Extradosed Bridge Midas

1
EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
Contents:
V. Construction Stage (CS) Analysis
I. Introduction
a. Backward CS Analysis
b. Forward CS Analysis
II. Case Study
1) Using Backward CS Analysis results
a. Bridge Information
2) Using Lack of fit force
b. Construction Methods
3) Using Unknown load factor
c. Structural Analysis Comparison
d. Economic Comparison
VI. Nonlinear Effects
a. P- Effects
III. Modeling
b. Large Deformations
a. Section Property Definition
b. Bridge Wizard
VII. Results
a. Deformation
IV. Initial Cable Forces
b. Camber Computation
a. Ideal State
1) Construction Camber
b. Methods
2) Manufacture Camber
c. Cable Tuning with ULF
c. Cable Forces and Stresses
2
EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
II. Case Study

III. Modeling
V. Construction Stage Analysis
VII. Results
Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Extradosed Bridge I. Introduction Bridging Your Innovations to Realities
Benefits with Extradosed Bridge
Ordinary prestressed girder bridge with internal or external tendons having cables installed
outside and above the main girder and deviated by short towers located at supports.
=>Construction & appearance: Cable Stayed Bridge
=>Structural properties & design specifications: PSC girder bridge
Reduced girder depth

=>Reduced self weight of the structure
Longer spans possible with the use of cables

=>H/L of extradosed bridges: 1/15 to 1/35
=>H/L of box girder bridges: 1/15 to 1/17
Lower main tower

=>H/L of extradosed bridges: 1/15
=>H/L of cable stayed bridges: 1/5
=>Smaller stress variation in stay cables
=>Reduced fatigue failure of stay cables
EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
I. Introduction
III. Modeling
VII. Results

Extradosed Bridge II. Case Study Bridging Your Innovations to Realities
Birds Eye View
Location
Total Length: L=1085m

Road expansion: B=30m, L=692m
Main Bridge: B=24m, L=225m
Connection Bridge: B=15m,
L=168m
Sectional Elevation
Cable Number Main

arrangements of Cables Tower Height Section Optimum Design of Bridge
Preliminary Design
Cable arrangement:
7 lines on Uniformed section FAN arrangement (one sided)
one side H=10,12,14m Number of Cables: 7 lines (0.6-29EA)
FAN arrangement H=2.5m
(0.6-27) L=105.0m Height of the Main Tower:
Harp arrangement (0.6-29) L=105.0m H=12.0m (L/8.75)
(L/8~L/12)
(0.6-31) (L/30~L/60) Section: Uniformed Section 2.5m(L/40)
Side Perspective
Transverse section Main Bridge Transverse section Connected Bridge

1) Construction method of EXTRADOSED PSC BOX GIRDER Bridge
Construction F.S.M Full Staging Method

Methods
F.C.M Free Cantilever Method
Characteristics of the Construction Method

Name
Restrictions Duration Economic Constructability
Restrictions by the bottom Economical efficiency is

Construction is fast due to There are plenty of international
conditions are crucial, determined by the height of the
F.S.M the lumped pouring method. bridges constructed by this method.
depending on the supporting supporting. Lower pier is more
Easy to construct
system. cost-effective
Cost-effective if higher pier or

