THE APARTHEID

Name: Adit Maneesh Ghorpade

Course: B.B.A. LL.B. (Hons.)

Roll No.: A020

Academic Year: 2015-2016

Submitted to: Prof. Saiprasad Shetty

 Contents

1. OUTLINE ..

03
2. INTRODUCTION ..

..05
3. ANALYSIS ..

.07

APARTHEID BECOMES LAW

..07

COULD THEY TAKE IT FOR SO LONG? .

10

RELATION WITH POLITICAL SCIENCE ..

..12

4. CASE STUDIES

13
CASE STUDY I APARTHEID IS SOUTHERN AFRICAN COUNTRIES OF
RHODESIA
AND NAMIBIA ..
13

CASE STUDY II THE END OF APARTHEID ..

..16

5. EXPERT COMMENTS ON THE TOPIC ..

18
6. LEGACY .....

..20
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

.22
Outline

Everyone has heard about distribution of power based upon linguistic and
regional heterogeneities. But language and region arent the only features
that give a distinct identity to people. Sometimes, people identify
themselves and relate with others on the basis of their physical
appearance, class, gender, caste, tribe etc. Many forms of Government
are known to the general public but governance biased on colour, this
wasnt something that people would think of in their first pretense.

Apartheid Government the system of racial discrimination unique to

Africa is one such example. The native Africans, who are black in colour,
were barred not only from the political activities but also from the leisure
of life. Apartheid indeed is one of the greatest tragedies of the human
civilization and I am keen to analyse this topic and present it.

The Apartheid regime has always agitated me to read more and more on
the topic since I first came across it in class 9 in Political Science. As soon
as I chose the topic, out came the previous years textbooks and notes. I
glanced through and the reverberations of my school days and my
thoughts then came into play. As my school isnt very far from my
residence, I decided to make an appointment with my middle-school
Political Science teacher, Mrs. Supriya Biswas, so as to enquire more about
the topic and her guidance for my project.

I was suggested thusly to read about apartheid. Also, I was told by my

professor in graduation school that I should know my atlas well as he
informed me about Rhodesia. I did search about it the very same day and
to my surprise, Apartheid was practiced not only in South Africa, which a
common idea is, but also in countries namely Namibia and Republic of
Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Modern Zimbabwe, Zaire and Malawi).

Another personality involved in my list to choose the topic is the most

famous political prisoner during the apartheid era- Nelson Mandela.
Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and an inspiration to every
South African and many others on the globe, this man had spent 27 years
6 months and 7 days in prison before being elected as the First Black
President of South Africa.

Outline
This great man left us on December 5, 2013.1 Even today; he is regarded
as a leader who changed the world. I closely followed the Nelson Mandela
Day which was observed on July 18, 2015.*

With closer studies about the various charters and acts which were
involved in establishing the apartheid, I was shocked that such oppressive
measures were legalized! I was now more than keen to read about the
fight for independence and the fight for equality not only by South African
Blacks but also by the nations under the influence of the tyranny of
apartheid namely Rhodesia and Namibia. This fight is rightfully called as
a Milestone to World History.

I also read about the opinions of various world leaders during this timeline
and I read some of the comments that the Afrikaners made to justify their
practice. My inputs and results are mentioned in this project.
This project is cited using the working draft of the Standard of Indian Legal
Citations (SILC).

Introduction
In 1652, ships belonging to the Dutch East India Company- a trading
organization that shipped goods between Europe and Asia- sailed through
the waters of the Indian Ocean to reach the Cape of Good Hope at the
southern tip of South Africa. This fleet was headed by Jan Van Riebeeck.
South Africa was abundant of fertile farmlands and with a plethora of
natural and mineral resources and thusly gained all the attention from the
European colonists.

