HighwaysPracticeNote 033

CriteriaontheselectionofPedestrianFacilities
October2015
HPN Control Sheet
 HPN033

HPN Control Sheet & Metadata

HPN prepared by:

VickyDuff Highways T 08456037631

Network Management Group SeaxHouse,2ndFloor, E Vicky.duff@essexhighways.org
Manager VictoriaRoadSouth, W www.essex.gov.uk/highways
Chelmsford
Essex.CM11QH

HPNTitle HPN033CriteriaontheselectionofPedestrianFacilities
SubjectCategory TrafficManagement
Status Final
Revision
ControlDate 8thOctober2015

Record of Issue:

Issue Status Author

1 Final VickyDuff

Authorised by:

Name Title Date

LizBurr HeadofNetwork&Safety/TrafficManager 21/12/15

MarkRowe ServiceDirectorEssexHighways 17/12/15

DirectorforCommissioning:Transport&
PaulBird 22/12/15
Infrastructure

CllrECJohnson CabinetMemberforHighwayDelivery 20/01/16

1
 HPN033

ContentsPage

Number Item Page

1 Scope 3

2 Background 3

3 Practice 4

4 Calculation 4

5 SiteAssessment 7

6 OptionAssessment 8

7 StatutoryProcess 8

8 FacilitiesaspartofaDevelopmentManagementscheme 9

9 GeneralNotes 10

10 LinkingPolicy/Practice 10

11 WebTextExternal 11

12 InfoBaseTextInternal 11

13 CustomerTeamText 11

14 Appendices 11

2
 HPN033

1. Scope

In2013thethenCabinetMemberfollowingaquestionatfullcouncilinstructedthat
officersshouldapplyatransparentandrigoroustestagainstsafetycriteria/policy
(includingthePV2calculation)forrequestsforpedestrianfacilities.Toensure
consistentandtransparentadvicetoLocalHighwayPanelsastowherepedestrian
crossingsmeetsafetycriteria/policyandwheretheyarenotappropriate.Toensurea
methodologyisappliedtoproposalsfromdevelopersforpossiblesites,thispractice
noteidentifiesthemethodsandcriteriausedtojustifytheintroductionofanew
pedestriancrossingortheupgradingofaZebraCrossingtosignalcontrolled.

2.Background

Before1995DepartmentforTransportguidancesuggestedthattheinstallationof
formalpedestriancrossingfacilitiesshouldbeassessedonthebasisofthePV2value
(thefactorofthesquareofthevehicleflow(V)atthelocationandthevolumeof
pedestrianscrossing(P))Itwassuggestedthatifthearithmeticaverageofthefour
highesthourlyvaluesoveratypicaldayexceeded100million(108)aformalcrossing
pointmaybejustifiedandshouldbeconsidered.Theuseofthisformulawasto
effectivelyevaluatethepotentialforconflictbetweenvehiclesandpedestrians.

Crossingsareprovidedasamenitiestogiveaccessandeasiermovementto
pedestrians.

TheDepartmentforTransportLocalTransportNote1/95TheAssessmentof
PedestrianCrossingsandLocalTransportNote2/95TheDesignofPedestrian
Crossingarethecurrentguidelinesnationally.Theseguidelinesencouragetheuseof
anassessmentmethodologytoencourageinformeddecisionstobemadeastothe
demandforacrossingandthetypeofcrossingbestsuited.Siteinformationisusedto
formulateasiteassessmentrecord.Thisisthenusedtocompleteanassessment
frameworkwhichhastwoparts;i)Thesiteassessment,andii)Anoptionassessment.

InEssexPV2wasusedasabasisforjustifyingtheinstallationofacrossinguptoabout
2005whenthereappearstohavebeenconflictinginformationgivenaboutits
continueduse.Ithashowever,continuedtobethestatisticalbasisfortheintroduction
ofSchoolCrossingPatrolOfficersbutthemethodologyusedisdifferentandcontained
withinSchoolCrossingPatrolService,Guidelines,andRevised2012.

Theuseofanassessmentmethodologyensuresthatdecisionsandconsequencesare
documentedandclearandvisibleforalltosee.Since1995otherHighwayAuthorities

3
 HPN033

havedevelopedmodifiedformulaetoensureaweightedsystemtakesaccountofthe
differenttypesofpedestriansandvehiclestoassesstheriskassociatedwithcrossing
roads.Severalofthesemodifiedformulaearecomplicatedandfollowingdetailed
researchinEssexasimplifiedoptionisbeingputforward.

