Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract: This publication is written for lawn care professionals, golf course superintendents, or anyone with a
lawn. Its emphasis is on soil management and cultural practices that enhance turf growth and reduce pests and
diseases by reducing turf stress. It also looks at mixed species and wildflower lawns as low maintenance alternatives
to pure grass lawns.
By Barbara Bellows
NCAT Agriculture Specialist
May 2003
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................. 2
Organic and Least-toxic
Turfcare Practices
LEAVE THIS SPACE ........................ 2
HERE FOR THE TABLE OF
A Healthy
CONTENTS Soil
, TO BE Environment
ENTERED LATER.
for Turf ........................................... 2
Species Diversity in the Lawn
Environment ................................. 9
Cultural Practices that Reduce
Stress on Turf .............................12
Biointensive Pest Control
Methods for Turf .......................15
Summary .....................................20
Acknowledgements ...................20
Organizations .............................20
Resources .....................................21
Electronic Database ...................23
References ...................................23
Appendix: Tables 1-6 ........ 28-36
Illustration 1. A healthy lawn complements a healthy
Executive Summary ...................37 garden. (Photo by Ron Francis, Natural Resources
Conservation Service)
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information service operated by the National Center
for Appropriate Technology, through a grant from the Rural Business-Cooperative Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture. These organizations do not recommend or endorse products,
companies, or individuals. NCAT has offices in Fayetteville, Arkansas (P.O. Box 3657, Fayetteville,
AR 72702), Butte, Montana, and Davis, California.
Related ATTRA Publications
A Healthy Soil Environment for Turf
Farm-Scale Composting Resource List
Alternative Soil Testing Laboratory Resource List Good quality soil with an active population of
Alternative Soil Amendments earthworms, fungi, bacteria, and beneficial nema-
Sources of Organic Fertilizers and Amendments todes is critical for creating and maintaining
Flame Weeding for Vegetable Crops healthy lawns. According to Dr. Eric Nelson (2),
Notes on Compost Teas turfgrass specialist at Cornell University, “The
Biointensive Integrated Pest Control challenge of the turfgrass manager is to become
an expert not only in the management of what
everyone can see above the ground, but in the
Introduction management of beneficial soil microorganisms
to maximize turfgrass health.”
One 1996 survey found that more pesticides are
used on turfgrass than on any other ornamental
(1). High-maintenance turfgrass sites such as golf “The heart of organic lawn care is the natural
courses use large amounts of fuel, fertilizer, pes- build up of your soil. Healthy soils nurture a
ticides, and water (2). However, homeowners, healthy turf, which grows much better and
landscapers, and golf course managers are be- has an increased resistance to stress caused
coming increasingly interested in organic and by heat, cold, drought, insect pests, diseases,
least-toxic turf care. Reasons for this increased and weeds. A successful organic fertilizer
interest include (3): program provides for the long-term needs of
• Elimination of pesticides from recre- your lawn by adjusting deficient nutrients
ational areas such as lawns, parks, golf with organic fertilizers and soil conditioners.“
courses, and athletic fields to eliminate Shannon Pope, proprietor of Healthy
exposure of people and pets Soils, an organic lawn care service
• Decreased susceptibility of turf to pests,
diseases, and drought “The challenge of the turfgrass manager is to
• Reduced runoff and leaching of excess become an expert not only in the management
nutrients and pesticides into surface and of what everyone can see above the ground,
ground waters but in the management of beneficial soil mi-
• Enhanced biodiversity in urban regions, croorganisms to maximize turfgrass health.”
which contributes to the conservation of Dr. Eric Nelson, Cornell University
species (birds, insects, herbs, others)
Step 1. Test the compost nutrient content. A nutrient test should be conducted on each compost pile you will
be using. Especially if you are using commercial compost, test it for nutrient content as well as for the
presence of heavy metals or pesticides. If the compost is to be used for disease control, an analysis of micro-
bial populations should also be conducted (see Table 1).
Step 2. Determine the amount of nutrients needed. Most soil testing laboratories provide recommendations
on the amount of nutrients to be applied, based on the type of soil and plant variety you will be using. When
calculating the amount of nutrients coming from compost, remember that only about one-third to one-half
will be available during the current growing season.
For uniform turf growth throughout the growing season, apply the majority of your compost in the spring
and fall, with some topdressing during the summer. For example, you may want to apply 50% of the nutri-
ents needed in the spring and 30% in the fall, with four topdress applications, each providing 5% of the
required nutrients.