South Africa was colonized by the English & the Dutch in the seventeenth
Century. Racial segregation in South Africa initiated in colonial times under
the Dutch Empire, until 1795 when British took over the Cape of Good
Hope.* Gradually, the British took control of the whole of Southern Africa
by defeating the Boers and the Zulus.** Namibia werent exempted as the
British at first and the Germans later acquired it by purchase or coercion.1

South Africa gained its independence from Great Britain in 1910, fifty
years ahead of most other African nations. Post-independence, the colony
was recognized as the Union of South Africa whose leaders were of White-
European descents rather than the Black Africans. These Europeans or
Afrikaners (supporting the Nationalist Party) opposed Racial Equality and
held a voice in the new government and started striving to deny any
governing rights to the African Blacks.

New Laws supporting racial segregation, known as Apartheid In

Afrikaans, were executed hence preventing black South Africans from
holding certain jobs, attending certain schools and even restricted where
they could live, shop, and travel. The controversial 1913 Land Act marked
the beginning of territorial segregation by forcing Africans to live in
reserves and making it illegal for them to work as sharecroppers.
Opponents of the Land Act formed the South African National Native
Congress, later the African National Congress (ANC).

*However, it took another 11 years for the British to take over the complete
administration over the Cape.

**
Boers a.k.a. Afrikaners were the descendants of the initial Dutch settlers in Southern
Africa. Zulus are the native Bantu people from Southern Africa who during 1823 were
ruled by a self-established ruler Mohesh.

1. Referred to The Apartheid, http://www.history.com

2. Cited from History of Africa, http://www.africanafrican.com
3. Cited from Racism & Apartheid in Southern Africa, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/

Introduction
In 1936, in the Native Trust and Land Act was passed giving 86% of the
total land to the Whites as the Blacks were left with the mere 14%.* The
Urban Areas Act of 1923 restrained the Africans right of movement.
Though the ANC was formed in 1912 and was popular among masses; this
popularity led to the introduction of a bill by then Prime Minister Hertzog
to eject Africans from the field of politics. The Native Administration Act
(1927) made the British Crown the supreme head for all political affairs.

Messages and symbols of hatred towards the blacks were spread

everywhere. Every lane, every residence, every park, every school, every
resources and amenity were divided and it literally made the natives lose
their sense of belongingness to their homeland. Blacks were made to do
all the physical labour, work in mines, construction, agricultural labourers
and were exploited violently, insufficiently paid and beaten sometimes to
death!

[A Signboard emblematic of the tense relations of the apartheid era, 1953]

*
During the time, White Minority made only a mere 20% of the entire population.

Image source: South Africa History Online - http://thereelnetwork.net/black-music-month-

singers-united-to-fight-apartheid-racism-in-sun-city/

Analysis

Having witnessed the background, I am now going to focus on Apartheid

government, which is treated as one of the darkest form of government,
which some regard as even harsher than tyranny. Africans who indulged in
politics were arrested, basic rights of the blacks were absent and they had
no standard of living. But these were common and legal practices until
1948 when the Apartheid practices were enacted and racial discrimination
institutionalized.
Apartheid Becomes law
During the Second World War years, the United Party (UP) which was led
by Jan Smuts dominated the South African Politics. Some Whites of the
British lineage and a few Afrikaners supported it. Amid the late 1940's
numerous Afrikaners began forsaking the United Party for the Reunited
National Party, which became simply the Nationalist Party (NP).

Nationalists trusted that the UP was excessively liberal in managing the

African blacks. As the number of Blacks migrating to the city skyrocketed,
the working-class party associates feared their jobs and neighborhoods.
They were also distressed by the Mine Workers strike of 1946 and were
worried that Smuts would cater to the protestors demands, which would
jeopardize the special treatment that the whites were accustomed to.4

Scared Afrikaners urged for an arrangement to safeguard white benefit.

The NP responded with the Sauer Report. It aimed for total segregation
as the governments eventual ideal and goal. According to this, the male
black workers would be allowed in the cities and the black females and
children would be confined to designated areas in the countryside. The UP
made a counter-report titled the Fagan Report. This report claimed that
the policy of the NP is unachievable and that the blacks would mark their
due presence in the cities.

