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1. The study of learning in the 20th century was characterized by a major paradigm shift from:
a. stimulus reinforcement
b. stimulus conditioning
c. stimulus substitution
d. stimulus discrimination
3. Which of the sequences correctly describes Pavlovs classical conditioning during the
training phase? (UCS: unconditioned stimulus; UCR: unconditioned response; CS: conditioned
stimulus.)
a. UCS UCR CS
b. UCS CS UCR
c. CS UCS UCR
d. CS UCR UCS
4. Systematic desensitization is used to treat phobia patients. Which of the following is its
theoretical basis?
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. successive approximation
d. response facilitation
5. Which one of the following responses is most likely learned through classical conditioning?
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IMTB for Learning and Cognition
7. A child becomes fearful of parades because every time a parade goes through his town, there are
loud cannons and gunshots at the end of the parade. A classical conditioning model could explain
this fear. In the model, the ____________ would be the conditioned stimulus and the
__________ would be the conditioned response.
a. Fearparade
b. loud gunshotsfear
c. paradeloud gunshots
d. paradefear
8. A misbehaving child is given time out. After several minutes of good behavior, the child is
then allowed to play with friends. Excusing the child from time out is an example of:
a. continuous reinforcement.
b. ratio-schedule reinforcement.
c. negative punishment.
d. negative reinforcement.
9. Imagine that you want to improve a distractible childs ability to sit still and listen in class.
Which one of the following procedures illustrates how you might start to use shaping to do so?
10. Skinners behaviorism lives! Which is not an example of behaviorisms continued influence
in education?
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Chapter 2: Behaviorism
a. information processing.
b. schema theory.
c. brain science.
d. behaviorism.
12. Which of the following is least compatible with Skinners theory of operant conditioning?
15. Near the end of class, a teacher gives students free study time. Which example of the
students behavior during the study time and the teachers response to that behavior best
illustrates negative reinforcement?
16. The reinforcement schedule that will produce the most robust behavior is:
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable interval
d. variable ratio
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IMTB for Learning and Cognition
17. What was it about Tolmans mice that seemed to be a challenge to behaviorist ideas?
18. George has learned that if he pesters his father about using the car enough times, his father
will eventually break down and give George the keys. Georges pestering behavior is apparently
being reinforced on a ______ schedule.
19. Operant conditioning is best able to explain which of the following psychopathologies?
a. phobias
b. depression
c. addictions
d. hallucinations
20. Thorndikes observations of a cat trying to escape a puzzle box led him to conclude that
learning is:
21. The major effect of Thorndikes research on the study of Latin was to cast into doubt:
a. Pavlov.
b. Skinner.
c. Bandura.
d. Simon.
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Chapter 2: Behaviorism
23. A behaviorist process of instruction involves identifying the goal of instruction and students
entry behavior, and then formulating substeps leading from the entry behavior to the terminal
behavior, with each substep representing a small modification of the preceding one. This process
is called:
a. generalization.
b. transfer.
c. higher-order conditioning.
d. shaping.
24. When training the dolphin to jump through a loop, the trainer starts at a height of one foot
above the water and increases the height one foot per week. Eventually the dolphin can jump
through a hoop ten feet above water. This is an illustration of:
a. deliberate practice.
b. trial-and-error.
c. shaping.
d. chaining.
25. Which of the following can be construed as evidence that behaviorism is not able to
account for all behavior?
Constructed Response
CR1. Explain, using a classical conditioning model, how a child could become fearful of riding a
school bus.
CR2. Describe two positive educational outcomes, one of which could arise from classical
conditioning, the other from operant conditioning.
CR3. You want to teach a child a new behavior pattern, and you are prepared to use rewards to
do so. At some point, however, you want to withdraw the rewards and have the behavior last as
long as possible. Whats the best strategy to accomplish these goals?
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IMTB for Learning and Cognition
CR4. Suppose you are teaching a class of six-graders. One of the students sitting in the back
seems not be able to sit still or pay attention to your instruction. He turns around to talk to his
neighbors, and passes notes to them. Using behaviorist principles, describe two approaches that
can you use to modify his behavior without inflicting punishment.
CR5. You want to teach Leon to catch a baseball. Describe how you might use "shaping" to
teach this skill. Specify: (a) an appropriate terminal behavior, (b) a reinforcer you might
reasonably use, and (c) the specific steps you would take during the shaping process.
Chapter 2: Answer Key
1 D 14 C
2 C 15 B
3 C 16 D
4 B 17 B
5 C 18 C
6 B 19 C
7 D 20 C
8 D 21 A
9 C 22 B
10 A 23 D
11 D 24 D
12 C 25 D
13 A
CR1: 2 pts.: Response must identify an averse stimulus, e.g. yelling bus driver.
2 pts.: Naturally aversive stimulus must connect experientially with riding on the bus. 1
pt.: Overall quality of response. No reference to operant terms such as reinforcement.
CR2: 2 pts.: Positive emotional association with school context, books, etc. (classical)
2 pts.: Regular participation in expected behaviors, such as completing homework.
(operant)
1 pt.: Overall quality of response.
CR3: 3 pts.: Best to start with continuous reinforcement every time desired behavior occurs.
2 pts.: Then switch to variable ratio reinforcement, which follows desired behavior
randomly.
CR4: 2 pts.: One approach is to use positive reinforcement to encourage the repetition of
desirable behavior when it occurs.
2 pts.: Another approach is to use negative punishment, which would entail removing the
student from the rewarding context of fellow students (i.e., time out).
1 pt.: Overall quality of response.