne = FE xle)zi6nk) + Z le) zeta) = Z be) za(o-e) karen koe kee 613 (a) Do a circular shift of x(n) so that the origin is at the left, to get Form the table nm 0 123 4 ee ee 4 Nl) OL a tt xed “3 fn?) 1 OL tt xk 16 Win?) 1-1 0 1 4 ox l We) AL A 0 eg wis is 9 Yel) = 155 3 ie’ ee! and is y,(n) of Problem 6.9(a) with the last three points aliased into the first 3 and the result circularly shifted by 2 points. 14() a o 12 3 4 Mn) 2 A 3 1 2 xt Wel) 2 2 1 3 1 hn-2) 1 1303 MMn-2) 3 2-1 x0 Wn3) 1 3 1 20 el Jolt) = (2, -6 6 6.7) and is y,(n) of Problem 6.9(b) with the last four points aliased into the first 4. (©) Do a circular shift of x(n) to get x(n) Zero-pad h(n) to get h(n) Form the table n o 12 3 4 14 1 h(n) Ap yp 0 ey Wl) 0 2 a 2d 2 wk 2 1 1 hin-2) > aii (n-2) 7 9 2 1g 14 - 2) 5 : Mn2) 5 5 0 2 xl 14 L Wn3) -l > OO Ss (n-3) 7 3 a yen) and is y,(n) of Problem 6.9(c) with the last three points aliased into the first 3 and the result circularly shifted left by 2 points. 145@ n 0 12 3 4 Wn) 1 1 ol lo tox Wnt) YoYo’ iit Wne2) LoL doit Wn2) 1 1 1 1 hne3) 1 Lo. iid 21 21 21 ypln) = een bo) 20° 20°20! and is y)(n) of Problem 6.9(4) with the last three points aliased into the first 3. 61H) yg (nt) + 2 BOT = leryTJ 2 xCeT> —-'-" S (tadyer) - 2 ylea-nt] = x07) ' = y0oT) 2 x tnT) yor) sa stereo TT 307) @ 49 = BDy (aT) = xO 2 glenn Tt] ~¢ 16615/616 : ‘The tables below give selected values of the true value of the integrated y(t), and the approximations using the ‘backward difference yp(nT), the forward Gifference, yp(aT) and the trapezoidal approximation, yp(nT), computed using T = 0.002 and T = 0.001 Too: y) yalt) yl) yalt) oo ° ° ° 001 001 001 001 0.08 005 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 o1 04 or On on 02s 025 025 025 «0.25 os 05 95 05 08 07 075 «75075 OS 1 o4 1 1 1 101 1.00995 1.0 1.00994 1.00895 11 19095 10949 1.069 1.094 120 ug LAT98 Lass 1.179 15 1375 1874S 137451374 16 142 Lai8d LaIe¢ 1.419 17 1485 1454314543 1.454 . 1g 148 «La792 «14792 «1.479 19 149514941 1.4941 1.495, 20 15 ©1499 «1499 1.499 30 18 1499 1499 1.499 Tao + yt) yal) yet) -¥aft) oo ° ° o oor 001 0.1 oot oor 0.05 005 0050.05 0.05 09 09 (8 09 09 ro4 1 1 1 1.01 1.00995 1.909945 1.009046 1.00095 11 1095 1.09495 1.094951 1.095 12 148 4799 1.179901 . 1.179999 15 137 LATATS.—«LS74751__ 1.974900 Ye 142 © Lale7 1.419701 _ 1.419999 171455145485 1.454851 1.454999 18 148 14796 1.479601 1.47999 19 1495 149455 1.494551 1.494999 20 15 14995 1.4995 1.499999 3015 1499s 1.4995 1.49999 It can be seen that all three methods provide good approximations to the integral in this example. ‘The approximations get better as T becomes smaller. 147617 (2) y(n) == yin 1) 5 y(n-2) 41 1 10) =~ Yl) =F 1-2) +1 = 0-0.25+1 = 0.75 >») = 0) dyepti= 0.754 yQ)= i yl) 7 (0) +1 = 0.5625 i 9G) == y2)~ 3 yA) +1 = 0.375 24) = 9) pe 11 = 0.4944 9) == y4)— i yG)+1=0.4219 (&) y= 3) 3 1 fale Salar ai y= 3 1 Prom gycp+ 3 2 y=} (44 =2.3007 ax pi 97 y@)= _3 1 1 ¥@)== Fy) gD 55 1 1, Grn DF yen—2).+ (5) 3.3125 1.3005, 3 yd t y(t) =-2 9(3)-+ yay+t = 0.091 4) =- 798) po 70-6917 yO) she 3 98) =- FH) as ©) (n)=—3 yn) 4 1, (©) yin) =~ Fyn D~F vin-2) +5) roe YO)= =F HD ~ 5 y-2)41 3 yt 1 vay=-2 9-Fyenet (=~ ZO) ~ FD +5 3d 92) =F 1) 3 HO ») 3 i poem I 1 ay=-2 ya)! aye l en 9) =— FB) & y2) + 73 = 0.043 = 0.3548 3 yd vayat 5)=-2 4-1 y3)4 1 0.0107 9) == 3 A)— 5 9) + 35 =—0.0107 18 kes . i on . . i oat 4 i@ vine D= 1 1 pune Dex zxn—D | | x= 1 (©) v(m) = x(n) +5 (m1) + 2410-2) ae, (0) = x00, aye les 6.18 (i) Characteristic equation is <* 0 with roots. Lj l_ef jing le zagtigre VF so that y,(n) = Aye’#" + Ape * Substituting the initial conditions and solving for Ay and Az gives yal) = FEO 4 HO = roost (n-+3) Mem) (ii) Characteristic equation is 2 0 with roots 11 1 lia Fz sothat y(n) = AI" + Aal5) Solving for A, and A, gives 1 pan) +t