OntheNetworkwheretherearesufficientcrossingopportunitiesmostindividualsare
abletocrosswithoutprovisionofacrossing.However,atsiteswithhighervehicle
flowseitherpedestriansorcertaintypesofpedestriansmayrequireacrossingfacility
toenablethemtocrosssafely.

Thepurposeofacrossingistoprovidepedestrianswithapassageacrossa
carriageway.Thetypeofcrossingshouldbeidentifiedfromthecircumstancesonsite
andthedemandsandbehaviourofroadusers.

Thedifficultyofcrossingatasiteisassessedbylookingatthegapsinthetrafficflow
whichmaybeperceivedbypedestriansasbeingsafetouse.Thisisreferredtoasgap
acceptance.Theaveragegapregardedasacceptablevariesaccordingtotheageand
abilityofthepedestrianandalltheconditionssurroundingthesite.Infreeflow
conditionsthegapsbetweensuccessivearrivalsarerandomlydistributedand
thereforearelativeshorttimewilloccurwhenlookingforanacceptablegap.
However,inthesecircumstancesspeedsarelikelytobehigherthannormalandthe
lengthofgaprequiredwillalsobelonger.

Thepresenceofnearbytrafficsignalcontrolledjunctionsorotherpedestriancrossings
willoftenproduceaplatoonvehicledistribution.Atsiteswherevehicleflowisheavily
platooned,crossingmaybevirtuallyimpossiblewhilsttheplatoonispassing,butthese
willusuallybefollowedbyperiodswherethereislessdifficultyincrossingasalthough
thewaitingtimemaybelongerbutthefirstavailablegapislikelytobegreater.

3.Practice

EssexwilladoptthegeneralprinciplesoutlinedinTheAssessmentofPedestrian
CrossingsLocalTransportNote1/95andTheDesignofPedestrianCrossingsLocal
TransportNote2/95.Inconjunctionwiththegeneralprinciplesofthetransportnotes
aweightedformulawillbeusedinEssexinordertoensurethateachsiteistreated
accordingtoitsownindividualcharacteristicsandsitelocation,takingfullaccountof
vehicleflow,pedestrianflow,vulnerableroadusers,sitecharacteristics,andcollisions.

4.Calculation

Asameasureofthedegreeofpedestrian/vehicleconflictPV2willbeusedinEssexin
conjunctionwiththeEssexSiteAssessmentasthebasisforassessingtheneedforthe

4
 HPN033

provisionofapedestriancrossingfacility.However,inordertotakeaccountof
currentroadconditionsaweightedfactorwillbeappliedtobothPandVtogivea
morerepresentativemeasurementofthedegreeofriskbasedonconflictassessment
incurrentconditions.Theweightedformulahasbeenbasedontheformulausedby
otherauthoritiesandprofessionalofficersexperience.Thepedestrianvolume(P)will
beweightedtoreflecttheproportionsofdisabled,elderlyandyoungrecordedatthe
site,andthevehiclevolume(V)willbeweightedtoidentifytheproportionoflarge
goodsvehiclesandbuses.

Siteswhichshowrecordedpedestrianpersonalinjurycasualtieswillbereferredtothe
RoadSafetyEngineeringTeamtoidentifyiftheprovisionofacrossingwouldaddress
thecollisionpattern.Theincidenceofpedestriancollisionsintheareaofstudywillalso
besubjecttoaweightedvalueC.Thefinalelementthatinfluencesthepedestrians
perceptionofsafelycrossingaroadisthespeedoftrafficandwidthoftheroadagain
EssexwilladoptaweightedvalueD.

Pedestrians(P)

Theaveragegapthatisseenasacceptabletopedestriansvariesaccordingtotheage
andabilityofthepedestrians.

UniversalPedestrians countas1

Under16spedestrians:.Schoolunaccompanied countas2

Pedestrians:Over65 countas2

Pedestrians:Visuallyimpaired countas3

Wheeledprams/pushchairs countas1.5

Wheelchairs countas3

Vehicles(V)

Pedestriandecisionsonwhenitissafetocrossacarriagewayareaffectedbytraffic
composition.Abusorlargegoodsvehicleisperceivedbypedestriansasnotbeingable
tostopquicklyintheeventofanemergencythestandardPV2formulatakesno
accountofthecompositionoftrafficallocatingallvehiclesavalueof1.Thereforea
weightedvaluewillbeallocatedtolargegoodsvehicles(includingbuses)intheEssex
SiteAssessment.

