DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIO R

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH

THE COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RIC O
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORK S
AREA OF NATURAL RESOURCE S
AN D
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATIO N
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMEN T

METALLOGENIC MAP OF PUERTO RIC O

By
Dennis P . Cox and Reginald P . Briggs

MISCELLANEOUS GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATION S

MAP I-72 1

PUBLISHED BY THE U .S . GEOLOGICAL SURVE Y

WASHINGTON . D .C . 2024 2

1973

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVE Y
METALLOGENIC MAP OF PUERTO RIC O
By
Dennis P . Cox and Re4inald P . Brig s
INTRODUCTIO N
The purpose of a metallogenic map is to show the dis -
tribution of mineral deposits in relation to geologi c
factors, particularly those factors that have had an im-
portant influence on the formation of the deposits .
Other types of mineral resource maps aid the minera l
economist by showing graphically the relationship be-
tween important mineral deposits and population cen-
ters and transportation routes . (For a description o f
Puerto Rico's mineral resources with more emphasis o n
mineral economics see Briggs, 1969a) . The rnetallogeni c
map on the other hand is of principal benefit to the pros -
pector and economic geologist because it outlines targe t
areas where certain types of deposits may he found .
Consequently, metallogenic maps, especially large -
scale ones such as this, may show mineral occurrence s
which in themselves are far too small to have economi c
significance . Taken together however, such occurrence s
may delineate trends which guide the geologist in th e
search for concealed deposits of greater value . This map ,
then, is not meant to illustrate the present mineral wealt h
of Puerto Rico, but rather is intended as a prospectin g
tool .
It should also be emphasized that maps of this typ e
can never he considered final . With new mineral dis-
coveries, with new demands for minerals not now con-
sidered valuable, and (or) with increased geologic know -
ledge, new trends develop and new target areas for ex-
ploration may be revealed .
GEOLOGIC FRAMEWOR K
Puerto Rico is readily divided into three broad geo-
logic provinces . The largest of these is the mountainou s
volcanic-plutonic province, commonly called the "olde r
complex " , that is underlain chiefly by volcanic and plu-
tonic rocks ranging in age from Early Cretaceous to mid -
dle Eocene . This province extends from coast to coas t
east-west across the island and contains nearly all of th e
metalliferous deposits . Resting on the flanks of thi s
volcanic-plutonic core are the northern and souther n
limestone provinces in which bedrock is composed o f
rnarine sedimentary rocks, chiefly limestone . that range
in age from early Oligocene to middle Miocene . Sur-
ficial deposits mantle more than 15 percent of the area o f
Puerto Rico . These are composed of subaerial, alluvial ,
and marine materials that were deposited from Miocen e
time to the present . The surficial deposits are concen-
trated predominantly in plains and filled valleys along th e
coasts and in a few large interior valleys ( Weaver, 1961) .
1
TO ACCOMPANY MAP I-'2 1
The oh'aoic-plutonic proriuceThe structure of th e
volcanic-plutonic province is dominated by broad fold s
and by extensive fault systems along which appreciabl e
transcurrent movement has occurred, for the most par t
in a left-lateral sense . Both faults and fold axes are ori-
ented chiefly along west to northwest trends, althoug h
major faults also occur with other orientations (Briggs ,
1964) . Relatively shallow gravity gliding on a large scal e
has occurred in southern Puerto Rico (Glover and Matt -
son, 1960), hut no conclusive evidence for the presence o f
deep-seated thrust faults has been found .
Two zones of transcurrent faults in particular serve t o
define subprovinces of the "older comple x " . One of thes e
zones, the great northern Puerto Rico fault zone, extend s
from the Vieques Sound near Puerto de Humacao west-
ward to a point about :35 kilometers west-southwest o f
San Juan where it is overlapped by middle Tertiary rocks .
Total offset on this fault zone may be well over 60 kilo-
meters in a left-lateral sense (Briggs and Pease, 1968) .
The other, the great southern Puerto Rico fault zone, ex -
tends from the coast about 10 kilometers north o f