rum yaln) = 3G 30 149on (iii) Characteristic equation is z? - 2 + 7 = 0 with roots 2 a that y(n) = Au(a)" + An 1.80 that y(n) = AIG" + Ang Solving for A, and Az gives 3 a L, 1d, yal) pi uln) — ne 5) ‘u(n) 23,1 Gv) Characteristic equation is z*~ 52+ 5 = 0 with roots 1 1 1,5 so that ya(n) = Ai + Aa)" Solving for A, and A, gives Lala yale) = 2u(n) — 5 (5) mln) 1 (v) Characteristic equation is z* - : = 0 with roots a 1 1 1 Fog sothat yl) = Ac D+ AGT Solving for A, and Az gives u(r) + pram) WC) Ch ge is gta bgt Reots are bE GoGmd = ACs)” + B(-E)? Leb GpCm) = ky Cos 32 i Sin 3a : za Yp(n-1) = ky Cos 369-4 ke Sin 3 (not) a = =k [Cos 3» Cos 30 4 Sin 3 : Te Cos SE + Sin 310 Sin 36] +h [Sin 3p Gs 3 = Cos 3p Sin J = 7 = 150old = bs [los Be Cou ae 4 Sih St Sin BF] Use Cos 3, * and substhile - ke oe Cr a a «ae OE + be Sia es “SA -38 415 ot M Spend = K(LY” Subshhike in die bo get Yoe) = Acs + 8(5 - 2 ay yoo) = yO) ze gives Aj, B= SF 1 620 @) For 1, y(n) y(n— 1) +5 n—2)=0 so that h(n) = Aye" + Age’s”. With y(-1) =0, (0) = y-1)- aa constants gives Ay = Az * 151ah 3 omy, eos = (w — D)uln) Gi) Forn>2, He)~ 2 x0 1)~1 yn-2)=0 1 1 s0 that h(n) = AW Gay, ‘With (0) = 1, we get y(1) = 510). 200)= Solving for the constants gives A, So that 1 6 ly gy un) + 5G) 'u(n) (ii) For n> 1, xon)= yon #5 yl -2) 1 so that h(n) = Gr Aang) we have y(0) = x(0)= 1. Solving for the con- ‘With y(-1) So that stants gives A, 1 Hn) = (n+ DGNur) Gv) For n> 1x) Z la D4 yn-2) =0 so that h(n) = A, + Alp 152Garg) gerd A (4) 4 BCL for ee yeret } hen 2 (Ayuen) Sine at, Be yO 3 Gi) yen) 2 A Et)? fer mat yoo zl hens 2)? uen) Gi) Same as Gi) Gg) 2 AE) a BCE)” for nz Y@ret yer oy = Jhon) = Yo zo ees = () Same as 6:18 CM) 1532 622 Ch. eqn. of the assumed eq" i¢ 3 +a5+b-0 From gwen btn), vools of Ch. eqn: must be 1,73 (G3- £) C3 +g) = Byrag+b , are, be-Z For op2, eqn is yerr- 2 yor?) = Ly with soluhon yin) ACL)? + 8(-4) Tec. are yer, ytded Since A TBzt, Ce2, deo Eqn is gina -b ylnnad = 220) 6 Lek hitnd = (-4)% umd Then bend = hi Cm) + 2 hidn-!) a Clearly hitn) is impulse response of @ syskm of the form yon) + 2 ylnn!) = xen) 2 hend corresponds +2 yond +4 yin!) = Bim +4 Kenly 29a) Fer noi, we have 3” ay yin-k)=° Keo ytode 1 [rez agyck) J ei a i a Le n)- nat) e Lygn-2) = en) have impale G) Leb yen) - 3 ycn-r)* Lycn-a7 =e C0) Pane response — h* (np Then tend = ACE) 82)" wilh Heo) = t Gives Azz, B=! W™GA) 20 } Stony e [2(4)" -4)"J 2) mens L2G) Y Jeon + BOY ay Jee 1541 ave | nt LAE) (g Jue 4(2y- 305)? aan OliyNeced te solve 6 + YC9-1) + YyCne 2) se with yo)2o, yee et Gives yond + Atos 2a +B sim an 3Od=0 = aA -&s Ael (Be yor t a a eS hen) » [Cos 2m i Sm 27 n Jaen) Gi) To fined hin), solve oe gona) - 2 yon-adeo for nal with yl-)se, ylorst hemos [ ERI 62)" Joeny hon) = [ Ba) alg J utn) ~ leet yey] uln-1) = (4)°ucn) Citi) Solve 46m) - yon-s) +E yen-2)-0 azt YON=0, yeorey gives hems (F(Z) 3(2)" Jaen) GW) Solve YO*2D +E Yea a dk yenyee fer nay with YON=O, yoayes elution is yon) FACE)" + Bn (- ) neh gies $a gee) gang ath ges tea ge ny Bet mem s [- 16g)" 46 (nd 2 Jaen) 155W) For yeo)2 x19), we have hn) = Fen) hon) = h¥ en) - Bh*on-1) 4 2h en-29 -b¥cn-sy = Stn) - 35n-1) + 28(n-2) - Stn-3) 625 1) @ xo fo L©lb bE > yen) 40) 156i © {24 157626 (ra) wn) = v(m) + x(n) v(ne (a) ~ y(n) = = v,() + v2(n) x(n) 1 1 l les =F an) == vin) ~ 3 a(n) © yn = bala) y(n ls Frm) = $3(n) + x(n) 1 ula) 9260) + x(n) Ways @@ 30) = v4(n) + x(m) ai 3 3 3 y(ntlys a(n) ~ = y(n) gil) + val) — 7 x(n) I 1 1 vine Dem 3 yin) =~ 5 yin) ~ 5 x(n) ) (n+ 1) = da(n) (nt lie ; F(n)— : 9z(n) + x(n) yeni=— bam —2 94m) +200) mea yn)=v4(n) v(m + 1) = valn)+x(0) 1 1 vein == 5 ¥4(m)~5 x(n) © tnt I= 1 Wa) =~ 5 94(n) +90) (¥) System has no states, 158Borde YO) + aon) Vine) WO) 4 YR) = Yin e Wer ¢ 163aot ddr tt de = (4) Se thet xe + 2(4)?