Slow construction due to if there is limited space Construction management is
Less restrictions by the bottom
F.C.M forward construction stage underneath the bridge. For complicated due to having
condition.
method instance, bridge over rail road, measurements of each stage
bridge over the sea.
FSM
Low cost of equipment, simple method of construction
Cost effective for level ground and low bridges
Fast construction, stable supports during construction
FCM
Little effect of supporting conditions
Possible for constructing long suspension bridge without heavy duty equipment
Accuracy of the construction can be enhanced by the correction of errors at each
construction stage.
Precise construction and management needed due to changes in the structural system
by each construction stage.
High construction fee compared with F.S.M
FSM Extradosed Bridge - Sequential Construction Stages in midas Civil (1/2)
1st Construction Stage: Model and activate side span temporary supports by Elastic link and Support
2nd Construction Stage: Remove side span temp. supports, and activate temp. supports of main span
3rd Construction Stage : Activate the main tower and place the diagonal tension-cables in order
FSM Extradosed Bridge - Sequential Construction Stages in midas Civil (2/2)
4th Construction Stage: Complete diagonal Tension Cables, and remove temp. supports of main span
5th Construction Stage : Pavement and Finishing => Completion of Construction
Design Condition
Structure: 3 span continuous EXTRADOSED P.S.C BOX Bridge Grade: Excellent
Dimensions: L = 60.0 + 105.0 + 60.0 = 225.0 m Bridge Width: B = 23.740 m (4 lanes both way)
Thickness: H = 2.50 m (equal section) Inclination: S = () 0.5 %
Plane surface alignment: R = Construction method: F.S.M (Full Staging Method )
Prestress construction: Post-Tensioning Method
FCM Extradosed Bridge - Sequential Construction Stages in midas Civil (1/2)
1st Construction Stage: Construct Main Pier and Pylon
2nd ~9th Construction Stage: Employ F/T Seg. Construct Diagonal cables
10th Construction Stage: FSM construction for Side Span and apply Pylon1girder Time Load as 255 days
FCM Extradosed Bridge - Sequential Construction Stages in midas Civil (2/2)
11th Construction Stage: Connect Key Seg. of Main Span
12th Construction Stage: Completion of Construction

Design Condition
Structure: 3 span continuous EXTRADOSED P.S.C BOX Bridge Grade: Excellant
Dimension: L = 60.0 + 105.0 + 60.0 = 225.0 m Bridge Width: B = 23.74 m (4 lanes both way)
Thickness: H = 2.50 m (equal section) Inclination: S = () 0.5 %
Plane surface alignment: R = (Straight line) Construction method: FCM (Free Cantilever Method)
Prestress construction: Post-Tensioning Method
F.C.M: Maximum negative moment on supports are relatively greater than Maximum
Dead Load positive moment in the middle point. The moments are concentrated to the supports.
F.S.M: The moment of the supports and the middle point are relatively balanced.
Moment after 10,000 days
Method F. S. M F. C. M
Dead
`
Load
Mid-point 255,900 kN-m 22,540 kN-m
Support -384,800 kN-m -531,500 kN-m

For F.C.M construction Cantilever Tendon is added on the upper part to resist excessive
negative moment.
(Efficient to place internal tendon especially bottom tendon)
Tendon Primary For F.S.M. construction it is difficult to place certain tendon at the negative and positive
moment.
Comparing the sum of moment F.C.M. shows more efficient aspect on Positive and
Negative moment.
Tendon
Primary
Mid-Point -70,400 kN-m Total : -21,560 kN-m -57,830 kN-m Total : -30,270 kN-m
Support 62,950 kN-m Total : -23,940 kN-m 80,620 kN-m Total : -920 kN-m
Tendon Secondary Moment is decided by placement and the amount of tendon. F.S.M.
Tendon Secondary shows efficiency in both positive and negative moment.

However, in the total sum F.C.M. shows efficiency in analysis.
Tendon
Secondary
Mid-Point 33,390 kN-m Total : 11,830 kN-m 38,940 kN-m Total : 8,670 kN-m
Support 23,200 kN-m Total : -40 kN-m 5,500 kN-m Total : 4,580 kN-m
Creep Secondary Moment behaves similar to the case of Dead Load.
Creep Secondary In the total sum of positive moment F.C.M. shows efficiency but, in the negative moment
since the Creep Secondary acts F.S.M. show efficiency.
Creep
Secondary
Mid-Point 4,639 kN-m Total : 16,469 kN-m 0 kN-m Total : 8,670 kN-m
Support -16,950 kN-m Total : -17,690 kN-m -35,730 kN-m Total : -31,150 kN-m
Shrinkage Secondary Moment shows similarity in both method.