Note that normal agronomic compost application rates range from 5 to 10 tons/acre. The recommended
compost application rates for turf are higher than the agronomic rates, because of the higher economic value
of turf and, depending on its use, the greater potential for compaction by people walking or playing sports on
yards or athletic fields. For restoring degraded land, the recommend rates for compost additions can be as
high as 250 cubic yards or 84 tons per acre, especially when the natural topsoil is missing (5).
By evenly blending clover with grass seed, you In more arid or degraded landscapes, black medic
can obtain a uniform distribution of clover in the is a good complement to turfgrass or wildflow-
lawn. Adding clover to the turf cover can: ers in a natural lawn. It can also serve as a tem-
• Increase the drought-tolerance of the porary restoration crop to aid in turf establish-
lawn ment. Like clover, medic fixes nitrogen, helps
• Provide two pounds of nitrogen per 1000 aerate the soil with its deep root system, grows
square feet annually close to the ground, and is non-invasive (24).
• Decrease disease infestations by increas-
ing the population of pest predators In addition to legumes, a combination of grasses
• Decrease weed infestations native to your locality can provide a highly re-
sistant, low-maintenance yard or turf. For ex-
ample, a combination of little bluestem
(Schizachyrium scoparium), common or Pennsyl-
vania sedge (Carex pensylvanica), and tufted
hairgrass (Deschampsia flexuosa) is well adapted
to the Northeastern coastal areas (25), while blue
grama (Bouteloua gracilis), buffalograss (Buchloe
dactyloides), purple three-awn (Aristida
purpurea), and sideoats grama (Bouteloua
curtipendula) are native grasses of the arid South-
west (26). You can get information on grass na-
tive to your area from your Cooperative Exten-
sion office.
As with any turf management practice, success- Wildflower seed mixtures. Most wildflower mix-
ful establishment of a wildflower lawn requires tures contain a combination of perennial, bien-
appropriate land preparation. Surprisingly, nial, and annual plants. While the early bloom-
wildflower gardeners usually discourage tilling ing annual plants produce a large quantity of
since it can destroy seeds of prairie species lay- seed, much of this seed will probably not fall on
ing dormant in the soil, hurt tree roots, and cause bare ground. Reseeding annuals into the wild-
erosion. A common method of land preparation flower planting each spring will help maintain a
is to first smother the existing turf over winter balance between annuals and perennials, as well
under layers of newspaper held down by a layer as decrease the potential for weed competition.
Choosing and installing sod. Most sod contains Mowing correctly can kill weeds, save water, re-
high-maintenance grasses and is grown using duce diseases, stimulate root growth, and pro-
synthetic inputs. If you use sod, try to choose vide grasscuttings for fertilizer (35). Mowing in-
one grown that uses compost and contains a mix- correctly can cause stress on turf, introduce dis-
Increasing the mowing height is particularly Mower maintenance. Maintaining sharp mower
important when turf is under stress by heat, blades enhances mowing efficiency, reduces
drought, or shade. Do not leave your mower set stress on grass, and facilitates decomposition of
at the same height all year—or even while you grass clippings. Sharp mower blades also reduce
are mowing different sections of your lawn on mower vibration, lengthen mower life, and re-
the same day. Instead, increase the mower duce fuel consumption by gasoline mowers by
height to reduce stress on turf growing in the as much as 22 percent (14). Conversely, a dull
shade and when you mow during the summer blade favors the spread of diseases since it cuts
heat. Since turf species grow more slowly when grass with a rough tear that provides more sur-
they are under stress, the time between mowings face area for disease to enter than does a clean
should allow turf in hot or shady conditions to cut. Many turf professionals recommend sharp-
regrow sufficiently before it is mowed again. ening mower blades at least once a month, or
This may mean mowing shady sections of your after eight hours of mowing (12).
lawn at intervals different from those used in
sunny areas. By increasing your mower height, Water management. Healthy lawns that are well
you can both reduce stress on turf species as well aerated and have a moderate to high level of or-
as the incidence of some common turf weeds. In ganic matter need less water than do more com-
contrast, probably the most stressful mowing pacted lawns. Soils that are not compacted al-
practice for turf grass is allowing grass to reach low for good water infiltration and movement
a height of 7 inches or more, then mowing it to a to plant roots, while organic matter acts as a
height of 2 inches or less just before the summer sponge, absorbing water and holding it for use
drought. This abrupt change in height shocks during dry periods.
and seriously weakens a lawn (19).
