Fluiddynamics

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Inphysicsandengineering,fluiddynamicsisasubdiscipline
offluidmechanicsthatdescribestheflowoffluids(liquidsand
gases).Ithasseveralsubdisciplines,includingaerodynamics
(thestudyofairandothergasesinmotion)and
hydrodynamics(thestudyofliquidsinmotion).Fluid
dynamicshasawiderangeofapplications,including
calculatingforcesandmomentsonaircraft,determiningthe
massflowrateofpetroleumthroughpipelines,predicting
weatherpatterns,understandingnebulaeininterstellarspace Typicalaerodynamicteardropshape,assuminga
andmodellingfissionweapondetonation. viscousmediumpassingfromlefttoright,the
diagramshowsthepressuredistributionasthe
Fluiddynamicsoffersasystematicstructurewhichunderlies
thicknessoftheblacklineandshowsthevelocityin
thesepracticaldisciplinesthatembracesempiricalandsemi
theboundarylayerastheviolettriangles.Thegreen
empiricallawsderivedfromflowmeasurementandusedto
vortexgeneratorspromptthetransitiontoturbulent
solvepracticalproblems.Thesolutiontoafluiddynamics
flowandpreventbackflowalsocalledflow
problemtypicallyinvolvesthecalculationofvariousproperties
separationfromthehighpressureregioninthe
ofthefluid,suchasflowvelocity,pressure,density,and
back.Thesurfaceinfrontisassmoothaspossible
temperature,asfunctionsofspaceandtime.
orevenemployssharklikeskin,asanyturbulence
Beforethetwentiethcentury,hydrodynamicswassynonymous hereincreasestheenergyoftheairflow.The
withfluiddynamics.Thisisstillreflectedinnamesofsome truncationontheright,knownasaKammback,also
fluiddynamicstopics,likemagnetohydrodynamicsand preventsbackflowfromthehighpressureregionin
hydrodynamicstability,bothofwhichcanalsobeappliedto thebackacrossthespoilerstotheconvergentpart.

gases.[1]

Contents
1 Equationsoffluiddynamics
1.1 Conservationlaws
1.2 Compressiblevsincompressibleflow
1.3 NewtonianvsnonNewtonianfluids
1.4 InviscidvsviscousvsStokesflow
1.5 Steadyvsunsteadyflow
1.6 Laminarvsturbulentflow
1.7 Subsonicvstransonic,supersonicandhypersonicflows
1.8 Reactivevsnonreactiveflows
1.9 Magnetohydrodynamics
1.10 Otherapproximations
2 Terminologyinfluiddynamics
2.1 Terminologyinincompressiblefluiddynamics
2.2 Terminologyincompressiblefluiddynamics
3 Seealso
3.1 Fieldsofstudy
3.2 Mathematicalequationsandconcepts
3.3 Typesoffluidflow
3.4 Fluidproperties
 3.5 Fluidphenomena
3.6 Applications
3.7 Fluiddynamicsjournals
3.8 Miscellaneous
3.9 Seealso
4 References
5 Furtherreading
6 Externallinks

Equationsoffluiddynamics
Thefoundationalaxiomsoffluiddynamicsaretheconservationlaws,specifically,conservationofmass,
conservationoflinearmomentum(alsoknownasNewton'sSecondLawofMotion),andconservationofenergy
(alsoknownasFirstLawofThermodynamics).Thesearebasedonclassicalmechanicsandaremodifiedin
quantummechanicsandgeneralrelativity.TheyareexpressedusingtheReynoldstransporttheorem.

Inadditiontotheabove,fluidsareassumedtoobeythecontinuumassumption.Fluidsarecomposedof
moleculesthatcollidewithoneanotherandsolidobjects.However,thecontinuumassumptionassumesthatfluids
arecontinuous,ratherthandiscrete.Consequently,itisassumedthatpropertiessuchasdensity,pressure,
temperature,andflowvelocityarewelldefinedatinfinitesimallysmallpointsinspaceandvarycontinuouslyfrom
onepointtoanother.Thefactthatthefluidismadeupofdiscretemoleculesisignored.