5
 HPN033

AllVehiclesnotdetailedbelow countas1

PSV,buses&coaches countas1.5

HGVs countas2

CollisionData(C)

PedestriancollisionswillbeidentifiedfromtheuseoftheEssexHighwayscollision
datasetaccessibleathttp://www.essexworkstraffweb.org.uk/.Theweightingapplied
willbeknownasthepedestriancollisionfactorCandwillbederivedfromtheformula
C=(10+N)
10
WhereN=thenumberofpedestrianinjurycollisionswithinthestudyareaduringthe
lastthreeyears,basedonaweightingof

Fatality Nx3
Serious Nx2
Slight Nx1

SiteDifficulty(D)

APedestriansexperienceofcrossingaroadisalsoinfluencedbyboththewidthofthe
roadandthespeedoftraffic.Thestandardwidthofanurbantwowayroadwitha
speedlimitof30mphistakenas7.3metres.Roadsthathavehigherspeedswillbe
additionallyweighted.
Twowayroadsupto30mphspeedlimit Actualwidth/7.3

Twowayroadsover30mphspeedlimit 1.2xactualwidth/7.3

Onewaysinglelaneroadsupto30mphspeedlimit 0.8xactualwidth/7.3

Onewaysinglelaneroadsover30mphspeedlimit Actualwidth/7.3

EssexAssessmentFormula

TheEssexadjustedassessmentformulacanbeexpressedas

CDPV2where

C=pedestriancollisionfactorweightonclassificationofinjury

D=difficultyfactor

P=Essexweightedsumofpedestrianmovements

6
 HPN033

V=Essexweightedvolumeoftraffic

Thetrafficvolumesfromthe4busiesthoursareselectedandsquared.Thisfigureis
themmultipliedbythecorrespondingfactoredpedestriancount,thendividedby10^8
toproduceanhourlyPV2.

Thecollisionfactormultipliedbythedifficultyfactor,furthermultipliedbytheEssex
PV2valueproducedtheCDPV2.

WherethevalueofCDPV2isbetween0.2and0.7x10^8thenacontrolledcrossing
wouldnotberecommended,andalternativessuchaspedestrianrefugeorzebra
crossingshouldbeconsidered.

WherethevalueofCDPV2isbelow0.2thenacrossingfacilitywouldnotnormallybe
justified,butthesitemaybereviewedonitsmeritswithregardtolocaland/orspecial
needsandmaythenbeconsideredwithafulldocumentedjustificationforfundingto
theCabinetMemberonaCMA.

5.SiteAssessment

ForallrequestsforaPedestrianCrossingFacilityviatheLocalHighwayPanelthe
RequestFormattachedAppendix1mustbecompleted.Iftheschemeisidentifiedto
progresstodesignthedesignteamwillundertakeamoredetailedsiteassessmentand
survey.

Thesurveyshouldincludeapproximately50metreseithersideofthesitebutmaybe
variedbytheexistenceofsideroads,andmajorentrancesorexits.Therationalforany
changesincriteriashouldbedocumentedontheRequestForm.

Caremustbetakenoverthepossiblelocationofthecrossing.Thesiteshouldbethe
appropriateplacetoattractthemostpedestrians,andonceinstalledwillbecomea
focusofconcentrationfordriversresultinginthepossibilitythattheareaeitherside
couldbecomepotentiallyhazardousforpedestrians.Therearenoclearcutstatistical
parametersthatcanbeappliedacrosstheboardtoallcrossingrequests.Eachrequests
needstobeinvestigatedbyacompetenttrafficengineertoascertaintheexactsite
requirementsandmakeupofthepedestrianflow.

AdetailedsitesurveyandCDPV2calculationshouldberequestedthroughEssex
Highways,TrafficDataCollectiontrafficdata@essexhighways.organdacostcodewill
berequired(estimatedcost900).Theinstructingofficerwillberequiredtoidentifyto
thedatateamanyimpactsonconditionsatthesitethatmayaffectasurvey,e.g.
schoolholidays/trainingdaysorroadworksinthevicinitythatmayimpactontraffic
flows.

