Tachometer

source code
ORG 00H
HARDWARE_CONNECTION:
LCD_DATA EQU P2
LCD_RS EQU P3.6
LCD_EN EQU P3.7
SOFTWARE_VARIABLE:
TEMPVAR_1 EQU R0
TEMPVAR_2 EQU R1
TEMPVAR_3 EQU R2
TEMPVAR_4 EQU R3
TEMPVAR_5 EQU R4
TEMPVAR_6 EQU R5
TEMPVAR_7 EQU R6
TEMPVAR_8 EQU R7
LCD_INITIALIZATION:
MOV A,#38H
ACALL LCD_COMND_WRT
MOV A,#0CH
ACALL LCD_COMND_WRT
MOV A,#01H
ACALL LCD_COMND_WRT
MOV A,#80H
ACALL LCD_COMND_WRT
CLOCK:
MOV 0C9H,#02H ;T2MOD
MOV 0CAH,#0B7H ;RCAP2L
MOV 0CBH,#0FFH ;RCAP2H
MOV 0CCH,#0B7H ;TL2
MOV 0CDH,#0FFH ;TH2
MOV 0C8H,#04H ;T2CON
ORIGIN:
MOV TH1,#00H
MOV TMOD,#60H
SETB TR1
ACALL DELAY_ONESEC
CLR TR1
MOV A,TL1
CMPR_0: CJNE A,#00H,CMPR_1
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY

MOV A,#01H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#01H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#02H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#03H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#03H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#04H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#04H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#05H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
CMPR_10: CJNE A,#0AH,CMPR_11
MOV A,#06H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
CMPR_11: CJNE A,#0BH,CMPR_12
MOV A,#06H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
CMPR_12: CJNE A,#0CH,CMPR_13
MOV A,#07H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
CMPR_13: CJNE A,#0DH,CMPR_14
MOV A,#07H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
CMPR_14: CJNE A,#0EH,CMPR_15
MOV A,#08H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
CMPR_15: CJNE A,#0FH,CMPR_16

MOV A,#09H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#09H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#10H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#10H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#11H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#12H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#12H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#13H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#13H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#14H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#15H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#15H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#16H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY

MOV A,#16H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#17H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#18H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#18H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#19H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#19H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#21H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#21H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#22H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#22H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#23H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#24H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY

MOV A,#24H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#25H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#25H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#26H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#27H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#27H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#28H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#29H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#29H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#30H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#30H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#31H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#32H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY

MOV A,#32H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#33H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#33H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#34H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#35H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#35H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#36H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#36H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#37H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#38H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#38H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#39H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#39H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#80H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY

MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#40H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#41H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#00H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
MOV A,#41H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#60H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
CMPR_70: CJNE A,#46H,EXIT
MOV A,#42H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
MOV A,#20H
ACALL BCD_TO_ASCII
LJMP RPM_DISPLAY
EXIT: MOV DPTR,#NO_RANGE
ACALL STRING_DISPLAY
SJMP $
RPM_DISPLAY:
MOV A,#' '
ACALL LCD_DATA_WRT
MOV DPTR,#RPM
ACALL STRING_DISPLAY
SJMP $
LCD_COMND_WRT:
MOV LCD_DATA,A
CLR LCD_RS
SETB LCD_EN
ACALL DELAY_NINE
CLR LCD_EN
RET
LCD_DATA_WRT:
MOV LCD_DATA,A
SETB LCD_RS
SETB LCD_EN
ACALL DELAY_NINE
CLR LCD_EN
RET
BCD_TO_ASCII:
MOV TEMPVAR_4,A
ANL A,#0FH
ORL A,#30H
MOV TEMPVAR_3,A
MOV A,TEMPVAR_4
ANL A,#0F0H
SWAP A
ORL A,#30H
ACALL LCD_DATA_WRT
ACALL DELAY_NINE
MOV A,TEMPVAR_3
ACALL LCD_DATA_WRT
ACALL DELAY_NINE
RET
DELAY_NINE:
MOV TEMPVAR_5,#16
NINE_BACK:MOV TEMPVAR_6,#250
DJNZ TEMPVAR_6,$
DJNZ TEMPVAR_5,NINE_BACK
RET
DELAY_ONESEC:
MOV TEMPVAR_5,#10
BK_C: MOV TEMPVAR_6,#255
BK_B: MOV TEMPVAR_7,#179