Shrinkage Similar to Creep Secondary moment the total sum of positive moment F.C.M. shows
Secondary efficiency but, in the negative moment since the Creep Secondary acts F.S.M. show
efficiency.
Shrinkage
Secondary
Mid-point 9,980 kN-m Total : 26,449 kN-m 9,177 Kn-m Total : 17,847 kN-m
Support -13,230 kN-m Total : -30,920 kN-m -15,060 Kn-m Total : -46,210 kN-m
Structural analysis shows that on the final combination both Method of construction has
Conclusion of similar results.
Stress analysis For stress aspect F.S.M. shows greater and conservative. However since the placement of
Continuity Tendon is functioned to greater section force, it is inefficient for placing tendon.
Special Loads (D + CF + LI + PS1 + PS2 + CRSH2 + SD)
Upper limit
stress
(MPa)
Bottom limit
stress
(MPa)
d. Economic Comparison & Conclusion
Cost effective For applying F.S.M. there has been 10% reduction of the construction Cost.
F.C.M has a long term of construction since it requires accuracy of managing

Construction Camber and several Seg. Construction stage.
Applying F.S.M workability increases and construction time can reduce
EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
I. Introduction
II. Case Study

VII. Results

Extradosed Bridge III. Modeling Bridging Your Innovations to Realities
a. Section Definition
Draw section shape Import CAD file Import section

using CAD through SPC properties
Database
b. Bridge Wizard
FCM Bridge Wizard FSM Bridge Wizard

b. Bridge Wizard & Manual Modeling
Cable Stayed Bridge Wizard
Manual modeling
Using Node/Element tab
EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
I. Introduction
II. Case Study
III. Modeling

VII. Results

Extradosed Bridge IV. Initial Cable Force Bridging Your Innovations to Realities
a. Ideal State
b. Methods
1. Simple supported Beam

Bridge segment is a simple beam supported by cables.
2. Continuous Beam
Main girder is a continuous supported beam with inclined stay cables (Pendulum Rule).
b. Methods
3. Unit Load Method

Unit load cases equal to the number of fixed ideal moment points (for dead load) are defined. Xi is the
unknown to be multiplied to the unit load to achieve the ideal moment distribution.
4. Additional Constraint Method

Extension of Unit load method to time dependent effects and non-linear effects.
5. Unknown Load Factor

User defined displacement/reaction/force constraint. Using vector and matrix calculations the cables
forces are adjusted to satisfy the constrained condition(s).
c. Cable Tuning with ULF
Importance of Cable Tuning
ULF calculates the value of cable pretension for a particular constraint. That cable pretension (or Load
Factor) might not be practical or might exceed the cable force tolerance limit. Thus force can be adjusted
using Cable Tuning.
Procedure
1. Use Unknown Load Factor to

calculate the cable pretension (or
Load Factor).
2. Adjust the cable pretension (or load
factor) using the table or bar graph.
3. Select the result item for which the
effects of the cable pretension are to be
checked.
4. Produce the results graph for the result
item selected from step 3.
5. Save the adjusted pretension forces in
a load combination or apply the new
pretension forces to the cables directly
using the pre-programmed buttons.
EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
I. Introduction
II. Case Study
III. Modeling

VII. Results

Extradosed Bridge V. Construction Stage (CS) Analysis Bridging Your Innovations to Realities
a. Backward CS Analysis
Significance
Cable prestress, introduced during

the construction of cable-stayed
bridge, could be calculated by
Backward CS Analysis from the
final stage.
Limitations
Does not consider Time Dependent

Effects and Non-Linearity Effects.
1) Using Backward CS Analysis Results (Preferred for Multiple Pretension Loads for single cable)
Obtain cable pretension load using unknown load

factor and cable tuning after final stage analysis
Perform Backward CS Analysis applying the

pretension load obtained from last step
Obtain cable forces in each CS after performing

Backward construction stage analysis
Apply cable forces as Pretension Loads in each

construction stage
Perform CS analysis with cable pretension force

specified as External Force type and obtain results
2) Using lack of fit force (No time dependent effects considered)
Obtain initial pretension load using Unknown Load

Factor on final stage
Fine tune the cable forces using Cable Force

Tuning
Apply initial prestress force to cables for

construction stage analysis
Turn on Lack of fit force Control option in

construction stage analysis control
Perform construction stage analysis to obtain

jacking forces of cables at each construction stage
3) Using Unknown Load Factor (Not suitable for Cables)
Perform CS analysis with self weight and unit

pretension load
Calculate Unknown Load Factor for the stages of

cable force activation
Perform iterative analysis using Unknown Load

Factor to modify the cable forces
Further modify cable pretension load using cable

tuning
Check the jacking forces of cables at each CS in

results > forces > truss forces.
EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
I. Introduction
II. Case Study
III. Modeling
VII. Results

Extradosed Bridge VI. Nonlinear Effects Bridging Your Innovations to Realities
a. P- Effects
Considered for both construction stage and final stage.