7
 HPN033

TheinstructingofficerwillbeprovidedwithadetailedEssexbasedsiteassessment
thatwillidentifyifthethresholdforapedestrianfacilityismet.

Additionallocalfactorsandoptionswillthenneedtobetakenintoconsiderationalong
withcostsbeforeafinaloptionisagreed.

*AcopyofasampleEssexCDPV2surveyreportwiththeweightedscoringisattached
atappendix2.

6.OptionAssessment

Havingobtainedalltherequiredsiteassessmentdatatheoptionsavailableare
DoNothing
Providetrafficmanagement
o Considerroadnarrowing
o Introducearefuge
ProvideaZebraCrossing
o Considersiteclassificationunderthefunctionalroutehierarchy
Provideasignalcontrolledcrossing
o DiscussoptionswithNetworkITSandidentifyestimatedcosts

7.StatutoryProcess

PartIII,S23oftheRoadTrafficRegulationAct1984providespowerstolocaltraffic
authoritiestoestablishcrossingsforpedestriansonroads,forwhichtheyarethe
trafficauthority,andtoalterandremovesuchcrossings.Thecrossingshallbe
indicatedinthemannerprescribedbyregulationsundersection25oftheRoadTraffic
RegulationAct1984.

Thereisarequirementforthelocaltrafficauthoritytoconsultthechiefofficerof
policeandtogivepublicnoticebeforeestablishing,alteringorremovingacrossing,
andtoinformtheSecretaryofState.Theprocessofconsultingthroughpublicnotice
requiresdueconsiderationtobegiventoanycommentsmadebythepublic.

EngineerswillcompleteaChiefOfficerActionFormfortheadvertisingofaremoval,
neworalteredcrossing.ThisformwillbeforwardtotheStatutoryProcessingTeam,
NetworkManagement,EssexHighways(exampleattachedappendix3).

8
 HPN033

8.FacilitiesrequestedaspartofaDevelopmentManagement
Scheme

Pedestrianfacilitiesareoftenrequestedaspartofnewdevelopmentschemesandare
thereforedifficulttoassessusingthecriteriabeingadopted.Ideallyitwouldbeof
benefittosecuredeveloperfundingtoenablefacilitiestobeinstalledoncepedestrian
desirelineshavebeendevelopedpostdevelopmentbutthisisnotpracticalinreality
asECCwouldberequiredtodeliverpedestrianfacilitiestoaccordwithdeveloper
timescalestoavoidnewresidentsmovingintoanareawithnopedestriancrossing
facilitiesinplace.

TheNationalPlanningPolicyFramework(NPPF)promotesapresumptioninfavourof
sustainabledevelopmentunlesstheresidualimpactofdevelopmentissevere.One
ofthecoreplanningprinciplesintheNPPFistoactivelymanagepatternsofgrowthto
makethefullestpossibleuseofpublictransport,walkingandcycling.Italsostates
thatplansanddecisionsshouldtakeaccountofwhethertheopportunitiesfor
sustainabletransportmodeshavebeentakenupdependingonthenatureand
locationofthesite,toreducetheneedformajortransportinfrastructure;

Thereforegoodpedestrianandcyclelinksmustbeprovidedbetweennew
developmentand:keyfacilities;thelocalwalkingandcyclingnetwork;passenger
transportfacilitiesandexistingdevelopmenttopromotesustainabletravelandreduce
theimpactofthedevelopmentontheHighwayNetwork.Theinstallationofnew
crossingsorupgradingofexistingfacilitiesisthereforeoftenessentialifadevelopment
istobeacceptableintransportationterms.

Whenaplanningapplicationforthenewdevelopmentisreceivedtheneedfor
crossingswillbeassessedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples.

1. Theneedforlinkstofacilitieswithina2kmwalkingdistanceor5kmcycling
distancetheseinclude:
1.1. keyhealth,educational,shopping,businessandemploymentfacilities,
1.2. thelocalwalkingandcyclingnetwork
1.3. Passengertransportfacilities
1.4. existingdevelopment
2. Preventionofseveranceofthedevelopmentfromtheexistingcommunity
3. Identificationofthelikelydesirelinesforthelinksrequiredandassociatedcrossing
points
4. Physicalconstraintsthatmaydictatewherethecrossingissited
5. Thenatureoftheroadi.e.whetheritisontheprimary(PR1),secondary(PR2)or
localroadnetwork.
6. Theforecasttrafficanduseoftheproposedcrossingslikelytobegeneratedby
newdevelopment(calculatedusingTRICSmultimodaldata)togetherwithexisting
trafficandpedestrianand/orcycleusage.

