Exploratory Software for Confidence Intervals

ESCI JPP www.latrobe.edu.au/psy/esci

Geoff Cumming
School of Psychological Science Single-user non-commercial licence
La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia 3086
esci@latrobe.edu.au

ESCI JPP accompanies the article: Finch, S., & Cumming, G. (2009). Putting research in context: understanding confidence in
Journal of Pediatric Psychology,
Use the tabs below to choose a measure of interest (e.g., correlation). Each page provides a figure showing up to 10 CIs.
At any page, enter data and see the figure display the point estimate and its CI.
Use the spinner to vary the level of confidence (usually 95%), and see how CIs change.

Hint Runs under Excel 2003 (preferred), or Excel 2007. No macros are needed, so macros do not need to be enabled
Rest the mouse pointer at If you did not see a pop-out: 2003: Tools/Options/View/Comment indicator on
2007: Office button/Excel options/Advanced/Dis
If you have to use Excel 2007, it may be best to minimise the ribbon, to recover display area.
The display should fit the screen area conveniently for screen resolution of 1280 x 800, or 1024 x 768. Otherwise,
Pages are protected, to reduce the chance of making inadvertent changes, but protection can be removed (no pas
A figure can be transferred to a Word document: Click near edge of the figure, copy, then paste. (Paste Special, Pi
Figures can be changed as desired, using any Excel editing facilities: Change axis labels, change scaling on an ax
To deselect a figure, after edit or copy, press the Esc key, once or twice.

Click the tabs at the bottom of the screen to go to these pages:

Correlations Enter values and see a CI figure for Pearson r correlations.
Proportions Enter values and see a CI figure for proportions.
Diff proportions Enter values and see a CI figure for the difference between two independent proportions.
Means Enter values and see a CI figure for means, for any dependent variable with interval scaling.
Paired means Enter values and see a CI figure for mean differences, for paired data (i.e. a repeated measure).
2 ind means same variance Enter values and see a CI figure for differences between means, two independent groups d
2 ind means general Enter values and see a CI figure for differences between means, two independent groups design, v
Known CI limits Enter values and see a CI figure when the point estimate and lower and upper CI limits are known.

ESCI is copyright and all rights are reserved. It may not be copied or distributed. Please scroll down to see licence conditions belo

Scroll down for information about other ESCI simulations, and for ESCI licence conditions.

Visit www.latrobe.edu.au/psy/esci to obtain ESCI-Delta by rapid download at low cost. Also free demo version, free user notes

Discussion of the ESCI-Delta simulations, and the concepts they present, can be found in the article 'A primer on the understandin
use, and calculation of confidence intervals that are based on central and noncentral distributions', by Geoff Cumming &
Sue Finch, in Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 61 No. 4, August 2001, pp. 530-572.

The full set of ESCI-Delta simulations:

NonCentral t Explore NonCentral t distributions and calculate accurate probabilities.

Power Explore statistical power, which in most cases requires NonCentral t calculations.

CIjumping Repeated sampling, to illustrate basic concepts of confidence intervals (CIs).

 CIoriginal Calculate and display CIs for your data, for three simple experimental designs.

CIdelta Calculate and display CIs for standardised effect sizes (Cohen's or d), for One and Two
Group designs. Requires use of NonCentral t distributions.

MAthinking Explore simple Meta-analysis, based on graphical display of CIs, for effect sizes in original
measurement units, and for standardised effect sizes (Cohen's or d).
17.3.09

ESCI licence conditions

1. Licence

1.1 Pursuant to this licence, the licensee acquires a non-exclusive right to:
(a) use the ESCI program (INDIVIDUAL or LOCAL NETWORK version) or the demonstration version depending on the licence fee
(b) make one copy for backup purposes only; and
(c) use the program strictly in accordance with the provisions of this licence and the user notes.

2. Licence Fee

2.1 The licensee is not entitled to use the program until the licence fee has been paid.

3. Licensees Obligations

3.1 The licensee hereby undertakes the following obligations:

(a) to not copy, reproduce, translate, adapt, vary or modify the program without the express consent of
LA TROBE UNIVERSITY, except as expressly authorised by this agreement;
(b) to supervise and control the use of the program in accordance with the terms of this licence;
(c) to ensure its employees, enrolled students, sub-contractors and other agents who have authorised
access to the program are made aware of the terms of the licence;
(d) to not provide or otherwise make available the program in any form to any person other than those referred
to in paragraph (c) without the written consent of LA TROBE UNIVERSITY; and
(e) to not use the program in connection with a service bureau operation.