Cant be run with Tension Only Cable Element in Final Stage Analysis.
Construction Stage Final Stage

Extradosed Bridge VI. Nonlinear Effects Bridging Your Innovations to Realities
b. Large Deformations
Considered for main span length generally longer than 600m.

Considered for both construction stage and final state.
Construction Stage Final State

EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
I. Introduction
II. Case Study
III. Modeling

Extradosed Bridge VII. Results Bridging Your Innovations to Realities
a. Deformation
Pylons
Pylon construction
tolerance is as shown:
a. Deformation
Pylons
Pylon maximum lateral deformation

= 13.249mm < 38mm => OK
a. Deformation
Bridge Deck
Bridge deck tolerance is as shown:

a. Deformation
Bridge Deck
Maximum bridge deck deformation = 9.9mm < L/5000 = 20mm => OK

b. Camber Computation : Construction Camber
Construction Camber
Construction Camber is shown as the

net displacement results in Midas Civil
b. Camber Computation : Manufacture Camber
Manufacture Camber
To see real displacement in the results, check

Initial Tangent Displacement for Erected Structures
option in CS Analysis Control Data.
b. Camber Computation
Camber results of Deck
c. Cable Forces & Stresses
Truss Forces Truss Stresses

Thank You!

Extradosed Bridge Midas

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Extradosed Bridge Midas

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1

II. Case Study

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Benefits with Extradosed Bridge

Reduced girder depth

Longer spans possible with the use of cables

Lower main tower

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Total Length: L=1085m

Cable Number Main

Transverse section Main Bridge Transverse section Connected Bridge

1) Construction method of EXTRADOSED PSC BOX GIRDER Bridge

Construction F.S.M Full Staging Method

Characteristics of the Construction Method

Restrictions by the bottom Economical efficiency is

Cost-effective if higher pier or

FSM Extradosed Bridge - Sequential Construction Stages in midas Civil (1/2)

FSM Extradosed Bridge - Sequential Construction Stages in midas Civil (2/2)

5th Construction Stage : Pavement and Finishing => Completion of Construction

FCM Extradosed Bridge - Sequential Construction Stages in midas Civil (1/2)

1st Construction Stage: Construct Main Pier and Pylon

FCM Extradosed Bridge - Sequential Construction Stages in midas Civil (2/2)

11th Construction Stage: Connect Key Seg. of Main Span

12th Construction Stage: Completion of Construction

c. Structural Analysis Comparison

Moment after 10,000 days

Mid-point 255,900 kN-m 22,540 kN-m

Support -384,800 kN-m -531,500 kN-m

c. Structural Analysis Comparison

Moment after 10,000 days

c. Structural Analysis Comparison

Tendon Secondary shows efficiency in both positive and negative moment.

Moment after 10,000 days

c. Structural Analysis Comparison

Creep Secondary Moment behaves similar to the case of Dead Load.

Moment after 10,000 days

c. Structural Analysis Comparison

Shrinkage Secondary Moment shows similarity in both method.

Moment after 10,000 days

c. Structural Analysis Comparison

Special Loads (D + CF + LI + PS1 + PS2 + CRSH2 + SD)

d. Economic Comparison & Conclusion

F.C.M has a long term of construction since it requires accuracy of managing

IV. Initial Cable Forces

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Draw section shape Import CAD file Import section

FCM Bridge Wizard FSM Bridge Wizard

b. Bridge Wizard & Manual Modeling

Cable Stayed Bridge Wizard

V. Construction Stage Analysis

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

1. Simple supported Beam

3. Unit Load Method

4. Additional Constraint Method

5. Unknown Load Factor

c. Cable Tuning with ULF

Importance of Cable Tuning

1. Use Unknown Load Factor to

VI. Nonlinear Effects

Bridging Your Innovations to Realities

Cable prestress, introduced during

Does not consider Time Dependent

Obtain cable pretension load using unknown load

Perform Backward CS Analysis applying the