CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Significant interest that advanced materials challenges today is a result of
progressive developing of materials properties and broadening of their
application field. Assuming that composition, homogeneity, particle size and
shape of starting powders determine in the great part the final materials features,
the first step aiming toward their improvement is developing of deferent
methods with controllable and adjustable processing parameters for defined fine
powder production.

1.1 Benefits of an aerosol

Safety: Aerosol containers are hermetically sealed, their contents cannot
leak.
Resource Efficiency: Aerosol containers are designed to deliver the right
amount of product exactly where its needed. Using an aerosol package
reduces waste and post-consumer aerosol containers are recyclable.
Cost-Effectiveness: Aerosol dispensers control the particle size, the
spray pattern, the volume dispensed and the concentration of the spray for
maximum effectiveness. The hermetically sealed package protects the
product and extends its useful life.
Clean and Sanitary Use: Aerosol products can be applied without
contact, while protecting users from germs and, in case of burns or
lacerations, with a minimum of pain. In addition, the sealed package
prevents any product contamination.

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1.2 Types of Aerosol
Solution System
Water based system
Suspension System
Foam System
Aqueous stable foams
Non-Aqueous Stable foams
Quick Breaking foams
Thermal foams
Intra Nasal Aerosols

Fig 1 Types of aersols system

1.2.1 Solution System

When liquefied gases (CFC, HCFC, HFC, hydrocarbons) are used as
propellants, one of two systems can be formulated. The two phase system is the
simplest system. Here the product concentrate is dissolved or dispersed in
liquefied propellant and solvents creating a homogenous system. The
propellants exist in both the liquefied phase and the vapor phase. When the
aerosol valve is actuated, some liquefied propellant and solvent containing the
product concentrate is emitted from the container. These aerosols are designed
to produce a fine mist or wet spray by taking advantage of the large expansion
of the propellant when it enters room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

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The two phase system is commonly used to formulate aerosols for inhalation or
nasal application.

Fig 2 water based system

1.2.2 Water Based System

A three phase system (i.e., a heterogeneous system) is made up a layer of water
immiscible liquid propellant, a layer of propellant immiscible liquid (usually
water) which contains the product concentrate, and the vapor phase. This type
of system is used when the formulation requires the presence of a liquid phase
that is not propellant miscible. When the aerosol valve is actuated, the pressure
of the vapor phase causes the liquid phase to rise in the dip tube and be expelled
from the container. If the product is to maintain the liquefied gas reservoir, the
dip tube must not extend beyond the aqueous phase. Sometimes it is desirable to
have some liquefied propellant mixed with the aqueous phase to facilitate in the
dispersion of the spray or to create a foam. In this case, the container should be
shaken immediately prior to use.

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 Fig 3 Emulsion or Suspension

1.2.3 Colloidal Suppression

It is important to note that when one gas is mixed with another gas, a
homogeneous mixture is formed i.e. gases are completely miscible into each
other. Colloidal dispersions are heterogeneous in nature and gas dispersed in
another gaseous medium does not form colloidal system.

When the dispersion medium is gas, the solution is called Aerosol and when the
dispersion medium is liquid, the colloidal dispersion is known as Sol. Sols can
further be classified into different types depending upon the liquid used.

If the liquid used is water, the solution is Hydrosol or Aquasol.

If liquid used is Benzene, the solution is Benzosol
If liquid used is Alcohol, the solution is Alcosol
If any organic compound is used, the solution is Organosol

1.2.4 Foam System

They contain Dispersion of AI, aqueous vehicle, surfactant and propellantand
Liquefied propellant used as internal phase.

1.2.5 Aqueous Stable foam

Active Ingredients oil waxes O/W surfactant, Water and hydrocarbon propellant

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1.2.6 Non Aqueous stable foam
These are prepared by using Glycol Emulsifiying agent used this type PEG
Esters

1.2.7 Quick breaking foam

The product is dispensed as foam which then collapsed into liquid. Useful for
topical medication.

1.2.8 Thermal Foams

Used for shaving and it is not in use these days.

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 CHAPTER 2

APPLICATIONS OF AEROSOLS

2.1 List of Applications

Aerosol Sprays
Atomizer Nozzle
Electrospray
Vibrating orifice Aerosol generator

Fig 4 Aerosol Spray

2.1.1 Aerosol Spray

Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of
liquid particles. This is used with a can or bottle that contains a payload
and propellant under pressure. When the container's valve is opened, the
payload is forced out of a small hole and emerges as an aerosol or mist. As
propellant expands to drive out the payload, only some propellant evaporates
inside the can to maintain a constant pressure. Outside the can, the droplets of
propellant evaporate rapidly, leaving the payload suspended as very fine

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particles or droplets. Typical payload liquids dispensed in this way are
insecticides, deodorants and paints.

Applications
Paint Spray Cans
Pain Relevant

Safety Measures

There are three main areas of health concern linked to aerosol cans:

Aerosol contents may be deliberately inhaled to achieve intoxication from

the propellant (known as inhalant abuse or "huffing"). Calling them "canned
air" or "cans of compressed air" could mislead the ignorant to think they are
harmless. In fact, death has resulted from such misuse.

Aerosol burn injuries can be caused by the spraying of aerosol directly

onto the skin, in a practice sometimes called "frosting". Adiabatic
expansion causes the aerosol contents to cool rapidly on exiting the can.