Forfluidsthataresufficientlydensetobeacontinuum,donotcontainionizedspecies,andhaveflowvelocities
smallinrelationtothespeedoflight,themomentumequationsforNewtonianfluidsaretheNavierStokes
equationswhichisanonlinearsetofdifferentialequationsthatdescribestheflowofafluidwhosestress
dependslinearlyonflowvelocitygradientsandpressure.Theunsimplifiedequationsdonothaveageneralclosed
formsolution,sotheyareprimarilyofuseinComputationalFluidDynamics.Theequationscanbesimplifiedina
numberofways,allofwhichmakethemeasiertosolve.Someofthesimplificationsallowsomesimplefluid
dynamicsproblemstobesolvedinclosedform.

Inadditiontothemass,momentum,andenergyconservationequations,athermodynamicequationofstatethat
givesthepressureasafunctionofotherthermodynamicvariablesisrequiredtocompletelydescribetheproblem.
Anexampleofthiswouldbetheperfectgasequationofstate:

wherepispressure,isdensity,Ttheabsolutetemperature,whileRuisthegasconstantandMismolarmassfora
particulargas.

Conservationlaws

Threeconservationlawsareusedtosolvefluiddynamicsproblems,andmaybewritteninintegralordifferential
form.Theconservationlawsmaybeappliedtoaregionoftheflowcalledacontrolvolume.Acontrolvolumeisa
discretevolumeinspacethroughwhichfluidisassumedtoflow.Theintegralformulationsoftheconservation
lawsareusedtodescribethechangeofmass,momentum,orenergywithinthecontrolvolume.Differential
formulationsoftheconservationlawsapplyStokes'theoremtoyieldanexpressionwhichmaybeinterpretedas
theintegralformofthelawappliedtoaninfinitesimallysmallvolume(atapoint)withintheflow.
Masscontinuity(conservationofmass):Therateofchangeoffluidmassinsideacontrolvolumemustbe
equaltothenetrateoffluidflowintothevolume.Physically,thisstatementrequiresthatmassisneither
creatednordestroyedinthecontrolvolume,[2]andcanbetranslatedintotheintegralformofthecontinuity
equation:

Above, isthefluiddensity,uistheflowvelocityvector,andtistime.Thelefthandsideoftheabove
expressionistherateofincreaseofmasswithinthevolumeandcontainsatripleintegraloverthecontrol
volume,whereastherighthandsidecontainsanintegrationoverthesurfaceofthecontrolvolumeofmass
convectedintothesystem.Massflowintothesystemisaccountedaspositive,andsincethenormalvectorto
thesurfaceisoppositethesenseofflowintothesystemthetermisnegated.Thedifferentialformofthe
continuityequationis,bythedivergencetheorem:

Conservationofmomentum:Newton'ssecondlawofmotionappliedtoacontrolvolume,isastatementthat
anychangeinmomentumofthefluidwithinthatcontrolvolumewillbeduetothenetflowofmomentum
intothevolumeandtheactionofexternalforcesactingonthefluidwithinthevolume.

Intheaboveintegralformulationofthisequation,thetermontheleftisthenetchangeofmomentumwithin
thevolume.Thefirsttermontherightisthenetrateatwhichmomentumisconvectedintothevolume.The
secondtermontherightistheforceduetopressureonthevolume'ssurfaces.Thefirsttwotermsonthe
rightarenegatedsincemomentumenteringthesystemisaccountedaspositive,andthenormalisopposite
thedirectionofthevelocity andpressureforces.Thethirdtermontherightisthenetaccelerationofthe
masswithinthevolumeduetoanybodyforces(hererepresentedbyfbody).Surfaceforces,suchasviscous
forces,arerepresentedby ,thenetforceduetoshearforcesactingonthevolumesurface.

Thefollowingisthedifferentialformofthemomentumconservationequation.Here,thevolumeisreduced
toaninfinitesimallysmallpoint,andbothsurfaceandbodyforcesareaccountedforinonetotalforce,F.
Forexample,Fmaybeexpandedintoanexpressionforthefrictionalandgravitationalforcesactingata
pointinaflow.