4
Cited from Liz Sonneborn, The End of Apartheid in South Africa, 45, (2010)

Analysis
The NP later claimed that Smuts and his party were backing the
unification of both the races in the country which they thought would lead
to nothing both short chaos and violence. To avoid this fate, the NP
enacted the policy of Apartheid, meaning Apartness. This was seen as a
tool for separating the races in all spheres of activity and to achieve their
ultimate goal.4
These views were implemented soon by the Nationalist Party after their
victory in 1948. Race laws touched every aspect of social life, including a
prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites, and the
sanctioning of ``white-only'' jobs. In 1950, the Population Registration Act
required that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three
categories: white, black (African), or colored (of mixed decent). The
Colored were a subgroup of Indians and Asians. These groups were split
into 13 nations or racial federations. Classification into these categories
was based on appearance, social acceptance, and descent. Whites were
at the top and received the best opportunities for jobs, education, and
housing. The Asian and Coloureds had fewer rights than the whites but
more than the blacks. They lived in segregated neighborhoods and
attended segregated schools. The blacks were at the bottom of the social
ladder and not only had to live in poor segregated areas and attend poor
segregated schools but also received the worst healthcare and jobs.5

The Department of Home Affairs (an administration authority) was in

charge of the arrangement of the citizenry. Resistance with the race laws
were managed brutally. All blacks were obliged to convey ``pass books''
containing fingerprints, photograph and data on access to non-black
ranges.5 Official teams or Boards were established to come to a conclusion
on those people whose race was unclear.

5
Cited from Apartheid History, http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu

Analysis
The second stage of the Grand Apartheid Law was the Group Areas Act,
1950. Until then, most settlements had individuals of distinctive races
living one next to the other. This Act put an end to differing ranges and
figured out where one lived by. Every race was dispensed its own region,
which was utilized as a part of later years as a premise of constrained
evacuation. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 precluded
marriage between persons of divergent races, and the Immorality Act of
1950 made sexual relations with a man of an alternate race a criminal
offense. Under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953,
metropolitan grounds could be saved for a specific race, making, in
addition to other things, separate shorelines, transports, clinics, schools
and colleges. Signboards, for example, "whites just" connected to open
territories, notwithstanding including park benches.6

6
Referred from Apartheid, https://en.wikipedia.org/

*Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid

Analysis
Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, who got to be PM in 1958, would refine politically-
sanctioned racial segregation approach further into a framework he
alluded to as "discrete improvement." The Promotion of Bantu Self-
Government Act of 1959 made 10 Bantu countries known as Bantustans.
Isolating black South Africans from one another empowered the
administration to claim there was no black part, and diminished the
likelihood that blacks would bind together into one patriot association.
Each black South African was assigned as a resident as one of the
Bantustans, a framework that as far as anyone knows gave those full
political rights, yet adequately expelled them from the country's political
body.

In a standout amongst the most annihilating parts of politically-sanctioned

racial segregation, the administration coercively expelled Black South
Africans from country regions assigned as "white" to the countries, and
sold their territory at low costs to white agriculturists. From 1961 to 1994,
more than 3.5 million individuals were coercively expelled from their
homes and stored in the Bantustans, where they were dove into
destitution and misery.

Could they take it for so Long?

Imperviousness to politically-sanctioned racial segregation inside of South

Africa took numerous structures throughout the years, from peaceful
exhibitions, challenges and strikes to political activity and in the long run
to furnished resistance. Together with the South Indian National Congress,
the ANC composed a mass meeting in 1952, amid which participants
blazed their pass books. A gathering calling itself the Congress of the
People received a Freedom Charter in 1955 attesting that "South Africa
has a place with all who live in it, blacks or white." The administration split
up the meeting and captured 150 individuals, accusing them of high
treachery.
Analysis
In 1960, at the black township of Sharpesville, the police opened flame on
a gathering of unarmed blacks connected with the Pan-African Congress
(PAC), a branch of the ANC. The gathering had touched base at the police
headquarters without passes, welcoming capture as a demonstration of
resistance. No less than 67 blacks were murdered and more than 180
injured. Sharpesville persuaded numerous hostile to politically-sanctioned
racial segregation pioneers that they couldn't accomplish their goals by
tranquil means, and both the PAC and ANC set up military wings, neither
of which ever represented a genuine military risk to the state. By 1961,
most resistance pioneers had been caught and sentenced to long jail
terms or executed. Nelson Mandela, an originator of Umkhonto we Sizwe
("Spear of the Nation"), the military wing of the ANC, was detained from
1963 to 1990; his detainment would draw global consideration and help
accumulate support for the counter politically-sanctioned racial
1
segregation cause.