Proper watering. Watering less frequently and
more deeply encourages root growth deep into
By increasing mower height, you can both re- the soil rather than on the surface, where it forms
duce stress on turf species as well as the inci- thatch. Deeper root growth allows plants to with-
dence of some common turf weeds. stand dry conditions better, and the formation
of less thatch enhances soil aeration. Deep roots
Mower type. Mulching mowers and grasscycling have better access to soil nutrients and water,
mowers chop grass clipping finely and blow especially in the dry season. They also promote
them down into the turf. This provides a lawn turf growth over weed growth, since many turf
with a clean appearance while encouraging rapid grasses develop a deep root system, while many
decomposition of the clippings. Grass clippings weeds have shallow roots (36).
Biointensive Pest Control Methods Turf diseases. Prevention is the key to disease
for Turf management in turf. Planting resistant variet-
ies, keeping mower blades sharp, avoiding over-
Biointensive pest control seeks primarily to pre- fertilization and over-irrigation, and biologically
vent pest and disease infestations by reducing enriching the soil with mature compost are prac-
turf stress and encouraging the growth of pest tices that will produce a vigorous, disease-resis-
predators. Building soil quality, avoiding tant turf.
“My program begins with a detailed lawn evaluation. I look first at the turf type. Then, I look for
problem areas. Most of the time the weeds that are in the lawn will tell me what are the problems
and what needs to be done. For example, are they summer, winter, or spring weeds? Are they
annuals or perennials? Can they be controlled using pre-emergence measures or are they better
controlled after emergence? Can they be spot controlled, or do control measures need to be used
across the turf area?”
“What time of year are you evaluating the lawn? If it is early spring and there are bare spots, a
summer annual weed will probably invade. Look for problems with shade from trees, any disease
or pest problems, too much or too little water, and thatch build-up. Key in on the condition of the
turf. Is it thick and well-established? Or, is it thin and patchy? Take a shovel and look at your soil
and the root systems of the grass. This is where most problems begin. If there are several inches of
healthy soil and a strong root system, then a maintenance program is all that is needed. However,
if the soil is thin and the roots are short or bunchy, the lawn needs an application of compost or
other organic material to build-up the soil.”
“Be realistic and don’t make promises to your clients that you cannot keep. It will take time to
adjust deficiencies. Take advantage of the highest growing period of your turf types. This is when
most noticeable gains can be achieved and when the turf needs the greatest amount of nutrients
and care.”
Shannon Pope, proprietor of Healthy Soils, and organic lawn care service
9) Landschoot, Peter. 1999. Using composts to 17) Teffeau, Marc, Ray Bosmans, Sidney Park-
improve turf performance. PennState Col- Brown, Susan W. Williams, and Merle
lege of Agriculture Sciences, Cooperative Ex Gross. n.d. Lawn and Garden Care. In:
tension. Accessed at: <http:// Urban Home*A*Syst. Cooperative Exten-
www.agronomy.psu.edu/Extension/Turf/ sion Service, University of Arkansas, Divi-
Composts.html>. sion of Agriculture, Little Rock, AR. p. 21–
27
10) Darlington, William. 2001. Compost: Soil
amendment for establishment of turf and 18) Wander, M.M., S.J. Traina, B.R. Stinner,
landscape. Soil and Plant Laboratory. Ac- and S.E. Peters. 1994. Organic and con-
cessed at: <http:// ventional management effects on
www.soilandplantlaboratory.com/ biologicallyactive soil organic matter
articles2.html>. pools. Soil Science Society of America
Journal. Volume 58. p. 1130–1139.
11) Tyler, Rod. 1999. Sports Turf Markets for
Compost. Planet Green, Inc. Accessed at: 19) McDonald, David K. 1999. Ecologically
<http://www.planetgreen.com/knowl Sound Lawn Care for the Pacific Northwest:
edge/know_sportsturfmarkets.html>. Findings from the Scientific Literature and
Recommendation from Turf Professionals.
12) Sachs, Paul. 2000. Organic lawn care. Ver- Seattle Public Utilities. Community Services
mont Public Interest Research Group. Ac- Division, Resource Conservation Section.
cessed at: <http://www.vpirg.org/cam Seattle, WA. Accessed at: <http://
paigns/environmentalHealth/ www.ci.seattle.wa.us/util/lawncare/
organic_lawn_care.html>. default.htm>.