Inaerodynamics,airisassumedtobeaNewtonianfluid,whichpositsalinearrelationshipbetweentheshear
stress(duetointernalfrictionforces)andtherateofstrainofthefluid.Theequationaboveisavector
equationinathreedimensionalflow,butitcanbeexpressedasthreescalarequationsinthreecoordinate
directions.Theconservationofmomentumequationsforthecompressible,viscousflowcasearecalledthe
NavierStokesequations.[2]

Conservationofenergy:Althoughenergycanbeconvertedfromoneformtoanother,thetotalenergyina
closedsystemremainsconstant.
 Above,hisenthalpy,kisthethermalconductivityofthefluid,Tistemperature,and istheviscous
dissipationfunction.Theviscousdissipationfunctiongovernstherateatwhichmechanicalenergyofthe
flowisconvertedtoheat.Thesecondlawofthermodynamicsrequiresthatthedissipationtermisalways
positive:viscositycannotcreateenergywithinthecontrolvolume.[3]Theexpressionontheleftsideisa
materialderivative.

Compressiblevsincompressibleflow

Allfluidsarecompressibletosomeextentthatis,changesinpressureortemperaturecausechangesindensity.
However,inmanysituationsthechangesinpressureandtemperaturearesufficientlysmallthatthechangesin
densityarenegligible.Inthiscasetheflowcanbemodelledasanincompressibleflow.Otherwisethemore
generalcompressibleflowequationsmustbeused.

Mathematically,incompressibilityisexpressedbysayingthatthedensityofafluidparceldoesnotchangeasit
movesintheflowfield,i.e.,

whereD/Dtisthematerialderivative,whichisthesumoflocalandconvectivederivatives.Thisadditional
constraintsimplifiesthegoverningequations,especiallyinthecasewhenthefluidhasauniformdensity.

Forflowofgases,todeterminewhethertousecompressibleorincompressiblefluiddynamics,theMachnumber
oftheflowisevaluated.Asaroughguide,compressibleeffectscanbeignoredatMachnumbersbelow
approximately0.3.Forliquids,whethertheincompressibleassumptionisvaliddependsonthefluidproperties
(specificallythecriticalpressureandtemperatureofthefluid)andtheflowconditions(howclosetothecritical
pressuretheactualflowpressurebecomes).Acousticproblemsalwaysrequireallowingcompressibility,since
soundwavesarecompressionwavesinvolvingchangesinpressureanddensityofthemediumthroughwhichthey
propagate.

NewtonianvsnonNewtonianfluids

Allfluidsareviscous,meaningthattheyexertsomeresistanceto
deformation:neighbouringparcelsoffluidmovingatdifferentvelocities
exertviscousforcesoneachother.Thevelocitygradientisreferredtoasa
strainrateithasdimensions .IsaacNewtonshowedthatformany
familiarfluidssuchaswaterandair,thestressduetotheseviscousforcesis
linearlyrelatedtothestrainrate.SuchfluidsarecalledNewtonianfluids.
Thecoefficientofproportionalityiscalledthefluid'sviscosityfor
Newtonianfluids,itisafluidpropertythatisindependentofthestrainrate.

NonNewtonianfluidshaveamorecomplicated,nonlinearstressstrain
Potentialflowaroundanairfoil
behaviour.Thesubdisciplineofrheologydescribesthestressstrain
behavioursofsuchfluids,whichincludeemulsionsandslurries,some
viscoelasticmaterialssuchasbloodandsomepolymers,andstickyliquidssuchaslatex,honeyandlubricants.

InviscidvsviscousvsStokesflow

ThedynamicoffluidparcelsisdescribedwiththehelpofNewton'ssecondlaw.Anacceleratingparceloffluidis
subjecttoinertialeffects.
TheReynoldsnumberisadimensionlessquantitywhichcharacterisesthemagnitudeofinertialeffectscompared
tothemagnitudeofviscouseffects.AlowReynoldsnumber(Re<<1)indicatesthatviscousforcesareverystrong
comparedtoinertialforces.Insuchcases,inertialforcesaresometimesneglectedthisflowregimeiscalledStokes
orcreepingflow.

Incontrast,highReynoldsnumbers(Re>>1)indicatethattheinertialeffectshavemoreeffectonthevelocityfield
thantheviscous(friction)effects.InhighReynoldsnumberflows,theflowisoftenmodeledasaninviscidflow,
anapproximationinwhichviscosityiscompletelyneglected.EliminatingviscosityallowstheNavierStokes
equationstobesimplifiedintotheEulerequations.TheintegrationoftheEulerequationsalongastreamlineinan
inviscidflowyieldsBernoulli'sequation.When,inadditiontobeinginviscid,theflowisirrotationaleverywhere,
Bernoulli'sequationcancompletelydescribethefloweverywhere.Suchflowsarecalledpotentialflows,because
thevelocityfieldmaybeexpressedasthegradientofapotentialenergyexpression.