Mayagez east-southeastward to a point near Ponc e
where it too is overlapped by younger units . Left-latera l
displacement along this zone may be greater than tha t
along the northern zone, for lithostratigraphic and struc-
tural contrasts are greater across this zone .
The ee,it,'oI colcunic-plutonie sirbproriuce The old-
est rocks described from the central volcanic-plutonic
subprovince are chiefly massive volcanic breccias tha t
contain occasional limestone lenses near the top of th e
breccia section . Near the San Lorenzo batholith thes e
limestones are thermally metamorphosed and are th e
host rocks for magnetite-chalcopyrite deposits (localit y
:38-9 and others) . Fossils from limestones have bee n
assigned to the upper part of the Lower Cretaceou s
(Briggs, 1969) . No fossils have been identified from rock s
stratigraphically beneath, so one can say only that th e
oldest known rocks in the central subprovince are Earl y
Cretaceous in age . Overlying the breccia section ar e
Lower Cretaceous (Albian) to Upper Cretaceous (San-
tonia n '') thin-bedded tuffaceous sandstone and siltston e
intercalated with basalt and andesite pillow lava, basal t
aquagene tuff, and basalt and andesite volcanic hrecci a
(Berryhill and Glover, 1960 ; Pease and Briggs, 19(30 :
Briggs and Celahert, 1962 ; Barr}hill . 1965 : Nelson an d
Monroe, 1966 : Nelson,1967 :Mattson,1968h ;Briggs,1969) .
Resting with partial unconformity on this moderatel y
well bedded section are sequences containing marin e
and non-marine tuffaceous conglomerate, limestone ,
marine and subaerial tuff, and subaerial volcanic brec-
cias of Late Cretaceous (Santonian? to Maestrichtian )
age (Glover, 1961 ; Berryhill, 1965 ; Nelson and Monroe ,
1966 ; Mattson, 1968b) .
Tuffaceous rocks and limestone of Paleocene to mid-
dle Eocene age overlie the Cretaceous rocks, also wit h
partial unconformity (Glover and Mattson, 1967 ;
Nelson, 1967b ; Mattson, 1968a, 1968b) . In south -
central Puerto Rico where these rocks are complexl y
involved in a gravity glide series, limestone is the hos t
rock for manganese deposits of small to moderate siz e
(48-3 and others) .
One of the chief characteristics differentiating th e
central subprovince from those on the southwest an d
northeast is the presence within this crustal block o f
large plutonic bodies . The San Lorenzo and Utuad o
batholiths and numerous smaller bodies occupy per-
haps 20 percent of the outcrop area of the central sub -
province (Briggs, 1964) . The age of intrusion appears
to be centered at about the close of the Cretaceou s
Period, for Upper Cretaceous units have been intruded
(Glover, 1961 ; Briggs and Gelabert, 1962 ; Berryhill ,
1965 ; Nelson, 1967b), but middle Eocene rocks rest o n
exposed plutonic rocks (Mattson, 1966, 1968b) . Grano -
diorite makes up the bulk of larger plutonic bodies ,
but diorite, quartz diorite, gabbro, and quartz monzo-
nite also are common (Weaver, 1958 ; Broedel, 1961 ;
Nelson, 1967b ; Mattson, 1968a) . A group of quartz
diorite porphyry stocks of Eocene age has been recog-
nized along the south border of the Utuado batholith .
These include the copper-mineralized stocks at Tanam
and Rio Viv .
The southwestern volcanic-plutonic subprovince
The chief characteristics of the southwestern volcanic -
plutonic subprovince that differentiate it from the re-
mainder of Puerto Rico are the presence there of larg e
bodies of serpentinite and of extensive thick marin e
limestones (Mattson, 1960) . The serpentine provides
the bedrock source for laterite deposits containin g
nickel, iron and cobalt . Plutonic bodies of any siz e
are rare . The oldest rocks in the area are included in th e
Bermeja Complex of Mattson (1960) which contain s
the serpentinite as well as amphibolite, chert, and meta-
morphosed volcanic rocks . The Bermeja probably i s
Early Cretaceous in age .
Overlying the Bermeja Complex is a sequence of lava ,
agglomerate, marine limestone, mudstone, and tuf f
which is mostly if not entirely Late Cretaceous in age .
Resting on this sequence are strata of Paleocene an d
Eocene age, including lavas, breccias, tuffs, and re -
worked volcanic rocks (Mattson, 1960) .
The northeastern volcanic-plutonic subprovince
The northeastern volcanic-plutonic subpro ince i s
complex both structurally and stratigraphically . O n
the west, lava and related volcaniclastic strata of prob-
able Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) age rest on a thic k
sequence of well stratified tuff, breccia, and lava of un -