- 9 (4)"+8(4)” oe - ° e 3 Ht ° aod Be Oye a. 348, apa | sae Byer art2 3 L 3" “2 4 , j 4 ay va 8 as OB Tal. 2 (4) & (EY nak bounded nee 2 unstable Gi) 2 et Zhe 2? i ( *. Stable Gi) Zhe] o stable CD Lyeny}e | en) + 2x (mt) + Le cnn2) | £ |xool +2 lew] ¢ t lxtn2)] <2 ‘F leo co Stable, (Ch. Bn is S-2g4i co Roots are BRU unstable @ 3y-a5- Recks ave 32-1 CO det (g2-a) Roots are Stable (i) De (3r-4)2 [3-1 7, gt43z 32 2 343 Rosks are -2, -1 Unstableba = , : ) xO) = 2 [en Zao - Sn ta] N=]2 , 207% , a(n) el 7 eer -i7nen jnen 3 1 L es 7 ee ein Via eben} rat ean 2 nd a a, ~-} ae ~ at = AS ALL obi cna aie 2 el 2 - +3040 + i Ads 122 if : ay ae [:-e se ® eo oT" ] ap r0 42 7427) HP OS B18 Fae ape BAD - FIT = as A iF err iL. z SE - 1B jz ae -3/) +e carn eK oF | a,rt , a ese ie Jorn s as a. -+0 437 1254+ 4 0818 28E 2420 im. ie Lo +j/4 -¢ 2 = vy vont on: Ye aT moe ae 7 le" 4 204 F*, Ze 75 A, + O-75 A,? -BS ey sve! 4 ae Arn = <4 37H j132G8 “1g 7s°- j 08s a faye ) FAt Lam ie predic wth perios2, Second te da percodic with persed 2: L Period Q Are Am &M>b, S25 20 -] 4 3 Mow ea = Leto ean +e 1a aredk 2A4 Neo the lorfperen’ 9 ECO IO-K) k2-e lComnderud a4 A perodic Aayronee oth 26 ite jhe . -¢ Ee FR tine J¢Ee Jee ars Be fGe) 40 Ahel a,+), atl thus zero Fer x(n), we bane a, 2a, *46- 4p a, = Ase) 72@) Agel th, Ge Probe + 200s Dok = ity eres heen ajrer sirnek 27 (0) =8, 0) 2x) 7B, x(2)= 2622 *(2) > X(4) + 2(s>-0 1mvB 2p p2m +2n >) x(n) = oF 6 2 i a = cee +e 67” (0) = 7 eC) FL 2 Her , me =-! xO > yr ela, a(4) 2-1, CD 2 oes xo) Ft, XG) oye eleR 2 -jre Jamen 2 Iu p-)e QD xm rect e VL Ze* PB — “Ro pe 20-9) ? Teme TF) 4 w A -j 45 <3 BDH 4) x(njel nc 4 & (0) a1, 0) = 2s +p sree, ’ = x (4) Ae) = -oie - jo ses3 = (3) > jk Aen. eye jk sen YCKILem 4 it ne ei mye dg Suey Wye Ze x None Sa 173Git) Leb ON be even. Then x00) & periodic with peried N =jRatn -y" WL RZ xude = AOS) aE, 7h RAO rad SEN & odd, On) ie periodic with period 2N- ae wen bere BOY "xen ees “eet cafes at aj (neh 22 } -+[Z ny HEED meme? ve aN | ee 7 oN Pr ainen) LOE | Where the last step Fellows sina Em) ih peried NL Sha N 3 pertodic is edd, R-N & odd if kis even and b-N & even if Re odd "foe fk i odd ° “f kk & even £ Mod HE CI xEn) bus Se +20,4 i N & en ede , Nosd bes [ete FE Seam fork 088, Ned ° fer keven, Nodd WO) yor) 2 deny = BCT xen) 4 z z be ROR TE eg ON ren bee Eee Medd, & odd > Neda, KevenGi) yen s geen + bee) Pp 2 Eee tb One Wii) yony s £ xen) -E xO") be £m $e je n-teyn 74 Onn t GZ xe i, jen = SB xtnre a [ zmere ] N eu aa ; jae 70 Geet xen) hinle ne az Jaamn Jae ben bE xen lz bie Je Net 2 La s xine d® Gm a ic = Zim bm = Ode Net GY YOrd= ZS xem) henem) ra ae [ Z xe ptom Jee spasm ne Oe) ime! ][ zreemy re ] Ss 175. ie nF -pprk -12Be 7: (a) an freee BT Jpn VY 2% jeFze Sex oP +e -¢ re e 2/867 Dee Ay 20°U667 , M27] 7887 1% ' a ge nf '28B7, ae 2 1467 be 1667 ,by~ 0167, Ba = (bE? FEI AY bee 1667 by MEP S7IE ben mE? Qa 4, @, 4, As Oe Ae An ce SE, Cy 2 71667 2h Cpe J 2887 = P%or Le bhere Sto zQD x(n) = € +e en a . 7 Wa “13% = Lel*% by Ae b, = 1862, 6,2 11875 + j 00738 = bs by: €632 bg 2 37S 2Ge yp Cre 62S = 2 ko oI 2S nik a) 4, Ec = é, Re ° -i % SVK -J Abr “Bf r2e eX 3e + 4e 7 -I1D -J30,k -j7e +30 “a, 26 eee] “JT as oO or ~.d0l8 sf = be ~ 25, by 2 BL i] b,-0 =by by = ~O:021G-0 osiay 7 byto : a = bs Cee be - 14 Cee Nabe where ay and be are as in 78 @O Cee Loe, s-f33 0, 34j3 0}i) Gs Me, qe [orere) a-@)] cre 2 [(-t+) +4 aa) J gp lee - Gerd Cy? es de [owe -3 0-29) or ae ) es (ee, 8,0] _ Se 20 "Dy in ax) . og” ain) (jn) a nee dkaxen} = j dx AD Repeat pp times te ge the desired. result. TAG) xa), Sten Ja (nt) = Sin sCne+) sae = te Se r Sto D ewm 3tW"}. 