ThisideacanworkfairlywellwhentheReynoldsnumberishigh.However,problemssuchasthoseinvolving
solidboundariesmayrequirethattheviscositybeincluded.Viscositycannotbeneglectednearsolidboundaries
becausethenoslipconditiongeneratesathinregionoflargestrainrate,theboundarylayer,inwhichviscosity
effectsdominateandwhichthusgeneratesvorticity.Therefore,tocalculatenetforcesonbodies(suchaswings),
viscousflowequationsmustbeused:inviscidflowtheoryfailstopredictdragforces,alimitationknownasthe
d'Alembert'sparadox.

Acommonlyusedmodel,especiallyincomputationalfluiddynamics,istousetwoflowmodels:theEuler
equationsawayfromthebody,andboundarylayerequationsinaregionclosetothebody.Thetwosolutionscan
thenbematchedwitheachother,usingthemethodofmatchedasymptoticexpansions.

Steadyvsunsteadyflow

Aflowthatisnotafunctionoftimeiscalledsteadyflow.
Steadystateflowreferstotheconditionwherethefluid
propertiesatapointinthesystemdonotchangeovertime.
Timedependentflowisknownasunsteady(alsocalled
transient[5]).Whetheraparticularflowissteadyor
unsteady,candependonthechosenframeofreference.For
instance,laminarflowoverasphereissteadyintheframe
ofreferencethatisstationarywithrespecttothesphere.Ina
frameofreferencethatisstationarywithrespecttoa
backgroundflow,theflowisunsteady.

Turbulentflowsareunsteadybydefinition.Aturbulent
flowcan,however,bestatisticallystationary.Accordingto
Pope:[6]
HydrodynamicssimulationoftheRayleighTaylor
instability [4]
TherandomfieldU(x,t)isstatistically
stationaryifallstatisticsareinvariantundera
shiftintime.

Thisroughlymeansthatallstatisticalpropertiesareconstantintime.Often,themeanfieldistheobjectofinterest,
andthisisconstanttooinastatisticallystationaryflow.
Steadyflowsareoftenmoretractablethanotherwisesimilarunsteadyflows.Thegoverningequationsofasteady
problemhaveonedimensionfewer(time)thanthegoverningequationsofthesameproblemwithouttaking
advantageofthesteadinessoftheflowfield.

Laminarvsturbulentflow

Turbulenceisflowcharacterizedbyrecirculation,eddies,andapparentrandomness.Flowinwhichturbulenceis
notexhibitediscalledlaminar.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthepresenceofeddiesorrecirculationalonedoes
notnecessarilyindicateturbulentflowthesephenomenamaybepresentinlaminarflowaswell.Mathematically,
turbulentflowisoftenrepresentedviaaReynoldsdecomposition,inwhichtheflowisbrokendownintothesum
ofanaveragecomponentandaperturbationcomponent.

ItisbelievedthatturbulentflowscanbedescribedwellthroughtheuseoftheNavierStokesequations.Direct
numericalsimulation(DNS),basedontheNavierStokesequations,makesitpossibletosimulateturbulentflows
atmoderateReynoldsnumbers.Restrictionsdependonthepowerofthecomputerusedandtheefficiencyofthe
solutionalgorithm.TheresultsofDNShavebeenfoundtoagreewellwithexperimentaldataforsomeflows.[7]

MostflowsofinteresthaveReynoldsnumbersmuchtoohighforDNStobeaviableoption,[8]giventhestateof
computationalpowerforthenextfewdecades.Anyflightvehiclelargeenoughtocarryahuman(L>3m),
movingfasterthan720km/h(20m/s)iswellbeyondthelimitofDNSsimulation(Re=4million).Transport
aircraftwings(suchasonanAirbusA300orBoeing747)haveReynoldsnumbersof40million(basedonthe
wingchorddimension).Solvingthesereallifeflowproblemsrequiresturbulencemodelsfortheforeseeable
future.ReynoldsaveragedNavierStokesequations(RANS)combinedwithturbulencemodellingprovidesa
modeloftheeffectsoftheturbulentflow.Suchamodellingmainlyprovidestheadditionalmomentumtransferby
theReynoldsstresses,althoughtheturbulencealsoenhancestheheatandmasstransfer.Anotherpromising
methodologyislargeeddysimulation(LES),especiallyintheguiseofdetachededdysimulation(DES)whichis
acombinationofRANSturbulencemodellingandlargeeddysimulation.