Many such movements led by many influential political leaders took place
and this was the start to the end of misery, the end of tyranny and the
end of oppression to the blacks. This has been discussed further in the
project.
 1. Cited from The Apartheid, http://www.history.com

Analysis
Relation with Political Science:

The Word Politics is derived from the Greek word Polis which is a
City-State. Thus, Politics is a subject dealing with City-state
activities. The racial discrimination is a big negative to the
administration of the government. Is this administration justified?
Thats the question which the researchers answer with facts.
One of the branches of Political Science is history. The Apartheid
government and the racial segregation and various steps taken
towards implementing the segregation are a big subject on its
own. The numerous acts passed to restrict the blacks, the various
practices that were applied is a deep study in itself.
Governments. Weve been studying the forms of governments
since a long time in Political Science. The Apartheid was a form of
Government as well. Well, Some Aristocrats were the ones
involved in decision and law making. Yes, this fell in the
perverted manner and to an extent to call it Oligarchy.
Case Study I:
Apartheid in Southern African
Countries of Namibia & Rhodesia

After the Second World War ended in 1945, the world witnessed a new
phenomenon Decolonization. In recent centuries, Great Britain and other
European countries looked for control over outside assets and area by
setting up settlements in Africa and Asia. Apartheid was developed after
World War II by the Afrikaner-commanded National Party and Broederbond *
associations. The belief system was likewise authorized in South West Africa **,
which was regulated by South Africa under a League of Nations mandate.

South Africa did not accept that mandate supervision had passed from the
League of Nations to the United Nations and refused to burdensome supervision
of its organization by the UN, much less the possibility of the end of White rule in
the territory, arguing that "with the death of the League the mandate system
was also at an end and therefore its sovereignty over Namibia was now
unrestricted" (Longmire 1990, 208; Dale 1980, 64).

The Ruling Nationalist party took all the possible steps to enforce Apartheid in
South West Africa, which was called the fifth province of the Union. Between
the early 1960s and the early 1990s, Southern Africa became a focal point
in the Cold War, where South Africa, Southern Rhodesia*** (now
Zimbabwe), South-West Africa (now Namibia), Mozambique and Angola
were seen as bulwarks against communism and Pan-African socialism.7

*
Broederbond: was a secret, exclusively male and Afrikaner Calvinist organization in
South Africa dedicated to the advancement of Afrikaner interests.
**
South West Africa modern-day Namibia when it was ruled by the German Empire and later

South Africa.

***
Rhodesia- 1970 onwards as the Republic of Rhodesia, was an unrecognized state in
southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territorial terms to modern Zimbabwe.

7
Cited from https://hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/

Apartheid in Southern African

Countries of Namibia & Rhodesia

Starting in the late 1950s, anti-apartheid movements began in several

Western countries (such as the UK, the USA and the Netherlands),
emphasizing against the system of governance in South Africa and
additionally its neighboring states, South-West Africa and Rhodesia. These
movements blasted in the late 1960s and called for a series of economic,
trade, and cultural boycotts against these regimes. For many, the Third
World, apartheid was an anomaly in the post-war era, which should have
been relegated to history like Nazism, fascism and European colonialism.