4. Warranty

4.1 The licensee acknowledges that the program cannot be guaranteed error free and further acknowledges
that the existence of any such errors shall not constitute a breach of this licence.

4.2 If any statute implies terms into this agreement which cannot be lawfully excluded, such terms will apply to this agreement,
save that the liability of LA TROBE UNIVERSITY for breach of any such implied term will be limited, at the
option of LA TROBE UNIVERSITY, to any one or more of the following:
(a) the replacement of goods to which the breach relates or the supply of equivalent goods;
(b) the repair of such goods;
(c) the payment of the cost of replacing the goods or of acquiring equivalent goods; or
(d) the payment of the cost of having the goods repaired.

4.3 LA TROBE UNIVERSITY will not be liable for any indirect or consequential damages arising out
of a breach of this licence or arising out of the supply of a defective program.

4.4 The licensee acknowledges that it has exercised its independent judgment in acquiring the program and has not relied on any
representation made by LA TROBE UNIVERSITY which has not been stated expressly in this agreement or upon any descriptions
illustrations or specifications contained in any document including catalogues or publicity material produced by LA TROBE UNIVER

5. Copyright

5.1 The licensee acknowledges that the program is the subject of copyright. The licensee shall not during or at any time after the e
or termination of this licence permit any act which infringes that copyright and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing,
the licensee specifically acknowledges that it may not copy the program except as otherwise expressly authorised by this agreeme

5.2 The licensee indemnifies LA TROBE UNIVERSITY fully against all liabilities, costs and expenses which
LA TROBE UNIVERSITY may incur to a third party as a result of the licensees breach of the copyright provisions of this agreemen

6. Term of Licence

6.1 This licence commences upon payment of the licence fee and is granted in perpetuity, but may be terminated in the following c
(a) if the licensee is in breach of any term of this agreement;
(b) if the licensee, being a corporation, becomes the object of insolvency proceedings;
(c) if the licensee, being a firm or partnership, is dissolved; or
(d) if the licensee destroys the program for any reason.

6.2 On termination, the licensee or its representative shall destroy any remaining copies of the program or otherwise
return or dispose of such material in the manner directed by LA TROBE UNIVERSITY.

6.3 Termination pursuant to this clause shall not affect any rights or remedies which LA TROBE UNIVERSITY may
have otherwise under this licence or at law.

7. Assignment

7.1 The benefit of this agreement shall not be dealt with in any way by the licensee (whether by assignment,
sub-licensing or otherwise) without LA TROBE UNIVERSITYs written consent.

8. Waiver

8.1 Failure or neglect by either party to enforce any time any of the provisions of this agreement shall not be
construed or deemed to be a waiver of that partys rights under this licence.

9. Governing Law

9.1 This licence shall be governed by and construed according to the laws of the state of Victoria, Australia.
nfidence Intervals
e.edu.au/psy/esci

Single-user non-commercial licence

research in context: understanding confidence intervals from one or more studies.

age provides a figure showing up to 10 CIs.

re needed, so macros do not need to be enabled.

2003: Tools/Options/View/Comment indicator only
2007: Office button/Excel options/Advanced/Display/CellsIndicators only
on, to recover display area.
olution of 1280 x 800, or 1024 x 768. Otherwise, adjust zoom.
changes, but protection can be removed (no password needed).
of the figure, copy, then paste. (Paste Special, Picture (Enhanced metafile) works well.)
ies: Change axis labels, change scaling on an axis, change chart format

ween two independent proportions.

ariable with interval scaling.
r paired data (i.e. a repeated measure).
ences between means, two independent groups design, variances assumed equal.
etween means, two independent groups design, variances not assumed equal.
ate and lower and upper CI limits are known.