Subsonicvstransonic,supersonicandhypersonicflows

Whilemanyflows(e.g.flowofwaterthroughapipe)occuratlowMachnumbers,manyflowsofpracticalinterest
inaerodynamicsorinturbomachinesoccurathighfractionsofM=1(transonicflows)orinexcessofit(supersonic
orevenhypersonicflows).Newphenomenaoccurattheseregimessuchasinstabilitiesintransonicflow,shock
wavesforsupersonicflow,ornonequilibriumchemicalbehaviourduetoionizationinhypersonicflows.In
practice,eachofthoseflowregimesistreatedseparately.

Reactivevsnonreactiveflows

Reactiveflowsareflowsthatarechemicallyreactive,whichfindsitsapplicationsinmanyareassuchas
combustion(ICengine),propulsiondevices(Rockets,jetenginesetc.),detonations,fireandsafetyhazards,
astrophysicsetc.Inadditiontoconservationofmass,momentumandenergy,conservationofindividualspecies
(forexample,massfractionofmethaneinmethanecombustion)needtobederived,wherethe
production/depletionrateofanyspeciesareobtainedbysimultaneouslysolvingtheequationsofchemicalkinetics.

Magnetohydrodynamics

Magnetohydrodynamicsisthemultidisciplinarystudyoftheflowofelectricallyconductingfluidsin
electromagneticfields.Examplesofsuchfluidsincludeplasmas,liquidmetals,andsaltwater.Thefluidflow
equationsaresolvedsimultaneouslywithMaxwell'sequationsofelectromagnetism.
Otherapproximations

Therearealargenumberofotherpossibleapproximationstofluiddynamicproblems.Someofthemore
commonlyusedarelistedbelow.

TheBoussinesqapproximationneglectsvariationsindensityexcepttocalculatebuoyancyforces.Itisoften
usedinfreeconvectionproblemswheredensitychangesaresmall.
LubricationtheoryandHeleShawflowexploitsthelargeaspectratioofthedomaintoshowthatcertain
termsintheequationsaresmallandsocanbeneglected.
SlenderbodytheoryisamethodologyusedinStokesflowproblemstoestimatetheforceon,orflowfield
around,alongslenderobjectinaviscousfluid.
Theshallowwaterequationscanbeusedtodescribealayerofrelativelyinviscidfluidwithafreesurface,
inwhichsurfacegradientsaresmall.
Darcy'slawisusedforflowinporousmedia,andworkswithvariablesaveragedoverseveralporewidths.
Inrotatingsystems,thequasigeostrophicequationsassumeanalmostperfectbalancebetweenpressure
gradientsandtheCoriolisforce.Itisusefulinthestudyofatmosphericdynamics.

Terminologyinfluiddynamics
Theconceptofpressureiscentraltothestudyofbothfluidstaticsandfluiddynamics.Apressurecanbeidentified
foreverypointinabodyoffluid,regardlessofwhetherthefluidisinmotionornot.Pressurecanbemeasured
usingananeroid,Bourdontube,mercurycolumn,orvariousothermethods.

Someoftheterminologythatisnecessaryinthestudyoffluiddynamicsisnotfoundinothersimilarareasof
study.Inparticular,someoftheterminologyusedinfluiddynamicsisnotusedinfluidstatics.

Terminologyinincompressiblefluiddynamics

TheconceptsoftotalpressureanddynamicpressurearisefromBernoulli'sequationandaresignificantinthestudy
ofallfluidflows.(Thesetwopressuresarenotpressuresintheusualsensetheycannotbemeasuredusingan
aneroid,Bourdontubeormercurycolumn.)Toavoidpotentialambiguitywhenreferringtopressureinfluid
dynamics,manyauthorsusethetermstaticpressuretodistinguishitfromtotalpressureanddynamicpressure.
Staticpressureisidenticaltopressureandcanbeidentifiedforeverypointinafluidflowfield.