The Struggle for Independence

In 1962 the Rhodesia Front Party (RF) won the elections under the
leadership of Winston Field. It soundly dismissed an accommodationist
arrangement and honed racial polarization. The black majority hoped that
the British government would end white minority rule. Against this
backing, in the 1965 general election, Smith received his mandate to
pursue independence vigorously and if necessary illegally and unilaterally.

Likewise in 1966, South-West Africa People's Organization's (SWAPO)

military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) started
guerrilla assaults on South African bases, invading the domain from bases
in Zambia. The General Assembly with the forced of the Namibian leaders
resolved to terminate the mandate and subsequently a council for
Namibias Independence was set up to remove the presence of South
Africa in their land. Applications by Liberia and Ethiopia to the
International Court of Justice for an order compelling South African to
comply with the terms of its mandate to which the ICJ in June 1971 termed
the South African Activity as Illegal.

Post this judgment, many rebellions and protests took place to end the
South African Regime & the European- Minority rule. By 9 February 1990,
the Constituent Assembly in Namibia had drafted and adopted a
constitution. Independence Day on 21 March 1990, was attended by
numerous international representatives, including the main players, the
UN

Apartheid in Southern African

Countries of Namibia & Rhodesia

Secretary-General Javier Prez de Cullar and President of South Africa F

W de Klerk, who jointly conferred formal independence on Namibia.

Mozambique and Angola, which were Portuguese colonies until 1974, also
gained their independence, which spurred the Zimbabwean national
liberation movement towards victory in its struggle against the
intervention of South Africa. Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, alongside Angola,
became the frontline warzone in Southern Africa, with the fight between
Patriotic Front (made up of the Soviet-backed ZAPU and the Chinese-
backed ZANU) and the Rhodesian/South African armed forces, supported
(at least by supply of weapons) by the US and the UK.

On 1 June 1979, the white minority that ruled Republic of Rhodesia was
briefly replaced by the Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia. In arrangement
for dominant part administer, the Lancaster House Agreement stipulated
that control over the nation be come back to the United Kingdom in
planning for decisions to be held in the spring of 1980. On 11 December
1979, the Constitution of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia (Amendment) (No. 4) Act
got Presidential Assent and Lord Soames arrived the following day to take
control. The name of the nation formally returned to Southern Rhodesia
right now, despite the fact that the name Zimbabwe Rhodesia stayed in a
large portion of the nation's organizations. From 12 December 1979, to 17
April 1980, Zimbabwe Rhodesia was again the British settlement of
Southern Rhodesia. On 18 April, Southern Rhodesia turned into the
autonomous Republic of Zimbabwe.8

8
Cited from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia

Case Study II:

The End of Apartheid

The African National Congress or the ANC was a group of Black South
Africans that opposed the policy of rule by racial segregation. ANC led by
Nelson Mandela held many protest marches and gave many passionate
speeches criticizing South Africas white leaders. On August 5, 1964
Mandela was arrested after a tip off from the American Central
Intelligence Agency led South African police to his hiding place. Mandela
was convicted of treason and sent to prison for life.

In late 1972 till 1973, South Africa witnessed a massive worker strike
when 30,000 workers refused to provide their labor. Though many strikes
did result in Wage increase, majority of them were called off as illegal.
Majority of the sectors were hit. Also there was a strike by 16000 black
municipal workers against the Durban Corporation.

In 1976, when a large number of black youngsters in Soweto, a dark

township outside Johannesburg, exhibited against the Afrikaans dialect
necessity for black African understudies, the police opened discharge with
poisonous gas and slugs. The challenges and government crackdowns
that took after, joined with the countrys economic fall, attracted more
global regard for South Africa and smashed all illusions that politically-
sanctioned racial segregation had conveyed peace or thriving to the
country. The United Nations General Assembly had condemned politically-
sanctioned racial segregation in 1973, and in 1976 the UN Security
Council voted to force an obligatory ban on the offer of arms to South
Africa. In 1985, the United Kingdom and United States forced monetary
authorizations on the nation.3

In the 1970s and 1980s The United Nations ventured up the weight on
South Africa to end politically-sanctioned racial segregation as Member
nations of the UN utilized financial endorses, for example, putting a ban
on certain South African items. Also participation in international events
like the Olympics was banned.