BK_A: DJNZ TEMPVAR_7,BK_A
DJNZ TEMPVAR_6,BK_B
DJNZ TEMPVAR_5,BK_C
MOV TEMPVAR_6,#50
BK_E: MOV TEMPVAR_5,#9
BK_D: DJNZ TEMPVAR_5,BK_D
DJNZ TEMPVAR_6,BK_E
RET
STRING_DISPLAY:
DIS_BACK:CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
JZ DIS_OUT
ACALL LCD_DATA_WRT
INC DPTR
SJMP DIS_BACK
DIS_OUT:RET
RPM: DB 'RPM',0
NO_RANGE: DB 'OUT OF RANGE',0
END
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Here is a trial of building a tachometer using AT89S52 Microcontroller. This is a

digital tachometer which works using infrared rays. The tachometer designed here
can measure rotational speed up to 4200 rpm which is sufficient for small scale use.
If the speed goes beyond 4200 rpm, it gives a message on the display screen as
OUT OF RANGE.
COMPONENTS
1. AT89S52 Microcontroller
2. 11.0592 MHz Crystal

3. 16*2 Alphanumeric Display Screen
4. 5V Power Supply
5. Speed Sensor Module
SPEED SENSOR MODULE

The speed sensor module is a completely home-made module to detect speed of a
rotational body. The picture of the module that I have made is shown below. The
function of this module is that it converts the speed of a rotational body to pulses.
These pulses are fed to a microcontroller. The microcontroller counts them and
displays them with a unit of rpm.
The components required to make the module are:
1. Wheel of an optical mouse
2. Plywood
3. Screw bearing
4. Steel rod (1 mm diameter, 10 cm long)
5. Infrared Transmitter LED
6. Infrared Receiver (TSOP1738)
7. Capacitor (47uF)
8. Resistor (100R)
Take out the wheel of a damaged optical mouse and make a hole at the center of
the wheel. Put the steel rod at the hole and glue it tightly so that the rod and the
wheel rotate simultaneously. Make the plywood frame as shown in figure and screw
the screw bearings on both sides so that the rod with the wheel can be mounted.
After mounting the rod (with the wheel) on the screw bearings, try rotating the
wheel with your finger. While rotating, the rod should have a minimum friction with
the screw bearings. This will help measuring the exact speed. Then make the
connections of the Infrared Transmitter and the Infrared Receiver as shown in the
circuit diagram. Place the Infrared Transmitter on one side of the wheel and the
Infrared Receiver on another side both facing each other. Here is a top view of the
arrangement.
Make a hole on the wheel as shown in the picture below. It is extremely important.
The hole will allow passing the infrared rays from the infrared transmitter to the
infrared receiver.
This module should have four wires coming out of it. They are:- +5V Power Supply,
Power Ground, wire connecting the ve terminal of the Infrared Transmitter and the
wire connecting the output terminal of the TSOP1738 Infrared Receiver
OPERATION
To measure speed of a rotational body, you need to hold the speed sensor module
by its frame and make contact of the wheel with the rotating body. Soon the wheel
will start rotating at the speed of the rotational body. Holding the module in that
position, press the reset button of the microcontroller. The speed of the rotational
body will be displayed on the LCD screen.
Now let us go inside the process and discover what happens during the whole
process. When the wheel of the module has no contact with any rotating body, it
remains in a still position. So the infrared rays coming out from the transmitter are
restricted by the wheel from entering the Infrared receiver. So the output of the
infrared receiver is also still and not pulsating. The output of the infrared receiver is
connected to COUNTER1 of the microcontroller and it can count only pulsating
signals (not a still signal). So no pulses are generated by the infrared receiver and
consequently no counting occurs. The display shows 00 rpm in this position.
When the user makes contact of the wheel of the module with a rotational body, the
wheel starts rotating at the speed of the rotational body and the hole in the wheel
will allow infrared rays to pass from the transmitter to the receiver once in a
rotation. This will form a pulsating output of the infrared receiver and the counter in
the microcontroller now can count the pulse. As these pulses are proportional to the
speed, the counted pulse will represent the speed of the rotational body. That is
what happens during the process.
PROGRAM STRUCTURE
The program first sets the TIMER2 of the microcontroller to generate 38 KHz
frequency. This frequency is then supplied to the Infrared Transmitter so that the
Infrared Transmitter LED sends out infrared rays at the same frequency. It is
because the TSOP1738 Infrared Receiver can receive infrared rays of 38 KHz only.
The program then starts the COUNTER1 of the microcontroller for one second so
that the pulses coming from the Infrared Receiver can be counted. After one second,
the counter is stopped again. It is because of the fact that a tachometer generally
gives out reading with a unit of ROTATION PER MINUTE (RPM). So for the process
someone needs to hold the speed sensor module in contact with a rotational body
for a whole minute and then the counted value to be displayed with a unit of RPM.
This process will be too tedious. But if the number of rotation in one second can be
counted then multiplying the value with 60 will give rotation in one minute. So the
counter is opened for one second by the program and the pulses are counted during
the second. The counted value is then multiplied by 60 and then the final value is
displayed on the LCD screen with a unit of RPM.
It is to mention here that though the words PULSE and ROTATION are used
alternately during the description, they actually mean the same. Because for one
rotation of the wheel, the hole in the wheel will allow the rays of the infrared
transmitter to pass to the receiver once and consequently one pulse will be formed
by the receiver. So the total numbers of pulses denote total number of rotation.

