Parasitism and Plant Disease

ParasitismandPlantDisease
IImportantDefinitions:
D fi i i
Pathogen adiseasecausingagent
Pathogenicity Abilityforanorganismtointerferewithoneor
moreessentialfunctionsofanotherorganism causingdisease
Virulence
Virulence Thedegreeofpathogenicity
The degree of pathogenicity ofapathogen
of a pathogen
Parasite Organismsthatliveonorinanotherorganism
and obtains its food from the later
andobtainsitsfoodfromthelater
PlantParasite Organismthatbecomesintimatelyassociated
with the a plant and multiplies/grows at the expense of the
withtheaplantandmultiplies/growsattheexpenseofthe
plant
Saprophyte
p p y Organismsthatliveondeadmatterand
g
secreteenzymestobreakdownmaterialforenergy
 Parasitism and Plant Disease
ParasitismandPlantDisease
Pathogen Spectrum
PathogenSpectrum
Non ObligateParasites

Facultative Facultative
Saprophytes Parasites

ObligateParasites ObligateSaprophytes
(Biotrophs) (Necrotrophs)
 Parasitism and Plant Disease
ParasitismandPlantDisease
Parasites Saprophytes
Tendtohavenarrowhost Tendtohavebroadhost
range exceptviruses range
Doesnotneedtokillplant Killsplanttissuestoacquire
cells to complete lifecycle
cellstocompletelifecycle nutrientsforgrowthand
Intimaterelationshipwith completelifecycle
plant continuous
p
absorptionofnutrients Secreteenzymesandtoxins
d i
Growsinter andintra Growsintercellularly
cellulary
ll l Werewolves
Infectedplantstendtobe
stunted poor vigor
stunted,poorvigor
Vampires
 Parasitism and Plant Disease
ParasitismandPlantDisease
Disease Triangle
DiseaseTriangle
Diseaseoccurrenceisan Allsidesmustfavordiseasefor
interactive event!
interactiveevent! the disease process to take
thediseaseprocesstotake
place!

Amountof
Disease

Total of conditions favoring susceptibility

Totalofconditionsfavoringsusceptibility
Host
 Parasitism and Plant Disease
ParasitismandPlantDisease
Disease Triangle
DiseaseTriangle
Factorsaffectingthe
g
Pathogen:
1.Virulence
1 Virulence
2.Populationpresent
3 Lifestage of propagule
3.Lifestageofpropagule
4.Vectorspresent
 Parasitism and Plant Disease
ParasitismandPlantDisease
Disease Triangle
DiseaseTriangle
Factorsaffectingthe
g
Host:
1.Levelofresistance
1 Level of resistance
2.Growthstageofplant
3 Genetic uniformity of
3.Geneticuniformityof
neighboringplants
4. Plant Vigor
4.PlantVigor
5.PlantDensity
6 Structure of Plant
6.StructureofPlant
 Parasitism and Plant Disease
ParasitismandPlantDisease
Disease Triangle
DiseaseTriangle
Factorsaffectingthe
g
Environment:
1.Conditionsthatfavordisease
1 Conditions that favor disease
2.Conditionsthatpromoteplant
growth
3.Conditionsthataffectdispersal

Includeslevelsofhumidity,
temperature wind speed and
temperature,windspeed,and
periodsofrain
 Parasitism and Plant Disease
ParasitismandPlantDisease
Disease Triangle
DiseaseTriangle
Interpretationofthetriangle:
Lengthofeachsideis
proportionaltothesumtotal
ofthecharacteristicsofeach
f th h t i ti f h
componentthatfavorsdisease
Amount
Amount
Amount Amount
Ifonesideiszero,nodisease
of
of of
Ifonesideisverylarge,
Disease
Disease Disease
di
diseasepotentialislarge
t ti l i l
Totalofconditionsfavoring
Quantificationofthetriangles susceptibility
area would represent the
areawouldrepresentthe Host
amountofdisease
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
Diseasesareaseriesof
distincteventsthatoccur
insuccessionleadingto
theperpetuationofthe
diseaseandpathogen

Thischainofeventsiscalled
y
thediseasecycle!
Closelyrelatedtothe
lifecycleofthepathogen
y p g
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
Infection
Host Invasion
Recognition
Colonization