Please scroll down to see licence conditions below.

ce conditions.

ow cost. Also free demo version, free user notes.

found in the article 'A primer on the understanding,

noncentral distributions', by Geoff Cumming &
, August 2001, pp. 530-572.

ate probabilities.

s NonCentral t calculations.

nfidence intervals (CIs).

le experimental designs.

s (Cohen's or d), for One and Two

play of CIs, for effect sizes in original

zes (Cohen's or d).

monstration version depending on the licence fee paid;

he user notes.

e express consent of

of this licence;
who have authorised

son other than those referred

and further acknowledges

ded, such terms will apply to this agreement,

erm will be limited, at the

mages arising out

acquiring the program and has not relied on any

essly in this agreement or upon any descriptions or
ublicity material produced by LA TROBE UNIVERSITY.

licensee shall not during or at any time after the expiry

hout limiting the generality of the foregoing,
s otherwise expressly authorised by this agreement.

osts and expenses which

each of the copyright provisions of this agreement.

erpetuity, but may be terminated in the following circumstances:

copies of the program or otherwise

ch LA TROBE UNIVERSITY may

e (whether by assignment,

his agreement shall not be

state of Victoria, Australia.

 0 0
Correlations
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CIs for correlations
Enter up to 10 correlations (r), each 1 0
with sample size (n) 0
See a figure displaying correlations 0
and their approximate CIs
2 0
CIs are calculated by using the 0
Fisher r to z transformation 3 0

Experiment
0
0
1 Level of confidence 4 0
C 95 0
0
5 0
2 Input 3 CI limits 4 CI bars 0
r n LL UL Left Right 6 0
1 -0.9 50 -0.942 -0.829 0.042 0.071 0
2 -0.5 50 -0.683 -0.257 0.183 0.243 0
3 -0.1 50 -0.368 0.183 0.268 0.283 7 0
4 0 50 -0.278 0.278 0.278 0.278 0
5 0.1 100 -0.098 0.291 0.198 0.191 0
6 0.3 100 0.110 0.469 0.190 0.169 8 0
7 0.5 100 0.337 0.634 0.163 0.134 0
8 0.7 100 0.584 0.788 0.116 0.088 0
9
9 0.9 100 0.855 0.932 0.045 0.032 0
10 0.95 100 0.926 0.966 0.024 0.016 0
10 0
0
0
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 1
Correlation (and CI)

Page 7
 Correlations
CI calculations
crit z 1.95996
OK? r trans r SE z trans LL trans UL
1 -0.9 -1.4722 0.14586 -1.7581 -1.1863
1 -0.5 -0.5493 0.14586 -0.8352 -0.2634
1 -0.1 -0.1003 0.14586 -0.3862 0.18555
1 0 0 0.14586 -0.2859 0.28589
1 0.1 0.10034 0.10153 -0.0987 0.29934
1 0.3 0.30952 0.10153 0.11052 0.50852
1 0.5 0.54931 0.10153 0.3503 0.74831
1 0.7 0.8673 0.10153 0.6683 1.0663
1 0.9 1.47222 0.10153 1.27322 1.67122
1 0.95 1.83178 0.10153 1.63278 2.03079

For display
r y L bars R bars
-0.9 1 0.04229 0.07056
-0.5 2 0.18326 0.24251
-0.1 3 0.2681 0.28345
0 4 0.27835 0.27835
0.1 5 0.19835 0.19071
0.3 6 0.18993 0.16879
0.5 7 0.16336 0.13414
0.7 8 0.11614 0.08806
0.9 9 0.04533 0.03171
0.95 10 0.02354 0.01614

Page 8
 Proportions
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CIs for proportions
Enter up to 10 proportions (p), each 1 0
being x/n, where x and n are integers 0
See a figure displaying proportions 0
and their approximate CIs
2 0
CIs are calculated by using the method recommended 0
by Newcombe and Altman (2000) 3 0

