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2.What are the three branches of the phonetics and what do they study?
7.How can speech organs be grouped? Name the speech organs? What
are articulators?
The organs of speech fall into three groupings: raspirathory system (lungs
generating air stream),phonatory system ( larynx and vocal folds) and
articulatory system ( vocal tract).
Speech organs are: nasal cavity,oral cavity,pharynx,larynx and lungs. The parts
of the vocal tract that are used to form sounds are called articulators.
8.What is the difference between the voiced and the voiceless speech
sounds? Are vowels voiced or voiceless?
All vowels are voiced.A voiced sound is one in which vocal folds vibrate and the
voiceless sound is the one in which they do not.
In the nasal cavity there is no possibility to perform an articulation since there are
no moveable parts.Sounds produced with lower velum.
11.What is the difference between hearing and perception ?
Hearing is when sounds are received and converted into a nerve impulse,while
perception is post processing in the brain-the sounds heard are interpreted and
given meaning.
2.sentence drills
a)syntagmatic drills ( contrast within sentence) Don't sit in that seat.
b)paradigmatic drills (contrast across two sentences) Don't slip on the
floor/Don't sleep on the floor
The Communicative Approach which took hold in 1980s and is currently dominate
in language teaching ,holds that since the primary purpose of language is
communication,using the language to communicate should be central in all
language clasroom language instruction.This focus on a language as
communication is being renewed urgency to the tteaching of pronunciation,since
both empirical and anecdotal evidence indicates that there is a threshold level of
pronunciation for nonnnative speakers of English,if they fall bellow this threshold
level,they will have oral communication problems no matter how excellent and
extensive their control of English grammar and vocabulary is.
It's a basic building block of the phonemes-it is any trait that distinguishes one
phoneme from another.We use distinctive features for making minimal
pairs.Features are binary ( + or values) ,each speech sound may be described
as a 'bundle' of featured,each member of every pair of phones is distinguished
from the other member by at least one feature value.
CONSONANTS: plosives,affricates,fricatives,nasals,laterals,continuants
VOWELS: monophtongs, diphtongs,triphtongs
In the articulation of laterals the airstream preceedes along the sides of thr
tongue,but is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.
26.Which sounds are called semivowels? How are they different from
other sounds?
Continuants semivowels (glides) /w,j,r/
If there is a strong voiceless consonant in front ot them and if they are in stressed
syllable-then they are fricatives PROUD / prad/ , PURE / pj /
If there is a weak voiced consonant in front of them or if they are word initial,then
they are continuants. YOUR /j:/
29.Explain voicing
There are voiced and voiceless sounds.Vowels are voiced ,but all strong
consonants are voiceless.They can also be fully v-ed or partially v-ed.
31.What is aspiration?
Aspiration is burst of breath heard after the explosion.Aspirated are /p,t,k/ and
unaspirated are /b,d,g/
1.Palatalised /l/ /tongue is raised towards the velum) occurs before a vowel
(lap,lord) or before the glide /j/ (billiard,seallion) CLEAR L
2.Velarised /l/ (tongue is pulled back and the tip of the tongue is on the alveolar
ridge) occurs at the ent of the words ( call,trial) and before consonants
(milk,hold) DARK L
The air flow from the lungs is interrupted by a complete closure being made in
the mouth. The closure is then opened.The released airflow produces a sudden
burst.Glottal plosive a phone,not a phoneme alternative to /p/ , /t/, /k/
34.In which positions are /p/ and /b/ labio-dental? Give examples.
When they're before labio-dental consonants /f,v/ capful,obvious
35.In which positions are /d/ and /t/ dental? Give examples
36. In which position are /d/ and /t/ postalveolar? Give examples
37.In which positions are /k/ and /g/ back velar? Give examples
When they are before back velar vocals /u,u: ,a,a:, / cool, goose
They are aspirated in three cases: when they are at the begining of syllable
( initial) , when they are before vocal ( prevocalic) and when they are at the
accented syllable (accented).
They are produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two
articulators close together,also they have continual release of the air through a
narrowpassage possible,they are produced in the vocal tract. Type of
articulation /f,v, , ,s,z, ,,h,w,j,r/ consonats; manner of articulation-fricatives.
A. Fully voiced (when found between two voiced sounds) /v/ - covered /kvd/
saved / sevd / // mother /m/ buzzed /bzd/ /z/- easy /izi/ rouged / rud/,
// measure / m/
B. Partially voiced ( when word initial) voice /vs/ those /z/ zoo / zu/
C. Devoiced (when word-final) give / gv/ with / w/ does /dz/ garage / gr/