13) Bruneau, A.H., Fred Yelverton, L.T. Lucas, 20) Talbot, Michael. 1990. Ecological Lawn
and Rick L. Brandenburg. 1997. Organic Care. Mother Earth News. May/June. No.
Lawn Care. Publication AG-562. North 123. p. 62–73.
Carolina Cooperative Extension Service,
Raleigh, NC. 32 p. 21) Potter, Daniel A., with Margaret C. Buxton,
Carl T. Redmond, Cary G. Patterson, and
Andrew J. Powell. 1990. Toxicity of pesti-
22) Daehnke, David. 2000. The Gardening 31) Diboll, Neil. 2002. Wildflowers: The case
Guru’s Organic Lawn Care Manual. for native plants. Prairie Nursery, Inc.
Accessed at: Westfield, WI. Accessed at: <http://
<http://www.members.tripod.com/ www.prairienursery.com/NeilsPage/
~Gardeningguru/index-11.html>. AchWriting/
WildflowersCaseforNative.htm>.
23) The Lawn Institute. 2001. How to establish,
renovate, or overseed your lawn. Accessed 32) American Meadows. n.d. Planting Instruc-
at: <http://www.turfgrasssod.org/ tions: How to create your own wildflower
lawninstitute/guide.html> meadow. Accessed at: <http://
www.americanmeadows.com/
24) Osentowski, Jerome, and Peter Bane. 2002. plantinst.cfm>.
Golf in the garden: Designing the
permaculture links. The IPM Practitioner. 33) Wasowski, Sally. 2002. Gardening with
Vol. XXIV. No. 7. p. 1–6. Prairie Plants: How to Create Beautiful
Native Landscapes. University of Minne-
25) Grimes, James C. 1999. Little bluestem sota Press, Minneapolis, MN. 285 p.
blends for the East. In: Stevie Daniels (ed.).
Easy Lawns: Low-Maintenance Native 34) PageWise. 2001. How to plant a wildflower
Grasses for Gardeners Everywhere. Brook- meadow. Accessed at: <http://
lyn Botanic Garden. Accessed at: <http:// www.allsands.com/Gardening/
www.bbg.org/gar2/topics/sustainable/ wildflowersmea_suc_gn.htm>.
handbooks/lawns/7.html>.
35) McHenry County Defenders. 1996. Got the
26) Daniels, Stevie. 1995. The Wild Lawn lawnmower blues? Natural Landscaping,
Handbook. Alternatives to the Traditional Woodstock, Il. Accessed at: <http://
Front Lawn. Macmillan, New York, NY. www.mcdef.org/natlan.htm>.
256 p.
36) Wheaton, Paul. 2000. Organic lawn care
27) Prarie Nursery. 2002. “No Mow” Lawn for the cheap and lazy. Accessed at: <http:/
Mix. Wildflowers & Native Grasses. Ac- /www.richsoil.com/lawn/>.
cessed at: <http://
www.prairienursery.com/catalog/ 37) Mugaas, Bob. 2002. LILaC: Low Input
cat_nomow.asp>. Lawn Care. University of Minnesota Ex-
tension Service. Accessed at: <http://
28) Daniels, Stevie. Low & Slow Fescues. In: www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/
Stevie Daniels (ed.). Easy Lawns: Low- horticulture/DG7552.html>.
Maintenance Native Grasses for Gardeners
Everywhere. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 111 38) Nelson, Eric B., and C.M. Craft. 1991. Sup-
p. Accessed at: <http://www.bbg.org/ pression of dollar spot on creeping
gar2/topics/sustainable/handbooks/ bentgrass and annual bluegrass turf with
lawns/4.html>. compost-amended topdressings. Plant Dis-
ease. Vol. 76. p. 954–958.
29) Palmer, Dave (ed.). 2001. Growing Con-
cerns. University of Florida Extension. 39) Hoitnik, H.A.J., M.J. Boehm, and Y. Hadar.
April, May, June. Accessed at: <http:// 1993. Mechanisms of suppression of soil
prohort.ifas.ufl.edu/Newsletters/ borne plant pathogens in compost-
CommApr01.PDF>. amended substrates. p. 601–621. In: H.A.J.