Experiment
0
0
1 Level of confidence 4 0
C 95 0
0
5 0
2 Input 3 Proportion 4 CI limits 5 CI bars 0
x n p LL UL Left Right 6 0
1 0 7 0.000 0.000 0.354 0.000 0.354 0
2 2 7 0.286 0.082 0.641 0.203 0.355 0
3 4 7 0.571 0.250 0.842 0.321 0.270 7 0
4 6 7 0.857 0.487 0.974 0.370 0.117 0
5 7 7 1.000 0.646 1.000 0.354 0.000 0
6 10 100 0.100 0.055 0.174 0.045 0.074 8 0
7 30 100 0.300 0.219 0.396 0.081 0.096 0
8 50 100 0.500 0.404 0.596 0.096 0.096 0
9
9 70 100 0.700 0.604 0.781 0.096 0.081 0
10 90 100 0.900 0.826 0.945 0.074 0.045 0
10 0
0
0
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0 1
Proportion (and CI)

Page 9
 Proportions
CI calculations
crit z 1.95996
OK? p q A B C LL UL
1 0 1 3.84146 3.84146 21.6829 0 0.35433
1 0.28571 0.71429 7.84146 6.05871 21.6829 0.08222 0.64107
1 0.57143 0.42857 11.8415 6.41079 21.6829 0.25046 0.84178
1 0.85714 0.14286 15.8415 5.28465 21.6829 0.48687 0.97432
1 1 0 17.8415 3.84146 21.6829 0.64567 1
1 0.1 0.9 23.8415 12.3713 207.683 0.05523 0.17437
1 0.3 0.7 63.8415 18.3695 207.683 0.21895 0.39585
1 0.5 0.5 103.841 19.9725 207.683 0.40383 0.59617
1 0.7 0.3 143.841 18.3695 207.683 0.60415 0.78105
1 0.9 0.1 183.841 12.3713 207.683 0.82563 0.94477

For display
p y L bars R bars
0 1 0 0.35433
0.28571 2 0.2035 0.35535
0.57143 3 0.32097 0.27035
0.85714 4 0.37027 0.11718
1 5 0.35433 0
0.1 6 0.04477 0.07437
0.3 7 0.08105 0.09585
0.5 8 0.09617 0.09617
0.7 9 0.09585 0.08105
0.9 10 0.07437 0.04477

Page 10
 Diff0Proportions
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CIs for differences between two independent proportions
Enter up to 10 pairs of independent proportions (p1, p2), each 1 0
being x/n, where x and n are integers Mark zero? 1 0
2 For vertical 0

Experiment
See a figure displaying differences between 1 0
proportions and the approximate CIs on differences 0
CIs are calculated by using the method recommended 3 0
by Newcombe and Altman (2000) 0
4 0
0
5
1 Level of confidence 0
C 95 6 0
0
2 Mark zero 7 0
Display dotted vertical at zero 0
8 0
0
9 0
0
10 0
0
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 1
Difference between two proportions (and CI)
3 Input Prop'n Input Prop'n Diff 4 CI limits 5 CI bars
x1 n1 p1 x2 n2 p2 p1-p2 LLdiff ULdiff Left Right
1 0 7 0.000 1 7 0.143 -0.143 -0.513 0.230 0.370 0.373
2 0 70 0.000 10 70 0.143 -0.143 -0.243 -0.061 0.101 0.082
3 7 7 1.000 0 7 0.000 1.000 0.499 1.000 0.501 0.000
4 70 70 1.000 0 70 0.000 1.000 0.926 1.000 0.074 0.000
5 2 4 0.500 3 4 0.750 -0.250 -0.655 0.320 0.405 0.570
6 10 100 0.100 9 100 0.090 0.010 -0.075 0.095 0.085 0.085
7 30 100 0.300 33 100 0.330 -0.030 -0.156 0.098 0.126 0.128
8 50 100 0.500 99 100 0.990 -0.490 -0.587 -0.384 0.097 0.106
9 70 100 0.700 1 100 0.010 0.690 0.584 0.771 0.106 0.081
10 90 100 0.900 90 100 0.900 0.000 -0.087 0.087 0.087 0.087