InAerodynamics,L.J.Clancywrites:[9]Todistinguishitfromthetotalanddynamicpressures,theactualpressure
ofthefluid,whichisassociatednotwithitsmotionbutwithitsstate,isoftenreferredtoasthestaticpressure,but
wherethetermpressurealoneisuseditreferstothisstaticpressure.

Apointinafluidflowwheretheflowhascometorest(i.e.speedisequaltozeroadjacenttosomesolidbody
immersedinthefluidflow)isofspecialsignificance.Itisofsuchimportancethatitisgivenaspecialnamea
stagnationpoint.Thestaticpressureatthestagnationpointisofspecialsignificanceandisgivenitsownname
stagnationpressure.Inincompressibleflows,thestagnationpressureatastagnationpointisequaltothetotal
pressurethroughouttheflowfield.

Terminologyincompressiblefluiddynamics

Inacompressiblefluid,itisconvenienttodefinethetotalconditions(alsocalledstagnationconditions)forall
thermodynamicstateproperties(e.g.totaltemperature,totalenthalpy,totalspeedofsound).Thesetotalflow
conditionsareafunctionofthefluidvelocityandhavedifferentvaluesinframesofreferencewithdifferent
motion.
Toavoidpotentialambiguitywhenreferringtothepropertiesofthefluidassociatedwiththestateofthefluid
ratherthanitsmotion,theprefix"static"iscommonlyused(e.g.statictemperature,staticenthalpy).Wherethereis
noprefix,thefluidpropertyisthestaticcondition(i.e."density"and"staticdensity"meanthesamething).The
staticconditionsareindependentoftheframeofreference.

Becausethetotalflowconditionsaredefinedbyisentropicallybringingthefluidtorest,thereisnoneedto
distinguishbetweentotalentropyandstaticentropyastheyarealwaysequalbydefinition.Assuch,entropyis
mostcommonlyreferredtoassimply"entropy".

Seealso
Fieldsofstudy

Acoustictheory Geophysicalfluiddynamics Magnetohydrodynamics

Aerodynamics Hemodynamics Metafluiddynamics
Aeroelasticity Hydraulics Quantumhydrodynamics
Aeronautics Hydrology
Computationalfluiddynamics Hydrostatics
Flowmeasurement Electrohydrodynamics
Geophysicalfluiddynamics Magnetohydrodynamics
Mathematicalequationsandconcepts

Airywavetheory Darcy'slaw Potentialflow

Bernoulli'sequation Dynamicpressure Pressurehead
BenjaminBonaMahony HagenPoiseuilleequation RelativisticEulerequations
equation Helmholtz'stheorems Reynoldsdecomposition
Boussinesqapproximation Kirchhoffequations Staticpressure
(buoyancy) Knudsenequation Stokesstreamfunction
Boussinesqapproximation Manningequation Streamfunction
(waterwaves) Mildslopeequation Streamlines,streaklinesand
Conservationlaws Morisonequation pathlines
Eulerequations(fluid NavierStokesequations Torricelli'sLaw
dynamics) Oseenflow
Differenttypesofboundary Pascal'slaw
conditionsinfluiddynamics Poiseuille'slaw
Darcy'slaw Potentialflow
Typesoffluidflow
Aerodynamicforce Incompressibleflow Streamthrustaveraging
Cavitation Inviscidflow Superfluidity
Compressibleflow Isothermalflow Transientflow
Couetteflow Openchannelflow Twophaseflow
Freemolecularflow Secondaryflow

Fluidproperties

Listofhydrodynamic NonNewtonianfluid
instabilities Surfacetension
Newtonianfluid Vapourpressure
NonNewtonianfluid
Fluidphenomena
 Boundarylayer Lift(force) Upstreamcontamination
Coandaeffect Magnuseffect Venturieffect
Convectioncell Oceansurfacewaves Vortex
Convergence/Bifurcation Rossbywave Waterhammer
Darwindrift Shockwave Wavedrag
Drag(force) Soliton
Hydrodynamicstability Stokesdrift
Kayeeffect Threadbreakup

Applications
Acoustics Hydraulicmachinery Pneumatics
Aerodynamics Meteorology 3Dcomputergraphics
Cryospherescience Navalarchitecture
Fluidpower Oceanography
Geodynamics Plasmaphysics