2 are is = de 5-3 Goon) Git) > ‘ Bf aacny } = opt BL ge7 Fae sed cor] 3 [aos nen vend} eo ~t oS 2 a ae) 2 1- gev rae) wise ln AG Roe 2 ee ae, (-2eeS"Ginet 8(n-s) +50) + Er*2) 1809) X@ =, 7 2° ce = 2001) (S)"" UG =) ' cal a4) X@ = _ — ) xX® ee ihe x (ro) = SY ur) a8 - a C . . me 2. Geml > Z xe J Reda ea xw[Z_ ro oe Jax =f Pixel da in J Ms Hla). ja G) xcays la gesEe Z aa aj2x lene (= 2 sE Ae a ZOE q Yoo) = HOa) x(2) = —— rg Pe) 2 fh eet Vet ee ; = Z te eawhere we have used . — a Cos Re & 3 LarGsanum | + a ie Bfersn aun] + oSe 22% Lee '-2alesQee ae ai Gi) x(n). YC2) yrs Gi) 182“jn. Ww) xqny. _#e 24 ede) “jm Yay. BE (FPO - t+ sh - st pF ge Tg z gerd = E(E)Muery 2 Gren (gy r $Y women) —4 (J wen) > (a2 aor) ~29(3 Puen — 8 (4) ued Pie ww X() = a) ; tos ° Y¢ ) oh Sony Cpr ) sin Baur -') + , ly & (pl OB porte Gye eyo 183it) X(a) = Bf os he eH belt) Ln) ae 19 EE OPED ee a repre I-k em I-he 3 = ine tS atr) ° 1¢(0” a Cots + Sa uw (7 o7] +4 (5) (>) “2 (EHO ~ 22 (2) “f) a) X(*) eS yo ei = aL ein) Y (n)\-4 et oe + rs (Bey Ue hg DCI GHP *) = Beet es ae a (eer (se he "Te ye) O-D Lae OD BE MENTE —12(4)so) + > (“my r(r) 184\) X(a) + ele ieieess Yen OTF a %e c* Oe (og GES + es aye ole +. Ai (+k ee Kem 90) EY SD wl 2 6 Ly” eos MH wn) +9 (4). me ces 12 ("un UT Ha) = rect (42) G) The Fourier Series Cocffieienls are wed = soe ajaink an eee wee we pee +t ve kt, ee Sin ate Filler only passes frequancies mmo the range lalee = Se that enly de term is passed through Thus culpub spectrum is, Yon) - ar 5” 3 S(a- stn) end gen = 185xe! Gi) xen) is periodic with Nez and cee! ase asl x(a) 2 2S SCa-T-tm) and yondzo so that = YC) =e yin case GO, TE Smee HCA) rect (J 774 are passed theeugh Only de 4 1FF harmonic Ya). am 5” [48-2 +8 Sca-Z-240)] - Bun -3F - 27%) and aye + a Sa Te Wor Te 3 Fer case Gi), agoin YOR)20 So thet yon)= 0 mr [ie Sea PM] cad: [1] z cre HOn) = )Pucny 10 (-22aem el Tyan) - x(a) hen) sn (- G@ Cra et, \ eT te te +8 a 2)” Ge) ] 186won): (4 B) [atte Yow ~(*2) aay gy [1-3 act J ya) x2) ula): —Eo Tose ae pel o valid Fourer transform ond exch for tha oysem This is Hla) dees nek © [ett ge™ ger: pep) (-g)Puen + 2(4Yues) ie aie 7-20 He) = = £46 ay qe ca) bCale -Leeg Sur + oye GS kk KO): iS Tren Or ee SAF yeas = wa Tae} Hx +o te ) 44 qo): Yost 50 ) 187Ye eer ecel Ce . je os ta | HCa)l , Ate, Kee * 1+pe* “le ptd* te iptepe*s gil clearly f we choose ep , Hee) |2e 1 More generally it we choose a= 5, west Iucal* . = Grslant which & alse an lel aU poss funchian 7a ce am Inca tracts bel2™ in ay pel see bradt , see beat. & - ® Lee ora. aoe with a, real. kee fe Then J Heeyl*2 1 if NGR)> Za, ae kewe 188,q.23 ioe CHG) Toe oa 5S wy | 400-350 ) En elk sets band -pos f a band =o -@O Ske con L tro 6b! Hs ai Gl Ht Bees nets AE Tisch Xa Ct) Can be receveneh Fen GatereS areand oily Snx sey. alse we & foa- goes (iR~ wit ote Any $ In TIA Te Lind Ke ecfolve nesprose, &L xue@) (esse Gae Ee a Binal sobefelate, afar fd 5 ond bem dceate ye faster £2 ~1o00 fea Sw @ 4 G) Largest TT Bat con be week acteoab ober entice Be Re Oe ae shen Ss AE er oar Somes STURT Comuesponde te To 240% oN 1e,e0 0 Poblrg frayeny fo. 2500 Anne 190Tso Rn, TT From Com C538) ce Lave Eck): J Tat Ce- Bee] Aa heh 2 aor l- Bet ]iae prar. So (2 TED CNay = 10-1A rtokg.P, 7 607 8-0 Cy, D = WIV + (beg eCio) + PAB - 20 Ca) Bera. bse aks ) CR Reds and D2, ole AEYS ) 2 5 ho, CENA = LOTTE OH LES* Ger xd — 28 LOX 2 (h-€3d38 wo GO) 6 orb 25 (0g,, 45 10 gices TIT QD penae tol . Set B=4 sits Ri3-5 Uf Uta B ae me Qe $ GS ond Bede, CSNQS) B= TITS 4 G02 HAA Gs) = IHETIR we Cae 191Chobbr # & A os Bi ca) XG= BOM FP She > 1yt43 aes 3 a a zO ) xG)+ 2.3 Jor 3 ane oo wo yyre 2 Ce) 5 @ xQ= 6 inst herve Conterges (on (gl23, Second fon (37 - i Lies aay ase Eel RUS 2, xaos, xesy2 4 che By partial frachons: XG) 2 503+) [43 +43 G+NGs) Ft! 343 XOn) eG? duce) 2b -3)2 Un) FOG) ley ings) "7 aumen ce for n#0 196GO Let yen 2 nxeny Then 43) s -B.d x3) 73 a3 : 3)03) 2-1 33-4 YO) = =e (8) nay = > (4 Paco) AOD es aye sod (4) eens) BTW AG) » ¥(3) 2 30-37") 3st yi3)2 S0-3") | G-37)(- . 