May 2003
IP123
Color dark brown to black (but not dark black, which indi-
cates overheating during the composting process)
Texture or particle size fine texture, particles smaller than 1/2 inch for incor-
poration, smaller than 1/8 for topdressing
Do not use:
• uncomposted manure, since it contains weed seeds and pathogens
• sewage sludge, since it may contain heavy metals and pathogens
Source: 6
PAGE 30
Tolerance Wear Method
Warm-Season
Grasses
Bahiagrass Heat tolerent Moderate - Poor Good - Poor - Nematodes- V. Good Acid, sandy Low - Moderate Seed, sod
Excellent Good Diseases - Good
Bermudagrass Heat tolerent Poor- Good- Good - Nematodes- Poor Wide range Medium - High Sod, sprigs,
Very Poor Excellent Excellent Diseases - Good plugs, seed
Carpetgrass Heat tolerent Fair -Moderate Poor Poor Nematodes-Poor Acid, wet Low Seed, sprigs
Diseases - Moderate
Centipedegrass Heat tolerent Fair-Good Good Poor Nematodes-Poor Acid, infertile Low Seed, sod,
Diseases - Good sprigs, plugs
St. Augustinegrass Heat tolerent Good- Good - Poor - Nematodes-Good Wide range Medium Sod, plugs,
Very Good Poor Good Diseases-Moderate sprigs
Zoysiagrass Heat tolerent Good Good- Good - Nematodes-Poor Wide range High Sod, plugs
Excellent Excellent Diseases - Good
Cool-Season
Grasses
Kentucky Heat - moderate Good Good Good Diseases- moderate Wide range Moderate -High Seed, sod
Bluegrass Cold - moderate
Rough-stalk Heat - moderate Moderate Poor Poor Diseases- moderate Moderate Seed, sod
Bluegrass Cold - moderate
Tall Fesue Heat - moderate Good - Very Good - Diseases- moderate Wide range Low - Moderate Seed, sod, plugs
Cold - moderate Very Good Good Very Good
Red Fescue Northern Good- Resistant to red thread Acid soils Low Sod, plugs,
Very Good sprigs
Annual Heat- poor Poor Poor Good Diseases- moderate High Seed
Ryegrass Cold - moderate
Perennial Heat - moderate Good- Good - Good Allstar - high insect Low- Moderate Seed, sod
Ryegrass Cold - moderate Very Good Poor resistance
Native Grasses
Buffalograss Heat-good Good Very Good Moderate Disease-good Low Seed, sod, plugs
Cold - moderate
Blue Gamma Heat-moderate Good Good Moderate Disease-good Low Seed, sod
Cold -good
Crested Wheat Heat-moderate Seed, sod
grass
Sources: 56, 57, 58
Brown patch • Fescue increase • reduce N in late • water deeply, infrequently • topdress compost
• Ryegrass aeration spring, summer • water early in day
• Bluegrass • adjust pH to 6 - 6.5 • reduce leaf wetness
• Bermudagrass • provide good drainage
• St. Augustinegrass
Dollar spot • Bluegrass available increase • collect and com- • adequate • water deeply, infrequently • prevelent in dry weather
• Ryegrass aeration post clippings fertilization necessary • avoid drought stress • topdress compost
• Centipedegrass • raise pH • water early in day
• Bermudagrass • reduce leaf wetness
Fairy ring All cool and warm season increase increase N, iron • remove excess
grasses aeration organic matter
• decrease thatch
• rototill or remove soil
Leaf spot • All cool-season grasses available • increase mowing reduce N • water deeply, infrequently • reduce thatch
• Bermudagrass height especially • water early in day
in late spring and • reduce leaf wetness
summer
• keep mower
blades sharp
Necrotic ring spot available increase minimize stress • minimize stress • reduce thatch
aeration • topdress compost
Powdery mildew • Bluegrass shade-tolerant increase increase mowing reduce N • water deeply, infrequently • reduce shade
cultivars aeration height • water early in day • prevelent in cool
• reduce leaf wetness weather
Pythium blight do not mow when reduce N • do not water at night • reduce shade
wet • improve drainage • topdress compost
Pythium root rot increase increase mowing • improve drainage • reduce shade
aeration height • heavy fall compost ap-
plication
PAGE 31
APPENDIX: Table 4. Cultural Practices for Turf Disease Control - Continued
Disease Grass species affected Resistant varieties Aeration Mowing Fertility Watering / Other
PAGE 32
Leaf wetness
Red thread/pink patch All cool-season available collect and increase fertility, pH • water deeply, infrequently • improve air movement
grasses compost leaf • reduce leaf wetness • prevelent in cool weather
clippings • prevelent in dry weather