3
Cited from Racism & Apartheid in Southern Africa, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/

The End of Apartheid

Under pressure from the international community, the National Party
government of Pieter Botha sought to institute some reforms, including
abolition of the pass laws and the ban on interracial sex and marriage, but
in vain. By 1989 Botha was compelled to step aside for F.W. de Klerk. De
Klerk's administration thusly canceled the Population Registration Act, and
additionally the vast majority of the other enactment that shaped the
lawful premise for politically-sanctioned racial segregation. Klerk also took
back many stringent laws and was the protagonist for the release of
Nelson Mandela and many other political prisoners.

A new constitution, which enfranchised blacks and other racial groups,

took effect in 1994. South Africa held its first election where all races were
allowed to participate. Elections that year led to a coalition government
with a nonwhite majority, marking the official end of the apartheid
system. Nelson Mandela became the countries first Black President and
officially brought an end to the evil yet adhered practiced of Apartheid.

Expert Comments on the Topic

While international opposition to apartheid grew, the Nordic
countries and Sweden in particular provided both moral and
financial support for the ANC. On 21 February 1986 a week before
he was murdered Sweden's Prime Minister Olof Palme made the
keynote address to the Swedish People's Parliament Against
Apartheid held in Stockholm.6
Apartheid cannot be reformed; it has to be eliminated.
Rightly pointed out by the Lt. Former PM of Sweden that there was
no luring, no polishing or an option to Apartheid, it just had to be
halted and wiped out of the society. This was said in the decade
where, majority of the world was turning up against the policy to
end the discriminatory rule. This regime was legally practiced for 46
Years and unofficially functioned for over a century before.
 Recognition among the masses and by the globe meant that this
had to end. This statement had a motivating effect for the ANC and
served as a threat to the practitioners.
The Face of South Africas Apartheid struggle , Nelson Mandela
during his prison days in June 1980 said:9
Between the anvil of united mass action and the hammer
of the armed struggle we shall crush apartheid and white
minority racist rule."
The above quote shows the bulldog tenacity of the leader, who
never gave up for his country and his people. Serving over 25 years
in exile, he opposed the system of governance in every way he
could. He also called for a united and a well-organized form of
struggle against the white minority rule but also added a glimpse of
the capabilities of the black suppressed majority but threatening an
armed revolution. Also interpreted that this armed revolution isnt
against the hatred against the white Europeans but against the
practices they preach which had to be put to an end. This
motivating and powerful figure later became the First Black
President of his nation and led his nation to the path of communal
development.

6
Referred from Apartheid, https://en.wikipedia.org/
9
Taken from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-life-quotes

Expert Comments on the Topic

Frederik Willem de Klerk who served as the President of South Africa
and was a major figure in the end of Apartheid in the state said10:
When I talk about the end of apartheid, I prefer not to
claim the honor that I have ended it.
This statement by the then President of the Apartheid practising
government brings out the humanitarian opinions of some of the
leaders preaching this practice. He was one of the enlightened
persons and considered the threat involved continuing the
 segregation when the economy was down, embargos signed and
civil war in the nation. He was also the man behind the release of
his successor- Nelson Mandela. Klerk through this statement
expresses his embarrassment for this inhuman form of governance
and also he doesnt wish to claim any honour because he thinks that
he ended what was cruel and against the societys well-being and
there is nothing to take credits for, as he repaired only what was
damaged the societys mind-set !

10
Referred to http://www.brainyquote.com/

Legacy

My perception on apartheid is that it was completely irrational. According

to Locke, there are certain inalienable rights that a person is born with.
The Afrikaners, the aristocrats of the apartheid government took all the
rights to live and the rights to freedom of personal liberty, and confined it
to themselves. Using this policy, they discriminated and segregated the
society and enforced laws. The whole society was divided and that too on
the basis of race! Separate amenities for the blacks in every aspect-
separate hospitals, separate schools, separate parks, separate jobs,
separate services and the cherry on the cake with separate housing! Also,
only the working-class blacks were allowed to settle in the cities, whereas
their families had to stay in a different arrangement! How can one be
squeezed and squeezed and later asked to follow obtuse regulations and
doesnt have any support of ones own?