certain age (Pease, 1968b) . On the east, breccias and
2
tuffs of Cenomanian Age rest on a very thick sequenc e
of Lower Cretaceous (Albian) well stratified tuff an d
breccia (Seiders, 1971a) which in turn rests on an olde r
lava . The base of this section has not yet been mapped .
Overlying the Cenomanian rocks is a thick sequenc e
of Upper Cretaceous well-stratified tuff with som e
breccia, limestone, and lava . These are overlain dis-
conformably by lower Tertiary volcanic breccia, tuff ,
limestone, and well stratified siltstone (Pease, 1968a ;
Seiders,1971b) .
Although strata of the northeastern subprovince ar e
widely altered hydrothermally, only one large intrusiv e
body, the Rio Blanco stock, crops out in the subprov-
ince (Seiders,1971a) .
The northern and southern limestone provinces .
After middle Eocene time extensive uplift occurred a -
long an east-west axis . Erosion and subsequent depres-
sion of the Puerto Rico area was accompanied by
deposition of the nonvolcanic rocks of the norther n
and southern limestone provinces . Strata of the large r
of these two, the northern province, include only slightl y
deformed marine limestone, marl, claystone and sub -
ordinate dolomite that dip gently northward (Zapp
and others, 1948 ; Monroe, 1966) . The southern lime -
stone province is similar lithologically, but is highl y
faulted in comparison to the northern province (W . H .
Monroe,written commun .,1970) . The limestones of th e
northern province display a striking karst topograph y
(Monroe, 1968) . In the southern province karst devel-
opment is relatively minor .
Swrficial deposits .These deposits include the blan-
ket sands of Miocene to Holocene age which are wide -
spread in the karst areas of northern Puerto Ric o
(Briggs, 1966), Pleistocene eolianite and marine cal-
carenite along the north and west coasts (Kaye, 1959a) ,
and Holocene alluvial, swamp, delta, piedmont, beach ,
and dune deposits. Large landslide deposits are promi-
nent features in some areas (Pease and Briggs, 1960 ;
Monroe, 1964, 1967), and high-level weathered terrac e
deposits occur that may be as old as middle Tertiary i n
age .
Erosion surfaces bearing residual and transported lat-
eritic earth are relics of ancient sea stands to levels as hig h
as perhaps 800 meters (Weaver, 1960, 1968) . One of th e
more prominent of these surfaces is about 600 meter s
elevation in central Puerto Rico, and has been assigned
a tentative Miocene age (Briggs, 1960) . Most of the ero -
sion surfaces have been dissected extensively and som e
have been warped . Stepped relationships suggest tha t
some surfaces have been faulted . One nickeliferous lat-
erite deposit (28-2) occupies a surface ranging from abou t
15 to 100 m elevation, another (29-1) is on a surface tha t
rises from about 50 m on the west to about 400 m on th e
east, and one of the smaller deposits (30-3) occurs a s
high as 880 m in elevation (Heidenreich and Reynolds ,
1959) .
METALLOGENIC MA P
Symbols .The map shows 184 mineral occurrences ,
prospects, small mines, and important ore deposits . The
nature of each occurrence or deposit is shown on the ma p
by a colored symbol and on the accompanying listing b y
a corresponding alphanumeric code . The symbol an d
code describe the metal or metals contained in the de -
posit, the nature of the plutonic igneous rock that is mos t
closely associated with the deposit, and the type of hydro -
thermal alteration that accompanied the mineralization .
The size of the deposit and its geologic type are shown ,
as well as the type and age of the volcanic or sedimentar y
host rocks .
Ore and gangue minerals are listed on the map for mos t
of the localities, but stress is laid on the primary mineral s
of the deposit rather than on those produced durin g
weathering . All copper deposits on the island contai n
some malachite or azurite, for example, and all of th e
manganese deposits are composed mainly of comple x
oxide minerals . Repetitious listing of these minerals i s
avoided .
The accompanying listing shows, in addition to th e
code, the map number, latitude and longitude and bib-
liographic references for each point . For deposits o f
wide areal extent, the latitude and longitude represen t
the approximate center of the deposit .
The metallogenic code and symbol system is modifie d
from the system adopted by the North American Metal-
logenic Map Committee . Modifications, which wer e
necessary because of the small size and limited numbe r
of geologic environments of the map area and the abs-