Page 11
Diff Proportions
CI calculations
crit z 1.95996
p1 OK? p2 OK? all OK? p1 q1 A1 B1 C1 LL1 UL1 p2
1 1 1 0 1 3.84146 3.84146 21.6829 0 0.35433 0.14286
1 1 1 0 1 3.84146 3.84146 147.683 0 0.05202 0.14286
1 1 1 1 0 17.8415 3.84146 21.6829 0.64567 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 143.841 3.84146 147.683 0.94798 1 0
1 1 1 0.5 0.5 7.84146 5.48841 15.6829 0.15004 0.84996 0.75
1 1 1 0.1 0.9 23.8415 12.3713 207.683 0.05523 0.17437 0.09
1 1 1 0.3 0.7 63.8415 18.3695 207.683 0.21895 0.39585 0.33
1 1 1 0.5 0.5 103.841 19.9725 207.683 0.40383 0.59617 0.99
1 1 1 0.7 0.3 143.841 18.3695 207.683 0.60415 0.78105 0.01
1 1 1 0.9 0.1 183.841 12.3713 207.683 0.82563 0.94477 0.9

For display
D y L bars R bars
-0.1429 1 0.37027 0.3732
-0.1429 2 0.10053 0.08199
1 3 0.5011 0
1 4 0.07357 0
-0.25 5 0.40529 0.56956
0.01 6 0.08501 0.08537
-0.03 7 0.12636 0.12769
-0.49 8 0.09652 0.10596
0.69 9 0.10567 0.08147
0 10 0.0868 0.0868

Page 12
 Diff Proportions

q2 A2 B2 C2 LL2 UL2 D LLD ULD

0.85714 5.84146 5.28465 21.6829 0.02568 0.51313 -0.1429 -0.5131 0.23035
0.85714 23.8415 12.1022 147.683 0.07949 0.24338 -0.1429 -0.2434 -0.0609
1 3.84146 3.84146 21.6829 0 0.35433 1 0.4989 1
1 3.84146 3.84146 147.683 0 0.05202 1 0.92643 1
0.25 9.84146 5.12652 15.6829 0.30064 0.95441 -0.25 -0.6553 0.31956
0.91 21.8415 11.8576 207.683 0.04807 0.16226 0.01 -0.075 0.09537
0.67 69.8415 18.828 207.683 0.24563 0.42695 -0.03 -0.1564 0.09769
0.01 201.841 5.47439 207.683 0.94551 0.99823 -0.49 -0.5865 -0.384
0.99 5.84146 5.47439 207.683 0.00177 0.05449 0.69 0.58433 0.77147
0.1 183.841 12.3713 207.683 0.82563 0.94477 0 -0.0868 0.0868

Page 13
 0 0
Means 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CIs for single means
Enter up to 10 means ( X), each with its
1 0
sample size n, AND either SD OR SE 0
2

Experiment
See a figure displaying the means 0
and their CIs 0
3 0
1 Level of confidence 0
C 95
4 0
0
5
0
6 0
0
7 0
0
8 0
0
9 0
0
10 0
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 110
Mean of dependent variable (and CI)
2 Input 3 Input Bars 4 CI limits
n df tcrit SD SE MOE LL UL
X
1 32 2 1 12.706 12 107.816 -75.816 139.816
2 55 22 21 2.080 15 6.65063 48.3494 61.6506
3 22 22 21 2.080 22 45.7515 -23.752 67.7515
4 33 44 43 2.017 17 34.2838 -1.2838 67.2838
5 102 4 3 3.182 11 35.0069 66.9931 137.007
6 10 100 99 1.984
7 30 100 99 1.984 7 13.8895 16.1105 43.8895
8 50 100 99 1.984 99 19.6437 30.3563 69.6437
9
10 45 123 122 1.980 33 5.89032 39.1097 50.8903

Page 14
 Means
CI calculations
Blank if: Block entry if: mean SD & all
SD grey SE grey SD grey SE grey & n OK? SE OK? OK? SE
-1 0 1E+030 1 1 1 8.48528
-1 0 1E+030 1 1 1 3.19801
-1 1E+030 0 1 1 1 22
-1 1E+030 0 1 1 1 17
-1 1E+030 0 1 1 1 11
-1 -1 0 0 1 0 0 #N/A
-1 1E+030 0 1 1 1 7
-1 0 1E+030 1 1 1 9.9
-1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 #N/A
-1 0 1E+030 1 1 1 2.97551