23 j (3-”)G-) Bae BO SO) * (HE) [wend uta] #2 Leen - wean) J OMG) = BGs). a lies] 3-5 => aie 3) an Bo ¥03) =_3* B-DG"5) [o-9 + x9) s |%d | 4B asc Je (ex [8 a3, ]Lo sve Cx) ) . {2 ~£(5)?] (peer o- eeney - erty J Gi) AG) + Liegteaytey eet] X03) = (i-ag*eag7?J YR) = (3) x) = Se a Peete gS e437 yer) = § e476, 8, -5 3} 19728 Higy2 Bote a (3) 73 (3° 4)G+%) a0 Y(3) = 3(3-%) (3-1) (344) (3 +4) 73 _ %&s 2 Op B4y bth BOs weds E (8 )Poeny 2 (Puen B4Aw mortbenns ing fhe 4 Ai ference eapralron a CB-3+ T74) = B-Z + 7Q). 3G-) 3 33+ = 3+ 0QG-%) 3G) aay Lt yore Gee 2 eNrSk ee rR OL £y4°%) Ks 2 - poye OS PR Se wo [Rios Go tee ee Pte LY] acy) 198,Cb) Transform (he diffemnce eget on fo yy 7 YQ) AIG) ek 1G)= 78-% wy 2. Fh. SE - eee rT Be ye 4 sor ES EON I BIO (i) Lies te 32) Y3)-! o — ves! Ys): ee Breas 6-1 (3h+3+1) - F3% 1 ass?) . 425 Brag +s . zs sed t +i2 ~ 5 3+d3 LL te Begs _ Ys B Cos att | + gun) nz 3 3 yoo (4) 4 (RP ne \ Gi) Cie 3t + gx = : any aes Y(z)2 7% 3 . Bass 3-2) 3+ BD) 372 3-% 199n - 0 in) sc ase@y?_ atm (3) 4 Bias dona + 286@)" + eae (8) + AReen (&) Gy Cat*25 627YG)-3 + & 7 YG): Bras BES tT = Wash As 3 4 Ted Boe (3 ~%) (3 = ¥3)* yons 3a (ay? - 26(4)°- BG)? nze a7 yds ueny = sutnatye Bucrnny = 8 ST “2 nel a aa a a>3 any HOS) 2 ray tes = 3(3-2 - AB Bea +8 Bas + Use entries 10 and t im Table 8-4-2 “with SFE, Reet hind = [(5)’es Te 200G) HB)s t= gst eo aE hea) = (£)°ueny 3 x 23(¢-%) BID @) xQys 2 sy = eta) SUOND* Ga tee = GE - 63 G3 ze YQ) = = » 2S ___ MP SD Gr wJGrs) H)- YS) 2 4 GM GHEE BVGry) ®t ENG-£) Gee) 2st gt TS CH) The Meffenence eqpation fs Fe Behm a SI FBO gina) Ted) HL XO V ~L x -Lx@-3) *- +ee 4,(3) = 3 - 3B . 25-3 (s-y> 34 G-p> MiG)2 +B + 2 ato 3 2eazt 2341 Gy SP ee H3(3) = _3 smi (3) = Ha(3)[Ha(5) - 4(3) J »_3 [ 23tasshesstoes+t | 3 3763-1 a 23*- 3% 43-1 3 (3-4) (3-1) $14 (a) Assumng a, and a2 are real, F(Z) ill hove CO beth roots teal or (ii) rocks form Stomp lix conjugate pair ain th firsk case, for ve within Ma uni orde, the skekth of FOZ) Veg will be a i 73 FEN) pe, FD? Now sith fpeth rocks complx conjugate, Fa) 2 (3 - nel”) (3-099) a S$ 2ag les +> Fer roots insicle unit crvcle ales IFeey | = Ave 202@) FG) = gt Gek - V3)3 +-08 Fer shabilily Ft) 2 (- (ee b3) rae = 288 — RK Oe er k«2aas FO) = 1 + Gee 3) +004 Pe er e327 Smee PFcorl KC) xf trrh we gel EK 2d | Zh LK, Me gel Kat cic Et far, (-< Fen Oc Ker, ta kal 203Fon Kho, fron © (74 7o / al! Free Gil , X>-b a1 < he) Ales (aver Gt ha -e ek Sng fon the: Gg of €4%, Lets! , 4 o ‘4 4 mweke-b, -(h 441 of oT ke (Zz- Stable negion Se Mie. BH) Ag): (it ay) (saga eee Ct we) Cea nets? (seas Un Se") 3 x) 2 LESS 1 8eZ bessp 7 83 204no2s x 108% Le ass! Gi) Hg) s rh sang. 3sy* Vt ae a age + 247 1a +537! 217 Use 2° Canonical form fn all cases eo 4 ° etre *t dee ° ° 1 be ° . + 2A 8 ' 24 ae @ as 205@ oy. 27[362-4y'] () With XG)=B— , Lede? \ ves) 2 [32-47 bx(3)=# — i] — (342393) 5-3)wr we + 4 a ' ~ “* ve): 3 eo) 242(3)*. wesye i (yt 3 tsl2)- 703) -5 4 2-3) eh 8 G)* ye) = we) cw way. ce (STATE. sre e303 ants ‘Genes | [i] a aaa j 3 @ 3(3+-°7) _ Sle)e Qo | Se 77st! Be te7 3 tl =3 _s Bi 1075 +1 Bie 1107341 of in Ci Me Gos (e432 ke) + -378 Sm (1-432) 1.64 Sin (1-992) +3785in ns = 106% Sin (1-932) (os (1-192k)— *378Sim (1-932 ) 207) V(5)= zo - Ath < (a-9 (stee7at!)] | FRR terget . (ys 2075+!) F075 +1 3c! whee Ae 7 73693 Be -3e¢ , = 730% SvGk) $3093 Cos (1952) — 1 5238 Sin (1-432) 4 -3613 = eae Cos (ase) + 6324 Si9 aazk) + 3693 and y(t) 2-127 YQ. aTS Ye OOF wo wigs C(t abel eck FE] Ramee 3 we BY 073 +1 Gi) (a. 21? mie 5 ° 20 a) a(t | (7 eetiejl 4: ste). 