Applications of the Definite Integral — Area 1. Area Using “Vertical” Rectangles Suppose that f and g are functions of x, are continuous on a closed interval [a, 5]. and f(x) 2 g(x) for a x by the graph of y= f(x), below by the graph of y = g(x), on the left by x = a, and on the right by x ~ 5, Divide the interval (a, b] into n subintervals using the partition P= {a =X0,1,--%n = 8). Pick a value of x in each subinterval; that is, pick x €[x,,,%] fork =1,2,...,1. Using (xf }+ g(x!) asthe height and Ax, = X, —X,., as the width, the area of the rectangle for the #” subinterval is given by L/G@1)- g(x} )] Ax, Thus, an approximation for the area of the shaded region is A, =>. (/())- g(x) )]Ax,. However, the exact area is given by the limit 4=im & L¢G1)-esinas,> flro-ecoee vpis0 fst rightmost x-value leftmost x-valueExample 1: Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = sec? x, x, x=-%/ and x 4 > (z) = [ots = Flo) =tans=coss = 4= 7 2)-r{-2)= Example 2: Find the area of the region determined by the curves y=sinx, y= cosx, x=0 x52,First, we need to know the point of intersection of the graphs of y = sinx and osx for 0 74 tl 4 {| \4 | 4sn0-reoso}=( J \ [flsiex -cosslde = Gta) = 4 i -of5| cosa ~sinz}- ~co 7) -sio{)} = 14-2 . Thus, the area of the region is Ay +43 = (v2 -1)+(1+-v2)=2v2 —cosx—sinx => Ap Tl. Area Using “Horizontal” Rectangles Suppose that f and g are functions of y, are continuous on a closed interval {c, d], and f()) 2 g(y) for ¢ : LP x= 8) x= fy) + > x yright by the graph of x = fly) to the left by the graph ofx = g(), below by y= ¢, and above by y = d. Divide the interval [c, d] into m subintervals using the partition P= {c=Yo.Jis eo Yn =}. Pick a value ofy in each subinterval; that is, pick yf eye] for k=1,2,....0. Using f})~ giv) as the height and Ay = Jy—yya as the width, the area of the rectangle for the &" subinterval is given by LfG})—s(}) ]Ay,- Thus, an approximation for the area of the shaded region is An = ¥. (£O)— a(t) ]Ayg. However, the exact area is given by the limit in 4. = tim & LOD-8OD14n = [40-2018 |Pl>0k=1 uppermost y-value rightmost x-value as a function of y a fir ~ iy lowermost ee iL x-value as a function of y Pees ee eee see Example 3: Find the area of the region determined by the curves x= 6y— y? and x0. y +++ 6 6 A= flo-7)-o) a= fo -y?) ay = Fy) =3y? 4" >A 0 0 7 F(6)~ F(O) = (6)? - 4(6)> = 108-72 = 36, 4Practice Sheet — Area In each of the following, find the area of the region bounded by the given curves: Paxn4 2-2, y= 2x @ x (8) 97 @) y?=2x=0, (10) y= 2x3 -3x? -9x, y dl) y= 2 (12) p=2xyaxt4ya-xt6 (13) x= fy+2,y=mx=0 (14) y=cosx, y=sin2x,x=0, x=74 (15) y=oosx, y=Solution Key for Area @ t= [fo--l2 see a 4 = fie +3x-4) armas i 1 8) A= if? -2}-Lrx? + xa} ae 2 = [be -salaraas 0, % (4) ' A= [csinsya+ frinste e 4 =1+1=26) (6) @M (8) A= |{(cosx-sinx)-0}de 4 fleoss—sinxae1" bone ere =(6-2)-(-6-C2))=8 (10) 4= {he ~3x2 ~9x)-(¢3 -2x? 34} de + fh -2x2 ~31}-fox3 -312 -9x}fae 5 3 [be-e+s)e * ay4 (2) A= fles9-Cx+ohars fowa-2xar * i 3 2 4 a fox 2Qde+ [a +4)de i 2 (13) ™% % A= J cosx—sin2ya+ Josin2x-cosx de é % = VV. | Mth hs 4 Dp i , - 9 ea