For display
D y L bars R bars
32 1 107.816 107.816
55 2 6.65063 6.65063
22 3 45.7515 45.7515
33 4 34.2838 34.2838
102 5 35.0069 35.0069
#N/A 6 #N/A #N/A
30 7 13.8895 13.8895
50 8 19.6437 19.6437
#N/A 9 #N/A #N/A
45 10 5.89032 5.89032

Page 15
 Paired
0
means0 0 ###
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CIs for mean differences
Enter data for up to 10 paired experiments. (In each experiment, 1 0
there is a single repeated measure.) 0
2

Experiment
For each experiment, enter: 0
the mean difference, OR the two sample means, AND 0
n, the number of data pairs, AND 3 0
the SD OR SE of the differences, OR t OR p for testing 0
a null hypothesis of zero difference.
4 0
0
5
See a figure displaying the mean differences and their CIs 0
6 0
1 Level of confidence 0
C 95 7 0
0
8 0
0
9 0
0
10 0
0
0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 0 80
Mean difference (and CI)
2 Input 3 Input 4 Input Bars CI limits

Xd
X1
X2
Xd n df tcrit SDd SEd t p MOE LL UL t p
1 55 44 11 2 1 12.706 12 107.816 -96.816 118.816 1.296 0.41829
2 55 55 22 21 2.080 1.96 58.3565 -3.3565 113.357 1.960 0.0634
3 22 0 22 22 21 2.080 0.01 16.1588 5.84115 38.1588 2.831 0.01
4 33 33 0.05
5 -92 -92 4 3 3.182 9 14.321 -106.32 -77.679 -20.444 0.00026
6 -222 -220 -2 22
7 30 30 100 99 1.984 0.13 38.9878 -8.9878 68.9878 1.527 0.13
8 100 99 1.984 7.7
9 55 44 11
10 33 22 11

Page 16
 Paired means
CI calculations
Blank if: Block entry if: Blank if: Block entry if:
Xd grey
1&2grey Xd grey 1&2grey
Xd OK? n OK? SDdgrey SEdgrey t grey p grey SDdgrey SEdgrey
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 1 -1 0 1E+030
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 1 -1 1E+030 1E+030
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 1 -1 1E+030 1E+030
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 0 -1 1E+030 1E+030
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 1 -1 0 1E+030
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 0 -1 0 1E+030
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 1 -1 1E+030 1E+030
-1 -1 -1E+030 -1E+030 0 1 -1 1E+030 0
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0

For display
Xd
y L bars R bars
11 1 107.816 107.816
55 2 58.3565 58.3565
22 3 16.1588 16.1588
#N/A 4 #N/A #N/A
-92 5 14.321 14.321
#N/A 6 #N/A #N/A
30 7 38.9878 38.9878
#N/A 8 #N/A #N/A
#N/A 9 #N/A #N/A
#N/A 10 #N/A #N/A

Page 17
 Paired means
All 4 at
t grey p greyL p greyU 4 OK? All OK? SEd
1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1 1 8.48528
-1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1 1 28.0612
1E+030 0 1 1 1 7.77012
1E+030 0 1 1 0 #N/A
1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1 1 4.5
1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1 0 #N/A
1E+030 0 1 1 1 19.649
1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1 0 #N/A
-1E+030 0 1 0 0 #N/A
-1E+030 0 1 0 0 #N/A

Page 18
 2 ind means same0 variance
0 0 0 0 0 ###
0 0 0 0
CIs for two means, same variance
Enter data for up to 10 experiments, each comparing two independent 1 0
groups, assuming population variances are equal. 0
2

Experiment
0
For each experiment, enter: 0
Difference between the means, OR the two means, AND 3 0
n1 and n2, the two sample sizes, AND 0
the SD for each group, OR the SE for each group, OR t OR p 4 0
for testing a null hypothesis of zero difference. 0
5
0
See a figure displaying the differences between means, and their CIs 6 0
0
1 Level of confidence 7 0
C 95 0
8 0
0
9 0
0
10 0
0
0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 300 35
Difference of two means (and CI)
2 Input 3 Input 4 Input Bars CI limits