Also to comment on Nelson Mandelas sentence; Yes, he was the face of

the political regression, yes, he gathered people for his cause, yes, he
protested against the set rules but was he a criminal? A lifetime
imprisonment sentence is that what right-thinking oppressors deserve?
And we could see the Western colonies and the so-called advanced
societies join the opposition for the apartheid government at the time
protests were at a high. Were they unaware about the policies before?
Couldnt they sign the embargos at first and nip the bud when it was
young? Couldnt support be made to the ANC at its prime and perhaps
could have ended the reign of tyranny much earlier than it actually did?

For me, this was rightfully called as one of the worst political tragedies
and a witness to high levels of racial discriminations. With only the blacks
performing the physically bonded labour and the whites enjoying privilege
positions; and moreover, the workers being inadequately paid and all this
being legalized! This isnt the duty of the sovereign. The sovereign is
expected to work for the social upliftment of the politically subject, and
not to degrade them. Here, the sovereign did work for the betterment but
only of the one class of their own the minority whites. The power of
issuing commands was used incisively and

Legacy
wrongly and it led to nothing but hatred among the oppressed and proud
among the oppressors.

However, would there have been an instinct of communal well-being and

communal harmony, perhaps the topic of this research wouldnt be
existent at all. Apartheid or the feeling of being apart wouldnt be a term
every political studies student knew. The blacks would be regarded in the
same level as the whites are. No racism would have existed, and no
grudge for the same.

Twenty-first century South Africa is one of the greatest examples that

have evolved for communal harmony. Post the 1994 elections, and the
new constitution, equal rights and equal opportunities were guaranteed to
all. Any kind of political segregation was revoked and one was free of his
will to settle. The constitution of South Africa is one of the well-drafted
ones and is admired by all democracies.

Today exists no feeling of oppression and any insight of discrimination as

such. South Africa has emerged as one the greatest economies and a
developing country cum tourist hub. South Africa prospered and became
the first African country to host the FIFA World Cup in 2010. Also major
events, political organizations and meets are planned in South Africa for
their exotic way of life and a beautiful shared culture.

Salute to the people who worked for the equality and to bring their
homeland to a stage where all would work together and achieve the
development goals!

Bibliography
The following books and websites were referred to for the project:
 Standard IX (CBSE) Democratic Politics-I Text book, NCERT,(2007)
Standard X (CBSE) Democratic Politics-II Text book, NCERT,(2007)
The Rise and Fall of Apartheid, Available at:
http://www.lindenwood.edu/jigs/docs/volume2Issue1/bookReviews/1
46-148.pdf
(Last checked on August 7, 2015 at 1800 hrs.)
History of Namibia, Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Namibia#The_struggle_for_i
ndependence (Last checked on August 7, 2015 at 2100 hrs.)
Namibia and Apartheid, Available at:
http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/namibia-apartheid-
resistance-and-repression-1945-1966
(Last checked on August 7,2015 at 2130 hrs.)

1. The Apartheid, available at: http://www.history.com/topics/apartheid

(Last viewed on August 7, 2015 at 1605 hrs.)
2. History of Africa, available at:
http://www.africanafrican.com/folder10/alot%20of%20african
%20american%20history%20in%20pdf%20doc
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http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0001/000122/012289eo.pdf
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4. Liz Sonneborn, The End of Apartheid in South Africa, (2010)
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7. Rhodesia and Apartheid South Africa, available at:
https://hatfulofhistory.wordpress.com/2015/06/19/rhodesia-and-
apartheid-south-africa-in-the-far-right-popular-imagination/
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8. Rhodesia, Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia
(Last checked on August 7, 2015 at 1950 hrs.)