2° [ 7 eed 225-23 -3 423 Oe 3-132 2- a" a1 +2 2 -2(* ate 202) 208(> v(3y-f s+ 3 (3 (3-1)(3-2) 34 Go 7 G-)(3-4) ment + Qe | ~e-2 +212)" Ve) ‘| YCk) = =e + (a) aie i) Ae [ ° logan 1 Saye Z 2 = Base Beer = A Biazet S341 SZ ent) R-) 2 Gos Elna Sin Tle yfuey) & es (Ft (e+ ede) 2 Sin te uce) M3) = BER Fe 1) -| 3c! sai 33 - G Fan 7 LCs GB Snare v(e) = . > yce) = wk) b= 2 Ges 2Fe 4 2 Sin BT > 3 3 a 3Wi) nz, fe t fe 7 ls uJ ang eet 1) Pers gt 3(3-£) 3 Ga)Gr%) (Fa) G+) % a (3-4) (5+%) Gays) [EC say sey)" el) ECE)" $[eteg C3)" vs) 2 2° 3 83 43 bs mae, 18"! 53 3 _§ (AN as ) Bh Bee 3) 3° 2 ny Tea 33 55 is (416% )6") pe ten ES V(e) = ones (ty “e's 2 (Gat Me) 2 —b Wlk) + va (ed = 2 (4 )*+ es Cale ] “[t] Peres & 4s 7 36-9 #19) “Seq 3 FES ¥) 210 a_i @ He) a (3-4) (5-4)(eat) (og2 ts as v3) a - eae 3 GFE + (3-1) (3#3)* 33 Rea Bo Ga von 2] Bt Ems aay ne &-28(3)*- 263) 4(e) 2 i(k) ) Nok a proper transfer funckon FT) fz SkHe | TS oo Ses fe00 (8) Range of Frequencies mappecl inte unit ewele [-B, & J [-3ete. 3kHe ] 22G20 @ Complemanker ship 40 Ke p00 Ha. weet Complementory chip | wacom xa owiginel poles $} -Atiased versions 7700 He, 2 Shitled down by ean OShifled up by oo He pe . Th we use a Lp. filler Dhich pastes frequen rss only upk 1580 ky, oulpak will have componene ab 120, 700, us Distortion and a 100 He, geo vee one Desired Compenen 3ne 1500 He, 4-70 He = $00 Hy ¥ 900 He #500 He LP Gilley wilh Cabot] 1500 Hp will give an oufpub © Components ab 1002, Too He, 900 He, 1500 Hy 24Git) 2 3200 He 2300 4 1700 Re a 1500 He qo He 400 ua o1500 He mao is Tine0 ~ 230042, I LPF ob 150 He pastes only "0K2 4 1500 Hz Componente + Ne aliesong: 215B21 Te (end Ihe enbalte eforce, del Tels!) AW fGen XCeT)=0 Fox octet, A(f)= (+ = For TE bert , A(t). Baty C8) = Xe kyetde + £ - Ljettde sete a tg ah e : Me Mat a tf" se aft be aeey C80) ete s(o = : 2 TS Gy, ) EiGuuon Ideal Filter 216#22 (a) For the devivabve operator y(t) + B2te) we have Wt) 4 Fir the backward difference appreximahan, Yis)2 7 5) + 1G) Hg) = ¥13) 4213 *G) r Fer the trapezoidal opproximaben , YOs)= EL xts) +3 'x(g) + 313) rH .m test oI G)+ 2 Te $-2 bs Toles (%) For the firsk mapping, 37 fe : wat HS] $0 ques ge! fer $eje. 32 Oot raje7 J jatar eT zd [rte J z and vadtis 2 : al 2(\-oT) ‘nk Se thet poms along tu ‘line Ref = mop which Wa aivele wilh center 3° (eee Fr Sz orje, 3+ 1 and tenky Zed 2t-er) O circle with vad sus Thus pombs in dhe left-half P- plane map into tha interior of the circle with Cenler 3= hy Aadias 2p, while pens ro right half - Planemap be dle exkriey f- plane when Seyi, we have Ss z 2) tan”! ot zo a 1 joo. Jen Se theh the rnagmary oxis of dha fi plane maps inky te untk circle in dhe zelane For £20 , we heave gr bw, aa Se that [3]er te The reo and [Blah ore 'et-helf B-plane maps fnle the tkrior ek He uwik circle and the Fight-helf plane te the exterior = plan B-plane Bo eine WARS. 218eanereek i hee Ted xls eo ¥ 4h < NHI ra met Fe = o1% ) xWoe Zo ey elie SY CIT gS) oe Fon Neda x(a. lane fee 1 Reo w Fon Neven u ee even, x(k) s iS 9 (Eta wice 3 Ve Con ose. 5 © Con oss etRet 92 xCN-r) © zs xeny end SERN) : [z. ximet er’ yj: Xe) RO Wee 2 nlgy eter men wer Ye) 2 2 xem ee x Oe) Note that WR) sa periodic sequence with. peried 2N, while XCRY oe Periedic with period N. That is, CR) consisé of eso complete Periods of A(R) @ YeCe) = 26a RE : ZL xm m 2 el xCK) Be ade Yee) 2 Z xm eM = 2, a ames ot ay (ee) - =igTme - ag Zeemowh g Z ame -EX(k) + X(ere) wl “i2F(e) @ %O) ES" peng OE gz xende [ Xe) fer ewe ° other case 21994 ¥G)=Excmywys = EB xwih + ¥ xen Byes % Ps i : : = ¥ xs? + (Exner % = k 2X(5)_k even k =a tex) = =U +e")X5) 0k odd so that ¥@)=2, ¥(2)=¥ * (14) ¥(8) =2 with all other ¥(K) = 24 j4,¥(4)=¥ * (©) = ¥(10)=¥ * (12 0,0 N, augment x(n) by adding M — N zeros and take the IM -poiat DFT. Gi) If M a see 7 aT ai = 404e x rose AF 24. 