Tachometer

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Tachometer

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source code

LCD_RS EQU P3.6

LCD_EN EQU P3.7

MOV 0C9H,#02H ;T2MOD

MOV 0CAH,#0B7H ;RCAP2L

MOV 0CBH,#0FFH ;RCAP2H

MOV 0CCH,#0B7H ;TL2

MOV 0CDH,#0FFH ;TH2

MOV 0C8H,#04H ;T2CON

CMPR_0: CJNE A,#00H,CMPR_1

CMPR_1: CJNE A,#01H,CMPR_2

CMPR_2: CJNE A,#02H,CMPR_3

CMPR_3: CJNE A,#03H,CMPR_4

CMPR_4: CJNE A,#04H,CMPR_5

CMPR_5: CJNE A,#05H,CMPR_6

CMPR_6: CJNE A,#06H,CMPR_7

CMPR_7: CJNE A,#07H,CMPR_8

CMPR_8: CJNE A,#08H,CMPR_9

CMPR_9: CJNE A,#09H,CMPR_10

CMPR_10: CJNE A,#0AH,CMPR_11

CMPR_11: CJNE A,#0BH,CMPR_12

CMPR_12: CJNE A,#0CH,CMPR_13

CMPR_13: CJNE A,#0DH,CMPR_14

CMPR_14: CJNE A,#0EH,CMPR_15

CMPR_15: CJNE A,#0FH,CMPR_16

CMPR_16: CJNE A,#10H,CMPR_17

CMPR_17: CJNE A,#11H,CMPR_18

CMPR_18: CJNE A,#12H,CMPR_19

CMPR_19: CJNE A,#13H,CMPR_20

CMPR_20: CJNE A,#14H,CMPR_21

CMPR_21: CJNE A,#15H,CMPR_22

CMPR_22: CJNE A,#16H,CMPR_23

CMPR_23: CJNE A,#17H,CMPR_24

CMPR_24: CJNE A,#18H,CMPR_25

CMPR_25: CJNE A,#19H,CMPR_26

CMPR_26: CJNE A,#1AH,CMPR_27

CMPR_27: CJNE A,#1BH,CMPR_28

CMPR_28: CJNE A,#1CH,CMPR_29

CMPR_29: CJNE A,#1DH,CMPR_30

CMPR_30: CJNE A,#1EH,CMPR_31

CMPR_31: CJNE A,#1FH,CMPR_32

CMPR_32: CJNE A,#20H,CMPR_33

CMPR_33: CJNE A,#21H,CMPR_34

CMPR_34: CJNE A,#22H,CMPR_35

CMPR_35: CJNE A,#23H,CMPR_36

CMPR_36: CJNE A,#24H,CMPR_37

CMPR_37: CJNE A,#25H,CMPR_38

CMPR_38: CJNE A,#26H,CMPR_39

CMPR_39: CJNE A,#27H,CMPR_40

CMPR_40: CJNE A,#28H,CMPR_41

CMPR_41: CJNE A,#29H,CMPR_42

CMPR_42: CJNE A,#2AH,CMPR_43

CMPR_43: CJNE A,#2BH,CMPR_44

CMPR_44: CJNE A,#2CH,CMPR_45

CMPR_45: CJNE A,#2DH,CMPR_46

CMPR_46: CJNE A,#2EH,CMPR_47

CMPR_47: CJNE A,#2FH,CMPR_48

CMPR_48: CJNE A,#30H,CMPR_49

CMPR_49: CJNE A,#31H,CMPR_50

CMPR_50: CJNE A,#32H,CMPR_51

CMPR_51: CJNE A,#33H,CMPR_52

CMPR_52: CJNE A,#34H,CMPR_53

CMPR_53: CJNE A,#35H,CMPR_54

CMPR_54: CJNE A,#36H,CMPR_55