9
 HPN033

7. ResultsofinternalconsultationwithNetworkManagementandHighwayLiaison
Officer.

Allthefactorsabovewillbetakenintoaccountwhendeterminingifacrossingis
requiredandalsowhattypeofcrossingisneededtoensurethesustainabilityand
accessibilityofnewdevelopmentsinaccordancewithcurrentplanninglegislation.

9.GeneralNotes

Zebracrossingsshouldnotbeinstalledonroadswithan85percentilespeedof
35m.p.h.orabove(LTN1/95)
Surfacecrossingsshouldnotbeinstalledatsiteswherethe85thpercentilespeed
exceeds50mph(LTN1/95)

AllchangestotheHighwaywillbesubjecttotheEssexSafetyAuditprocess

EssexCountyCouncilhadadoptedafunctionalroutehierarchy,therouteclassification
underthishierarchywilldeterminewhatoptionsmaybeavailable.

Atgradefacilitiesshouldnotgenerallybeinstalledwherethereisprovisionforgrade
separated.

Forallpedestrianfacilitiesconsiderationneedstobegiven

1. tothedisplacementofparkedvehicles,
2. areparkingrestrictionsrequired(involvetheparkingPartnership)
3. doparkingrestrictionneedtoberemoved(involvetheparkingPartnership)
4. LocationofSchoolCrossingPatrol
5. Locationofanycrossoversandgatewaysoffthehighway

Theinstructingclientmustidentifysiteswherethepossibilityofasignalisedcrossing
exists.ThisistoenabletheAutomaticTrafficCount(ATC)equipmenttobeinstalled
80meithersideoftheproposedcrossinginordertoobtain85%ileapproachspeeds,
whilstthe100mpedestriancountremainscentredovertheproposedsite.This
methodologymayalsobeappropriatewhenconsideringanupgradetoexistingzebra
crossings.

10.LinkingPolicy/Practice

EssexSpeedManagementStrategy2010
DfT Advice Note TA 15/07, Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) Vol. 8
Section 1 - Pedestrian Facilities at Traffic Signal Installations.
The Zebra, Pelican and Puffin Pedestrian Crossings Regulations and General Directions
1997.
The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002.

10
 HPN033

The Design of Pedestrian Crossings. Local Transport Note 2/95

TheAssessmentofPedestrianCrossings.LocalTransportNote1/95
The Highways (Road Humps) Regulations 1999
DfT Advice Note TA 57, DMRB Vol. 6 Section 3 - Road Side Features

11.WebTextExternal

EssexCountyCouncilwebsite;ServiceInformationCentre(SIC)
www.essex.gov.uk/highways

AllrequestsforpedestriancrossingfacilitiesshouldbedirectedthroughtheLocal
HighwayPanelprocessbytheapplicantfirstcontactingtheirlocalCountycouncillor.

12.InfoBaseTextInternal

AllrequestsforpedestriancrossingfacilitiesshouldbedirectedthroughtheLocal
HighwayPanelprocessbytheapplicantfirstcontactingtheirlocalCountycouncillor.

ThissectionwillbeusedbytheContactCentretowhendealingwithenquiries.This
textshouldbeupdatedatthesametimeasanupdateoftheHPNsotheinformationis
consistent.Toseewhatcurrentlyappears(ifapplicable)clickhere:
Http://inetapps.essex.gov.uk/InfoBase/Pages/AToZ.aspx

CustomerServicesTeamwilluploadnewtexttoInfoBasewhichwillbeusedtodeal
withenquiriesaboutthissubject.

13.CustomerTeamText

AllrequestsforpedestriancrossingfacilitiesshouldbedirectedthroughtheLocal
HighwayPanelprocessbytheapplicantfirstcontactingtheirlocalCountycouncillor.A
copyoftheHPNwillindicatetheprocessforestablishingtheneedforthecrossing.

14.Appendices

Appendix1 Appendix2 Appendix3

PV2 for HPN.xlsx Appendix 2 PV2 request

COA.docx form.docx

11