Fluiddynamicsjournals

AnnualReviewofFluid EuropeanJournalof InternationalJournalfor

Mechanics MechanicsB:Fluids NumericalMethodsinFluids
JournalofFluidMechanics Theoreticaland Flow,Turbulenceand
PhysicsofFluids ComputationalFluid Combustion
ExperimentsinFluids Dynamics
ComputersandFluids
EuropeanJournalof InternationalJournalfor
Miscellaneous
Importantpublicationsin Rotatingtank Bridgescour
fluiddynamics Soundbarrier Finitevolumemethodfor
Isosurface Betaplane unsteadyflow
KeuleganCarpenternumber Immersedboundarymethod

Seealso

Aileron Dragcoefficient KuttaJoukowski Spoiler

Airplane Fin theorem (automotive)
Angleofattack Flipper(anatomy) Liftcoefficient Stall(flight)
Bankedturn Flowseparation Liftinduceddrag Surfboardfin
Bernoulli'sprinciple Foil(fluid Lifttodragratio Surfacescience
Bilgeboard mechanics) Liftinglinetheory Torqueconverter
Boomerang Fluidcoupling NACAairfoil Trimtab
Centerboard Gaskinetics Newton'sthirdlaw Wing
Chord(aircraft) Hydrofoil Propeller Wingtipvortices
Circulationcontrol Keel Pump
wing (hydrodynamic) Rudder
Divingplane Kssnereffect Sail(aerodynamics)
Downforce Kuttacondition Skeg
Dragcoefficient KuttaJoukowski Spoiler
References
1.Eckert,Michael(2006).TheDawnofFluidDynamics: ADisciplineBetweenScienceandTechnology.Wiley.
p.ix.ISBN3527405135.
 p.ix.ISBN3527405135. 5.Transientstateorunsteadystate?(http://www.cfdonlin
2.Anderson,J.D.,FundamentalsofAerodynamics,4th e.com/Forums/main/118306transientstateunsteadysta
Ed.,McGrawHill,2007. te.html)
3.White,F.M.,ViscousFluidFlow,McGrawHill,1974. 6.SeePope(2000),page75.
4.ShengtaiLi,HuiLi"ParallelAMRCodefor 7.See,forexample,Schlatteretal,Phys.Fluids21,
CompressibleMHDorHDEquations"(LosAlamos 051702(2009)doi:10.1063/1.3139294(https://dx.doi.o
NationalLaboratory)[1](http://math.lanl.gov/Research/ rg/10.1063%2F1.3139294)
Highlights/amrmhd.shtml) 8.SeePope(2000),page344.
9.Clancy,L.J.Aerodynamics,page21

Furtherreading
Acheson,D.J.(1990).ElementaryFluidDynamics.ClarendonPress.ISBN0198596790.
Batchelor,G.K.(1967).AnIntroductiontoFluidDynamics.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN0521
663962.
Chanson,H.(2009).AppliedHydrodynamics:AnIntroductiontoIdealandRealFluidFlows.CRCPress,
Taylor&FrancisGroup,Leiden,TheNetherlands,478pages.ISBN9780415492713.
Clancy,L.J.(1975).Aerodynamics.London:PitmanPublishingLimited.ISBN0273011200.
Lamb,Horace(1994).Hydrodynamics(6thed.).CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN0521458684.
Originallypublishedin1879,the6thextendededitionappearedfirstin1932.
Landau,L.D.Lifshitz,E.M.(1987).FluidMechanics.CourseofTheoreticalPhysics(2nded.).Pergamon
Press.ISBN0750627670.
MilneThompson,L.M.(1968).TheoreticalHydrodynamics(5thed.).Macmillan.Originallypublishedin
1938.
Pope,StephenB.(2000).TurbulentFlows.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN0521598869.
Shinbrot,M.(1973).LecturesonFluidMechanics.GordonandBreach.ISBN0677017103.
Nazarenko,Sergey(2014),FluidDynamicsviaExamplesandSolutions,CRCPress(Taylor&Francis
group),ISBN9781439888827
Encyclopedia:Fluiddynamics(http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Fluid_dynamics)
Scholarpedia

Externallinks
eFluids(http://www.efluids.com/),containingseveralgalleriesof
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b.mit.edu/hml/ncfmf.html),containingfilmsonseveralsubjectsin
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WikimediaCommonshas
ListofFluidDynamicsbooks(https://web.archive.org/web/2008022 mediarelatedtoFluid
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books.html)

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