40,000 22765 pe T 090 Rea, oF 2h, ape tee fe atg Onemlen, 28 2a. 1024 r = AG: aw, aT ya ttane N loag © For re aliasing, analog signal must be band limi ke to 2th te 224jalan 205n We xem) 2 [2+ Ce-peyeit oe _ 4 14 a j2E un 3 Tian = ges + (4 rysye! ¥ J eb 2 + AVE Cos (25 an 45°) -2Ces (: Sn) *(4Y] © ba . ar vad ie SI) (oy (d) To = 4 sees MMighes! Frequency that aloes not cause aliasing = 2fe @ of. an eth Tet 2rT Z oF Tle) SE bin) ic real, A*(e) = He) Ale) = 2 Hk) +2 Hp) Te HGee HER) = Belk) = 3 He) +d HN-k) Jee) = 2 HC - HE) vg He) - LHe) - Hee) = £HCe)- 2H (ie) @ ITE hoy ‘s Perely simaginary , He) = Ht Ge) Hglle) = Holle) = £A(e)~4 HC-R) SHrGe) =» hele) = BH (k) + gH Wvek) 225CO AE Rem) = fend +] qn) = fo) shin) Then xX¢e) = XaC®) +) Xz (R) = Xe (K) exes &) tj [Xe ) + XE0®) J Alse XCe) = FCK) + H(k) = Rueda j Fy Ck) + Wgle) + J As(8) Since fin) is real, Fak) is en, jFele) & odd Since head & imaginary 5 He(R) & ede, JHz(k) 's een Falk) = Xpee) , JEM) =] Xero OR) Hp lk) = X ey Ck), jr lk) = j Kee Ge) That & . BPC) = Kale) # Ke WR) ag (k)— Ke Wk) aan z Ale) =] IEC) « Belk) RaW). [Ke (k) + XeWWA) == er Glee Xe Ce) - ea RSW). | XeGe) = xe Wek) 9.19 The Fourier transform of signal x,(¢) is given by 9.20 1 KNemsyp-D + oD and consists of two 6-functions at f =+ 13 Hz. Figures (a)-(d) below show the results obtained using the DFT on a 32-point data sequence obtained by sampling x,(t) at intervals of T =-15/16 s, corresponding to a sampling frequency of f, = 16/15 Hz. At this value of T, the duration of the analog signal used in computing the spectrum is 30 s. Figures (a) and (c) show plots of IX(k)I versus k for the rectangular and Hamming windows respectively, while Figures (b) and (d) show plots of IX()I versus f for 0.< f < f; for the rectangular and Hamming windows. 226Figures (e)(h) below show the corresponding results obtained using the DFT when x,(t) is sampled at intervals of T=0.1 s, corresponding to a sampling fre- quency of f, = 10 Hz. The duration of the analog signal is 3.2 s or roughly 1/10th the duration in the previous case. Figures (e) and (g) show plots of IX(&)I versus k for the recatangular and Hamming windows respectively, while Figures (f) and (h) show plots, of IX(f)I versus f for 0 < f < f, for the rectangular and Hamming windows. Alll the figures show two peaks, at frequencies of 1/3 Hz and f, ~ 1/3 Hz. non I | | | 227921 9.22 Since x,(t) = Scos(1900at) + Sens(2100z1), Af = 100 Hz. Thus To > 0. 1 sec. The sampling rate of T = 0.4 msec corresponds to a sampling frequency of f, = 2500 Hz and satisfies the Nyquist criterion. With this value of T, the minimum number of samples required to resolve the two frequencies is N = To/T = 25. To use a radix-2 FFT algorithm, we therefore need at least 32 samples. Figures (a) and (b) show the spectra obtained using a data length of 32 using a recatangular window. Figure (a) plots IX(k)I vs k while (b) shows a plot of IX,(f)I-vs f in the range 0< f < f, Figures (c) and (4) show the corresponding results using a Ham- ming window. As can be seen from the plots, for a data length of N= 32, we are unable to resolve the two frequencies using a recatngualr window. Figures (¢) through (g) show corresponding results for data lengths of NV = 128, 256 and 512 respectively. The figures on the left correspond to the recatangular window and those on the right to the Hamming window. For these data lengths, we can resolve the two frequencies with both windows. The peaks in the spectrum are narrower for the Hamming window. As the data length increases, the peaks become sharper. 228af pe 8 ot Le ie i | —== A = A >| > oS —_=— ee ~ ) — 8 8 rime cee isl thd at oe "a Pe oe S ee ii 1enat 229cree — ef —i lh & fa [= © « to n= ==! 