X1 -
X2
X1
X2
X1 -
X2 n1 n2 df tcrit SD1 SD2 SE1 SE2 t p MOE LL UL t
1 43.2 27.6 15.6 10 10 18 2.10092 9.7 4 6.97082 8.62918 22.5708 4.70165
2 14 14 13 22 33 2.03452 2.37 12.0182 1.98177 26.0182 2.37
3 40 50 -10 22 22 42 2.01808 0.08 11.2485 -21.249 1.24851 -1.7941
4 23.65 23.65 0.14
5 19 19 4 4 6 2.44691 4.3 5.7 17.471 1.52898 36.471 2.66105
6 -15 -44 29 20 25 43 2.01669 22 20 12.6491 16.3509 41.6491 4.62358
7 9.2 9.2 100 100 198 1.97202 0.13 11.9326 -2.7326 21.1326 1.52042
8 100 100 198 1.97202 3 7.7
9 55 66 -11
10

Page 19
 2 ind means same variance CI calculations
Blank if: Block entry if: n1 n2 Blank if:
diff grey 1&2grey diff grey 1&2grey diff OK? OK? SD grey SE grey t grey
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 1 -1
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 1 -1
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 1
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 0
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 1 -1
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 1 -1
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 1
-1 -1 -1E+030 -1E+030 0 1 -1
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 0 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1E+030 -1E+030 0 0 -1 -1 -1

For display
Xd
y L bars R bars
15.6 1 6.97082 6.97082
14 2 12.0182 12.0182
-10 3 11.2485 11.2485
#N/A 4 #N/A #N/A
19 5 17.471 17.471
29 6 12.6491 12.6491
9.2 7 11.9326 11.9326
p #N/A 8 #N/A #N/A
0.00018 #N/A 9 #N/A #N/A
0.02379 #N/A 10 #N/A #N/A
0.08

0.03747
3E-005
0.13

Page 20
 2 ind means same variance
Block entry if: SD1 2 SE1 2 If SD1 2 If SE1 2 If t If p
p grey SDdgrey SEdgrey t grey p greyL p greyU OK? OK? t OK? p OK? All OK? SEdiff SEdiff SEdiff SEdiff SEdiff
0 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1 0 0 0 1 3.31798 3.31798
1E+030 1E+030 -1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 0 1 0 1 5.90717 5.90717
-1 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 5.57386 5.57386
-1 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 #N/A
1E+030 0 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 1 0 0 1 7.14003 7.14003
0 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1 0 0 0 1 6.2722 6.2722
-1 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 6.05095 6.05095
1E+030 0 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 #N/A
-1 0 0 -1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 #N/A
-1 0 0 -1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 #N/A

Page 21
 2 ind means general
0 0 0 0 0 0 ###
0 0 0 0
CIs for two means, without assuming same variance
Enter data for up to 10 experiments, each comparing two independent 1 0
groups. Do not assume population variances are equal. 0
2

Experiment
0
For each experiment, enter: 0
Difference between the means, OR the two means, AND 3 0
n1 and n2, the two sample sizes, AND 0
the SD for each group, OR the SE for each group, OR t OR p 4 0
for testing a null hypothesis of zero difference. 0
5
0
See a figure displaying the differences between means, and their CIs 6 0
0
1 Level of confidence 7 0
C 95 0
8 0
0
9 0
0
10 0
0
0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 300 35
Difference of two means (and CI)
2 Input 3 Input 4 Input Bars CI limits

X1 -
X2
X1
X2
X1 -
X2 n1 n2 df tcrit SD1 SD2 SE1 SE2 t p MOE LL UL t
1 43.2 27.6 15.6 10 10 11.9749 2.17937 9.7 4 7.23111 8.36889 22.8311 4.70165
2 14 14 13 22 12 2.17881 2.37 12.8706 1.12938 26.8706 2.37
3 40 50 -10 22 22 21 2.07961 0.08 11.3044 -21.304 1.30439 -1.8397
4 23.65 23.65 0.14
5 19 19 4 4 5.57924 2.49895 4.3 5.7 17.8426 1.15745 36.8426 2.66105
6 -15 -44 29 20 25 38.9503 2.02278 22 20 12.8251 16.1749 41.8251 4.57388
7 9.2 9.2 100 100 99 1.98422 0.13 11.9563 -2.7563 21.1563 1.5268
8 100 100 3 7.7
9 55 66 -11
10