The propellants in aerosol cans are typically combinations of ignitable

gases and have been known to cause fires and explosions.

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 Fig 5 Atomizer Nozzle

2.1.2 Nebulizer or Atomizer Nozzle

An atomizer nozzle can take on many forms. The first atomizer nozzle, also
called an aspirator nozzle, was invented by Dr. Thomas DeVilbiss of Toledo,
Ohio, in the late 19th century for producing a fine spray of a liquid based on
the Venturi effect. His device was used for spraying medicine on the back of his
patients' throats. Atomizer nozzles can create atomization from a variety of
mechanical means, which includes but is not limited to electrostatics
processes, ultrasonic nozzle and centrifugal forces.

Applications

Atomizer nozzles are used for spraying perfumes, for applying paint, in fuel
injection systems, and in spray drying installations.

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 Fig 6 Working of Aerosol Spray

2.1.3 Electrospray

The name electrospray is used for an apparatus that employs electricity to

disperse a liquid or for the fine aerosol resulting from this process. High voltage
is applied to a liquid supplied through an emitter (usually a glass or metallic
capillary). Ideally the liquid reaching the emitter tip forms a Taylor cone, which
emits a liquid jet through its apex. Varicose waves on the surface of the jet lead
to the formation of small and highly charged liquid droplets, which are radially
dispersed due to Coulomb repulsion.

Applications

To provide a coat over metal bodies using high voltage electricity operated by
professionals.

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 Fig 7 Outline od VOGA

2.1.4 Vibrating Orifice Aerosol Generator (VOGA)

Uniform particle creation is critical for successful aerosol research control

experiment and proper instrument calibration require a generation source that
guarantees production of uniform, monodisperse particles. The Vibrating Orifice
Aerosol Generator produces sold or liquid aerosols from a wide variety of
solutions. It creates aerosol particles that are uniform size, density, shape and
surface characteristics. The VOAG integrated design makes it easy to start
adjust. Liquid flow, dispersion air dilution air, and oscillation frequency can be
conveniently monitored and controlled from the front panel.

Applications

Generation of micrometer particles of known size from any material that can be
put into solution with a volatile solvent.

2.2 Stability of Aerosol Generated Particles

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Stability of nanoparticle agglomerates is critical for estimating size distribution
of aerosolized particles from nano-powders or other sources. At nanotechnology
workplaces, workers can be exposed via inhalation to potentially toxic
substances during handling and processing of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles in
the air often form agglomerates due to attractive inter-particle forces, such as
van der Waals force or electrostatic force if the particles are charged. As a result,
aerosol particles are usually observed as agglomerates rather than individual
particles. For exposure and risk assessments of airborne nanoparticles, it is
important to know about the size distribution of aerosols. When inhaled by
humans, particles with different diameters are deposited in varied locations of
the central and periphery respiratory system. Particles in nanoscale have been
shown to penetrate the air-blood barrier in lungs and be translocated into
secondary organs in the human body, such as the brain, heart and liver.
Therefore, the knowledge on stability of nanoparticle agglomerates is important
for predicting the size of aerosol particles, which helps assess the potential risk
of them to human bodies.

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 CHAPTER 3

ATHMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS AND EFFECT

3.1 Atmospheric Aerosols

Three types of atmospheric aerosol have a significant effect on Earth's climate:

volcanic; desert dust; and human-made. Volcanic aerosol forms in the
stratosphere after an eruption as droplets of sulfuric acid that can last up to two
years, and reflect sunlight, lowering temperature. Desert dust, mineral particles
blown to high altitudes, absorb heat and may be responsible for inhibiting storm
cloud formation. Human-made sulfate aerosols, primarily from burning oil and
coal, affect the behavior of clouds.

Although all hydrometeors, solid and liquid, can be described as aerosols, a

distinction is commonly made between such dispersions (i.e. clouds) containing
activated drops and crystals, and aerosol particles. Atmosphere of
Earth contains aerosols of various types and concentrations, including quantities
of:

Natural inorganic materials: fine dust, sea salt, water droplets.

Natural organic materials: smoke, pollen, spores, bacterial

Anthropogenic products of combustion such as: smoke, ashes or dusts

3.2 Effects of Aerosols

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 Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of sulphuric acid, hydrogen
sulphide and hydrochloric acid into the atmosphere. These gases
represent aerosols and eventually return to earth as acid rain, having a
number of adverse effects on the environment and human life.

When aerosols absorb pollutants, it facilitates the deposition of pollutants

to the surface of the earth as well as to bodies of water. This has the
potential to be damaging to both the environment and human health.

Aerosol particles with an effective diameter smaller than 10 m can enter

the bronchi, while the ones with an effective diameter smaller than 2.5
m can enter as far as the gas exchange region in the lungs, which can be
hazardous to human health.

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 CONCLUSION

Aerosol sprays are very significant in areas of medicine. Majority

of medicines that are used to cure the respiratory problems work
using the principle of Aerosols.

In industries the aerosol spray are used to provide Nano coating

over various metal applications.

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 REFERENCES
1. Harris.T.A. Aerosols Materials, New York, John Wiley, (1966), p.148.
2. NASA Reference Publication 1105, (June 1983)
3. vi.scribd.com/presentation/30772338/Bearing-2007-08
4. Hamrock B.J, Fundamentals of fluid film lubrication. Singapore, Mc-
Graw Hill (1994)

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