4 z 2 WN i= Sy a ie a 10> yx] JO>x} 1 ef for @ & a as 8 RS S| Hs ae al ao fe Be : ui u = 8 e A Ie it gl Tio mot ID) 19)x] 1x 230CHA to 10.1 fet 5 and 20logig& =-15 to get 5, = 0.1586 Equation aa i gives N = 1.5535. We choose N = 3. If we use Equation (10.3.13), we get w, = 1412.5 rad/s. The uanormalized filter is 412.57 HG) = Sai. e+ (SE 10.2 2, we solve for @, as 1 I ‘The filter transfer function is ¢ (6) = CO (= ST iiass)s + 06 3 We first design @ normalized! lous pass Filer citth Zeleg (IHF) = -1, Wwleg,& = -le ‘Sie , “ 3. bse of Eqye(@-18:15) Bee so Rat 6.010847 and Se 236% ‘ Na vous. Seb eo be at RC) = i - The ee band pass filler is ma by repkeing by (gee) - Je (2 wnt ) ae w Te wos™ a(g") -§ + —-—__—_, fe ex y- rae (oi +1 eed 231“Rey. et Se tan er dt (ZO KOR Baas ROY by repiacng ST by > 14 Nermalrze by selfing west se thab Ws =o 2e leg, Li 2-2 geet 6 = Hae wire Also 205 releg, G74 ) + eCN-1)+ 20N log, (2) gues N= 17213 Cheese Naz. Alse B= tb Sint 1 2 -S4is +7688 Poles of Chebyshev filer are a 4 = -Is00 (S00, 5cae e ° 7 ES x risen = -6o2.se 2 j t2a-a7 RCA) = \ . C4 + 602-88)" (1219-97) 1S The normalized Butterioorth Gilkey of order 36 4g) 2 Ca¥ tart) Gt) Late +(2)2Jur) Te fired the normalized Chabyshev filler, seb ao theb -e= [Roo] = 6 Vitee a Se thet Be L Sin K* (1) = - 2938 Complex root: of the Chebyshev filker are given b Ie -4 Sink C2938) | @ coch G2a3e) = 0144 & i. 4036 232Real voot ; “ Fis Az -Sink C2988) = -298 “He Ca) = oma 3 Car -298d[ Cat -14g)% + C2080)" J 1 = 3rd order Butterworth Butterworth 3 - 3rd order Cebyshev 6 _— rz: 126 Crem the aber figure, nek © S 10.7 Qader Butterworth Sinn From the specifications, 20logig ——= =~ 1.5, so that ¢ = 0. 4825, Equation (10.3.22) gives 2Ologio(. 4125) + 6(N — 1) -20Nlogio(5 from which N = 1.0703. We set N = 2, so that @, V2 where @, = 221000 = 6283.2 rad/sec. ti From Equation (10.3.26) = sinh”! as = 1.6187, so that the poles of H(s) are at “ 5 6283.2 6283.2 s sinh(1.6187) = 5 ( Nef e =~ 1077x108 £j1. 1651x10° We therefore have cosh(1. 6187) 1 HO) = SSL OTRIO ES 1SIRIOE 23310.8 (1412.5 at) = (9° Sra s+ (412.5 From Table 10.5, at, He ze sin(woT) where wy =a= SE = 998.78. Te ay sas 1 With T = 4032 PHL 6Tet. 1168 With T=—_. 9022 = 1.80124. 8189 He) = -9@) Lo 13¢a) | (a) Analog Filter Problen 10.9 Sz ou ——— 234w lam | © 1H(2)| (c) Digital filter with £, ° @) Digital Filter with £, = 6000 Hz Problen 10.9 1 Problem 10.9 235 10 kB 8wie od a tan (IE) «tte Tore Eo cod = a tan (3080 SL) gages “Loo ov —= From Problem o-1, s205¢7, 3p 20-323, Natasa Cheese W=2 and use &, ((0-3-15) te gee we = tg H(8) = 1 Sa EZ (usg 19) § & (sa -19)> = k —————— OP, es2-27 § & Cnse1a)™ Set f ,.2 ~—sai- 3! Choe) Tess H(z )2 _eezese (341y™ Br bangs t-se4g te get (ll From problem 10:3, the normalized low-pass filler is H(g)= —1___ 074g +1 Fer fs = 300 Hy | the predisloried = frequencies are wel = 600 tan (38%) = 207-75> wg, = 600 tan (guy) = 327-78 so that wi = we wid Bw. = wd -ad = 120-03 23610.12 (a) HQ)= EF hme Some + 0) + F heme (0) + Erwome™ + heme] If A(n) = h(n), H(Q) = h(0) + ¥ 2h(njeosion) and H(Q) is purely real If A(n) =~ A(-n), h(O) = 0, so that HQ) = j EDK’ and is purely imaginary. (b) Let NV be odd and let g(n) = h(n + Then and 23710.13 (a) (b) With an L1-point response and a delay of 6 samples, we have so that 1 He)= 50 ‘The 11-point Hanning window is a(n) = 067 .25 5.75 .933 1.933 .75 5.25 067] ‘The corresponding impulse response of the differentiator is Inala) =[.0134 0625 . 1667 -.375 .933 0 -.933 375 -. 1667 .0625 -.0134] with transfer function Hy(2) = 0.01340 = 2} 0625(e"" ~ 2%) +0. 16671272) 0.375(e7 - £7) 40.834 - 2) 10.14 (a) The ideal filter has impulse response h(n) = sin(en/6)/n. ‘The 12-tap filter response with a delay of 6 is given by ‘A(n) = (0 .0318 .0689 .1061 1378 .1592 1.1592 .1378 .1061 .0689 .0318 0] ‘The impulse response of the filter with the Hanning window is Ay(n) = (0 .006 .0268 .0649 .O119 . 1513 1.1513 .0119 .0649 .0268 .006 0} Plots of (2) and 1#,(0)! are as shown below. It is clear that a 12-tap filter does not provide a good approximation to the desired filter response. 238