sence of certain types of deposits, have resulted in th e
omission of some numbers from the code used herein .
In general, however, this map is compatible with th e
metallogenic maps of Central America (at 1 :2,000,000 )
and North America (at 1 :5,000,000) .
Interpretation .On examination of the map, a few
clusters, trends and associations of mineral occurrence s
can be seen that have interesting geologic connotations .
For example, copper deposits and occurrences form a n
almost continuous belt along the south side of the Utuad o
batholith . Chalcopyrite is the main hypogene ore min -
eral ; magnetite and pyrite are abundant gangue minerals .
Molybdenite is a rare associate of chalcopyrite . Hydro -
thermal alteration is widespread along this belt, an d
altered quartz diorite porphyry is the host rock in the lar -
gest deposits at Tanam (17-3) and Rio Viv (32-8, 32 -
10) . Probably all of these deposits are younger than th e
Utuado batholith which locally is itself hydrothermall y
altered and mineralized . Rather the deposits are mos t
closely associated with Eocene porphyry stocks whic h
were intruded along the flank of the batholith .
Occurrences of zinc and zinc-copper in small veins are
roughly peripheral to this belt as would be expected in a
typical zonal relationship .
Another cluster of points is found associated with th e
Morovis stock . Small veins, containing digenite or chal-
copyrite-bornite, or sphalerite-galena-barite in a
gangue of quartz, carbonates and zeolites, are foun d
around the exposed south side of this stock and of th e
small neighboring pluton to the west . High silver values
are characteristic of these occurrences and suggest that
3
this cluster is genetically distinct from the larger grou p
of copper deposits to the southwest .
Manganese deposits and small copper veins occu r
discontinuously along the southwest flank of the centra l
volcanic-plutonic subprovince and are most numerous
around the Juana Daz manganese mine (48-3) near th e
south coast of the island . These deposits contain mainl y
secondary manganese oxides and copper carbonates ,
and the nature of their hypogene minerals is not clear .
Remnants of rhodonite, quartz, calcite and epidote are
present in two of the manganese deposits, and nativ e
copper, tetrahedrite(?), and chalcocite are found at on e
of the copper occurrences (14-2) . Two other small man-
ganese deposits and a copper occurrence (21-1, 21-2 ,
21-3) are found on the north flank of the central sub-
province . This suggests that manganese and associate d
copper mineralization was controlled by the two majo r
zones of transcurrent faults that separate the subprov-
inces .
Nickel, iron, and cobalt are concentrated in lateriti c
soils overlying the serpentine bodies in the southwester n
subprovince . Intensive chemical weathering produce d
the soils, residually enriched in metals .
Dolomite is present in moderate to large quantities i n
the Northern Limestone Province (Vzquez and others ,
1957) . The largest potential source of dolomite is Isla d e
Mona which apparently is composed chiefly of a calciti c
dolomite unit capped by a relatively thin limestone unit .
Isla de Mona also is the site of small to moderate-size d
cave phosphorite or guano deposits . This material form s
deposits locally as thick as 3 .5 m on the floors of caves
which are developed chiefly in the lower 10 m of the lime -
stone unit where this zone crops out in the steep cliffs tha t
surround the island. Map symbols on the island sho w
points where samples analyzed as dolomite have bee n
collected and show also the chief caves from which phos -
phorite was mined in the period 1877 to 1924 .
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4
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5
 UNPUBLISHED DAT A J . M . Aaro n Kennecott Copper Corporation
American Meta l A . F . Koebl
Climax Corporatio n P . H . Mattso n
In addition to data derived from published source s H . M . Bannerma n D . H . McIntyr e
much information was obtained from unpublished re - W . R . Berge y J . P . Owen s
ports, maps and personal communication . Extensiv e J . F . Cadill a M . H . Pease, Jr .
mineral resources data collected by the late Carl H . J . Van N . Dorr I I V . M . Seider s
Broedel during the period 1957 to 1959 formed th e Lynn Glover II I T . R . Slodowsk i
basic framework around which this compilation wa s W . L . Heidenreic h M . D . Turne r
made . Other contributors of unpublished data are : C . A . Kaye L . Vzque z