Page 22
 2 ind means general CI calculations
Blank if: Block entry if: n1 n2 Blank if:
diff grey 1&2grey diff grey 1&2grey diff OK? OK? SD grey SE grey t grey
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 1 -1
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 1 -1
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 1
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 0
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 1 -1
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 1 -1
-1 -1E+030 1E+030 1 1
-1 -1 -1E+030 -1E+030 0 1 -1
-1 1E+030 -1E+030 1 0 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1E+030 -1E+030 0 0 -1 -1 -1

For display
Xd
y L bars R bars
15.6 1 7.23111 7.23111
14 2 12.8706 12.8706
-10 3 11.3044 11.3044
#N/A 4 #N/A #N/A
19 5 17.8426 17.8426
29 6 12.8251 12.8251
9.2 7 11.9563 11.9563
p #N/A 8 #N/A #N/A
0.00065 #N/A 9 #N/A #N/A
0.0354 #N/A 10 #N/A #N/A
0.08

0.04483
5E-005
0.13

Page 23
 2 ind means general
Block entry if: SD1 2 SE1 2 If SD1 2 If SE1 2 If t If p
p grey SDdgrey SEdgrey t grey p greyL p greyU OK? OK? t OK? p OK? All OK? SEdiff SEdiff SEdiff SEdiff SEdiff q SD SE m t crit Approx df
0 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1 0 0 0 1 3.31798 3.31798 0.17005 11.9749 2.17937 1E+030
1E+030 1E+030 -1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 0 1 0 1 5.90717 5.90717 2.17881 -1E+030
-1 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 5.43581 5.43581 2.07961 -1E+030
-1 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 #N/A -1E+030
1E+030 0 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 1 0 0 1 7.14003 7.14003 1.75717 5.57924 2.49895 1E+030
0 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 1 0 0 0 1 6.34035 6.34035 0.82645 38.9503 2.02278 1E+030
-1 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 6.02568 6.02568 1.98422 -1E+030
1E+030 0 1E+030 1E+030 1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 #N/A 1E+030
-1 0 0 -1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 #N/A 1E+030
-1 0 0 -1E+030 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 #N/A 1E+030

Page 24
 2 ind means general

Approx df

Page 25
 0 0
Known
0
CI limits
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CIs when lower and upper limits are known
Enter up to 10 point estimates, each 1 0
with the LL and UL of the CI. 0
0
See a figure displaying these point estimates
2 0
and their CIs 0
3 0

Experiment
0
1 Level of confidence 0
C 95 4 0
0
0
2 Point 3 CI limits 4 CI bars 5 0
estimate LL 95 Left Right 0
1 18.5 12 27.3 6.5 8.8 6 0
2 12.55 10 15.4 2.55 2.85 0
3 21 16.8 25.9 4.2 4.9 0
4 23.4 15 33.1 8.4 9.7 7 0
5 14.75 8.2 21 6.55 6.25 0
6 19 8.6 28.4 10.4 9.4 0
7 8 0
8 0
9 0
9
10 0
0
10 0
0
0
0
12 14 16 18 20 22 0 24
Point estimate (and CI)

Page 26
 Known CI limits

Point Point Point Point OK OK

est & L est & U est. L est. R for L? for R?
12 27.3 18.5 18.5 1 1
10 15.4 12.55 12.55 1 1
16.8 25.9 21 21 1 1
15 33.1 23.4 23.4 1 1
8.2 21 14.75 14.75 1 1
8.6 28.4 19 19 1 1
-1E+030 1E+030 -1E+030 1E+030 0 0
-1E+030 1E+030 -1E+030 1E+030 0 0
-1E+030 1E+030 -1E+030 1E+030 0 0
-1E+030 1E+030 -1E+030 1E+030 0 0

For display
r y L bars R bars
18.5 1 6.5 8.8
12.55 2 2.55 2.85
21 3 4.2 4.9
23.4 4 8.4 9.7
14.75 5 6.55 6.25
19 6 10.4 9.4
#N/A 7 #N/A #N/A
#N/A 8 #N/A #N/A
#N/A 9 #N/A #N/A
#N/A 10 #N/A #N/A

Page 27