Pathogen
Penetration TheDiseaseCycle
y Growthand/or
h d/
Reproduction

Attachment
Symptom
of 2
Disseminationof2
Dissemination p
Development
Incubation
Inoculum
Dissemination Productionof
Production of
1 Inoculum DormantStage
DormantPeriod
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
Pi
PrimaryEvents:
E
1. Inoculation
3
2 Penetration
2. 4
3. Establishmentof
Infection 2 The 5
4. Invasion
5. Growthandreproduction
Disease
of the pathogen
ofthepathogen Cycle 6
(Colonization)
6. Disseminationofthe
pathogen 1
7. Survivalintheabsenceof
7
the host
thehost
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
1 Inoculation
1. I l i
Initialcontactof Inoculum Sources
pathogen with a
pathogenwitha
susceptibleplantsite
Innoculum:pathogen
brought into infection
broughtintoinfection
court
Maybespores,sclerotia,
mycelial fragments,
fragments
bacteria,orviruses
Primaryinoculum
primary infection
primaryinfection
Secondaryinoculum
secondaryinfection
Survivalinperennial
Survival in perennial
plants,weeds,
contaminatedsoil,soil
, ,
debris,seeds,
transplants,andvectors
Arrival of inoculum
Arrivalofinoculum
1. Passively(i.e.wind)
2. Chemotaxis organisms
ithi th il
withinthesoilare
attractedtoplantroots
3. Vectortransmitted(i.e.
insects)
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
2.Penetration 2.4Recognitionbetweenhostand
pathogen
th
2.1Attachmenttohost Triggersplantresistancegenes if
Fungiandbacteriaproduce presentpromotes/prevents
gelatinous substances to help
gelatinoussubstancestohelp infection
themsticktoleafsurface
2.5Penetration
2.2Sporegermination
2 2 Spore germination Direct
Di t Formationofappressorium,
F ti f i
MainlyFungi sporegerminates andpenetrationpeg
forminggermtubeandmoves Indirect
along host to find opening/weak
alonghosttofindopening/weak
point wounds wind/growthcracks,
/
windblownsand,lesions
2.3Appressorium
2 3 Appressorium Formation causedbyotherpathogens,
Fungionly Formationof vectors
appressorium andsoftening
enzymesandpreparesfor
y p p naturalopenings
p g Stomata,,
penetrationintoplant hydrathodes,lenticels
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
2.Penetration(cont.)

Agrios,1997
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
2.Penetration(cont.)

Photosfrom:Read,N.D.,Kellock,L.J.,
g ( )
Knight,H.,Trewavas,A.J.(1992b).Contact
sensingduringinfectionbyfungal
pathogens.
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
3.EstablishmentofInfection
Infection:Processbywhich
pathogensestablishcontactwith
susceptiblecellsandprocure
nutrients
ti t

Successfulinfectionsresultin
symptoms
t visiblydetectable
i ibl d t t bl
changesintheplant

Obligatefungalparasitesform
Obli t f l it f
haustoria intracellularvampires

Pathogenreleasesenzymes,toxins,
P th l t i
andgrowthregulators
Photosfrom:Read,N.D.,Kellock,L.J.,
Plantreactswithdefense
Pl t t ith d f Knight,H.,Trewavas,A.J.(1992b).Contact
mechanisms sensingduringinfectionbyfungal
pathogens.
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
4 I
4.Invasion
i
Pathogensspreadthroughplant

Fungiandbacteria:Spreadby
intracellularandintercellular
growthbyusingenzymesand
h
hormones,localized
l li d

Nematodes:Moveintercellularly,
localized

Viruses,Viroids,and
xylem/phloem limited bacteria:
xylem/phloemlimitedbacteria:
Movecelltocellintracellularly,
systemic
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
5.Growthandreproduction
5 G th d d ti
ofthepathogen
(
(Colonization)
)
Pathogenscontinueto
spreaduntiltheinfectionis
stopped or the plant is dead
stoppedortheplantisdead

Onlyfungiandnematodes
can actively move
canactivelymove

Allotherpathogensrelyrapid
reproductionandbeing
passivelymoved
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
5.Growthandreproductionof
th
thepathogen(Colonization)
th (C l i ti )
Reproduction:
Fungi
g spores,inter
p , and
intra,surfaceandinterior
Bacteria celldivision,inter
andintra,surfaceandinterior
Viruses intra,insidecells
only
Nematodes inter and
intra,surfaceandinterior
,
ParasiticPlants seeds,
exteriorofplantonly
Ratevariesonpathogenpresent,
environment,andhost
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
6.Disseminationofpathogen

Agrios,1997
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
7.Survivalofpathogen
Bacteria:samewayasfungi;
Bacteria: same way as fungi;
withoutahost
infectedplants,seeds,tubers,
(Overwinteringstage)
andplantdebris;inthebodiesof
Fungi:myceliumincankers,bud
Fungi: mycelium in cankers bud insectvectors.Survivebetterin
scales,seeds,tubers,andplant
debris;spores;andsclerotia largeslimycoloniesthanassmall
groups
groups.
Soilinhabitants survive
insoilindefinitely
((saprophytes)
p p y ) Viruses:surviveonlyinliving
Soiltransients survivein planttissues;rootsofperennial
soilforshortperiodoftime plants,seedsofsomehosts,and
(parasites) insect vectors.
insectvectors.

ParasiticPlants:Seedsand Nematodes:Surviveaseggsin
vegetativefromonhost h il lif
thesoil;orlifestages thatare
h
dormantinseedsandbulbs
 Plant Disease Development
PlantDiseaseDevelopment
7.Survivalofpathogenwithoutahost

Agrios,1997
 PlantDiseaseDevelopment
p
DiseaseEpidemics: 1 inoculum
Monocyclic:completes1diseasecycleina
Monocyclic: completes 1 disease cycle in a
year 1 infection
1 inoculum isonlyinoculum for
entire year
entireyear
Diseaseincreasesyeartoyearas
inoculum builds OverseasoningStage

Polycyclic:2ormorediseasecyclesinayear
1 inoculum 1 infection
mostpathogens
disseminatedbyair,andairborne
disseminated by air and airborne
vectors
createexplosiveepidemics Late 2 inoculum
Blight,PowderyMildew,andRusts
g , y , 2 infection

Polyetic requiringtwoormoreyearsto
completelifecycle(considered
p y (
monocyclic)
typicalofmanyvascularwilt OverseasoningStage
pathogens DutchElmDisease