• topdress compost
Rust • Fescue available collect and increase • minimize stress • reduce shade
• Ryegrass compost leaf • maintain good soil • prevelent in dry weather
• Bluegrass clippings moisture
• Zoysiagrass • reduce leaf wetness
Slime molds All cool and warm collect and • remove mold by brushing
season grasses compost leaf or washing turf
clippings • reduce thatch
• prevelent in cool weather
Southern Blight • Bluegrass
fertilize properly • water deeply, infrequently • reduce thatch
• Ryegrass
• reduce leaf wetness
Summer patch increase lower pH
mowing
height
Yellow tuft
reduce N • reduce leaf wetness
increase iron • improve drainage
Root feeders
White grubs • Northeast available for • withold water in July and early August • Neem • Bacillus popilliae (Milky spore)
• Southeast cool-season when eggs need water to hatch to control Japanese Beetles
• Midwest grasses • increasing mowing height to 3 inches en- • Beauveria bassiana
• Plains states hances milky spore effectiveness • Bacillus japonensis
• Northwest
• Entomopathogenic nematodes
• Southwest
Sod webworms • Northeast available for • mow to 3 inches • Neem • Entomopathogenic nematodes
• Southeast cool-season • remove thatch to reduce habitat
• Gulf states • Insecticidal soap • Bacillus thuringiensis
grasses • ensure good drainage
• Midwest
• avoid drought conditions
• Plains states
• Northwest
PAGE 33
PAGE 34
APPENDIX: Table 5. Cultural and Biological Control Methods for Turf Insect Pests and Other Athropods -
Continued
Insect Pest Geographical Endophytes Cultural control methods Botanical Pesticides Biological Insecticides
Locations
Affected
Cutworms • Northwest available for • remove thatch to reduce habitat • Neem • Entomopathogenic
cool-season • use pheromone traps to monitor time • Insecticidal soaps nematodes
grasses of egg laying • Bacillus thuringiensis
• mow and bag clippings to remove eggs
from leaf tips
Armyworms • Southeast available for • remove thatch to reduce habitat • Neem • Entomopathogenic
• Gulf states cool-season • Insecticidal soaps nematodes
grasses • Bacillus thuringiensis
Other Arthropods
Slugs and snails • Moist, humid • eliminating wet areas in lawn • Copper barriers • Slug-attacking nematodes
climates • setting out traps • Horsetail (Equisetum) (available currently only in
• planting non-preferred plant species Britian)
extract
• Sawdust
• Woodash
Barnyardgrass Poor
drainage
Burdock Infrequent
Buttercup Poor
drainage
Nutsedge Poor
drainage
Pigweed Droughty
conditions
Yarrow Droughty
conditions
Sources: 4, 13
Other cultural practices that help control turf The easiest and most effective method of weed
grass diseases include aerating the soil and turf control is to increase species diversity in the lawn.
by raking, coring, or spiking. You can also stimu- By raising the mower height to 3 inches, espe-
late the growth of microbial antagonists by ap- cially during the spring, you can obtain the same
plying natural supplements such as lime, ash, level of crabgrass control as with herbicides.
compost, liquid seaweed, or fish emulsion. Leaving grass clipping on the lawn after mow-
ing can control the germination and growth of
Biological Pest Control Methods certain weeds, because the clippings contain al-
lelopathic compounds. Two organically-ap-
A light topdressing of high-quality mature com- proved herbicides have demonstrated a high
post applied every 30 days can provide effective level of control. Corn gluten meal provides pre-
control of some root pathogens and reduce weed emergence control of various weed species, in-
infestation. Compost applications can suppress cluding crab grass, foxtail, pigweed and dande-
some soil borne fungal diseases as well as con- lion. Concentrated vinegar, containing 10 to
ventional fungicides. You can topdress solid 20% acetic acid, is an effective post-emergence
compost or mix with 20 to 30% sand, then incor- herbicide that kills giant foxtail, common
porated into the soil with an aerator or drag lambsquarters, smooth pigweed, and velvetleaf.
chains. Alternatively, you can apply compost Unfortunately, both of these products are only
tea—a liquid solution prepared from high qual- economical to use in small areas or as a spot-treat-
ity compost—as a spray. ment.