Ground Treatment for Tunnelling

TUCSS TRAINING COURSE Tunnel construction

29 September 2010

Nick Osborne - Geotechnical Manager

Nick.osborne@mottmac.sg

General impression of Ground Treatment

OR

Dark Art
Black Box

1
 Contents

Introduction
Available Ground Treatment Techniques
Benefits and Application to Tunnelling
Case studies

Common Types of Grouting

2
 Grout delivery techniques

Delivery methods can be applied across different types of

grouting:
1. Bottom up grouting
2. TAM
3. JGP/ mixing

Compaction grouting

3
 Fissure grouting

Tube A Manchette Grouting (TAM)

4
 Imperative that correct grout used for ground
condition

Achievable grout strengths ??

Source US army engineers EM1110-1-3500

5
 USE OF HIGH PRESSURE JETS TO REPLACE
SOIL WITH GROUT

Development of excessive pressure

Pcav< sv + Cu Pcav> sv + Cu Pfrac> sv + 2Cu

No Heave Expansion & Heave Fracture expansion
& Heave

6
 JGP - Sludge return

ROBINSON ROAD AFTER JET GROUTING, 1985 500mm

7
 DSM/JMM/Rasjet/WSM etc

4000

3500 2nd Trial - Strength

3000

2500 Average
qu (kPa)

2000
2090 kPa
1500
Design line
1000

500
900 kPa

0
9-11

9-13

9-22

9-24

9-52

9-61

9-63

9-32

9-34

9-42

9-71

9-73

Sample no.
700

2nd Trial - Stiffness

600

500
E50 (MPa)

400
Average
300
280 MPa
200

100
Design line

0 90 MPa
9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9-
11 12 13 21 22 23 24 51 52 53 61 62 63 31 32 33 34 41 42 43 71 72 73
Sample No.

8
 Ground Freezing Alternative option

Ground Treatment Applications

Break in/outs
Cross passage/ sumps
Head interventions
Settlement control of structures
Settlement control of tunnel
Stabilise ground for mined tunnel excavation
Reduce permeability to control water flow

Risk Mitigation measures

9
 Sinkholes on NEL

Ground type Tunnel Drive Launch/Docking

Old Alluvium 0 1
FCBB 0 -
Granite G(V) 0 -
Kallang Formation 1 1
Granite (mixed) 7 -
Jurong Formation 11 3
Total 19 5

10
 Typical Break out grouting arrangement

ROBINSON ROAD JGP controlling settlement

11
 Grouting to ensure top heading stability

DBG - Overrun tunnels Circle line

Affected roads and structures

22m 28m
18m

14m

12
 Challenging Ground conditions

Startup measures and ground treatment

13
TAM Grouting - Second Phase

Result

14
PVD Drains & surcharge to improve underconsolidated Marine Clay

Land Transport Authority

TRIAL AREA

PVD & surcharge

vacuu
m
pump

PVD Fabric
replaced with
HDPE to
prevent water
ingress from
F1 material

15
 Settlements induced by Surcharge

24/11/2005 02/02/2006 13/04/2006 22/06/2006 31/08/2006 09/11/2006 18/01/2007 29/03/2007 07/06/2007

100

-400

-900
Settlemnt (mm)

-1400

-1900

Target settlem ent

-2400

-2900

-3400
Tim e

1.5m settlement 1.2m settlement Vacuum settlement

1.5m spacing theoretcial 1.2m spacing theoretical Vacuum spacing theoretical

Taiwan collapse during sump construction

16
 Grouting for Sump Construction

Ground Conditions

17
 Controlling the works- Monitoring

Chemical Grouting Excavation

C828 Drilling Profile Sump Pit 2 - Outer Bound

A-5 B-5 C-5 D-5 E-5 F-5 G-5 H-5 I-5 J-5 K-5 L-5 M-5

Level
0.00 m.
0.20 m.
0.40 m.
0.60 m.
0.80 m.
1.00 m.
1.20 m.
1.40 m.
1.60 m.
1.80 m. 1.8m
2.00 m.
2.20 m.
2.40 m.
2.60 m.
2.80 m.
3.00 m. 3.0m
3.20 m.
3.40 m.
3.60 m.
3.80 m.
4.00 m.
4.20 m.
4.40 m.
4.60 m.

Controlling the works - Performance of 4.80 m.

5.00 m.
5.20 m. 5.3m

C828
Chemical Grouting
Drilling Profile Sump Pit 2 - Outer Bound
5.40 m.
5.60 m.
5.80 m. 5.7m
5.5m
5.4m 5.4m
5.5m

A-5 B-5 C-5 D-5 E-5 F-5 G-5 H-5 I-5 J-5 K-5 L-5 M-5 N-5 O-5 P-5 Q-5 R-5 S-5 6.00 m. 6.1m 6.0m

Level
0.00 m.
0.20 m.
0.40 m. = Soil & JGP
0.60 m.
0.80 m.
1.00 m. = Jet grouting (JGP)
1.20 m.
1.40 m.
1.60 m.
1.80 m. 1.8m = Sand
2.00 m.
2.20 m.
2.40 m.
2.60 m.
2.80 m.
3.00 m. 3.0m
3.20 m.
3.40 m.
3.60 m.
3.80 m. 3.7m
4.00 m.
4.20 m.
4.40 m.
4.60 m.
4.80 m. 4.7m
5.00 m.
5.20 m. 5.3m
5.40 m. 5.4m 5.4m
5.60 m. 5.5m 5.5m
5.80 m. 5.7m 5.7m
6.00 m. 6.1m 6.0m 6.0m 6.1m

A typical drilling profile at the sump pits

= Soil & JGP

= Jet grouting (JGP)

= Sand

Typical probe holes locations at the sump pits

18
 Trying to avoid this

Ground
treatment
to control
settlement

19
 JLEP Waterloo station

Grouting arrangement

40Km of TAMs & >6270m3 grout injected

20
 Cross section

Westminister station & tunnels ground treatment

21
 Movement of Big Ben Clock Tower in London during Jubilee Line
Construction
7.0 35

6.0 30

Gedometer tilt at tower top (mm)

5.0 25
Level difference at base (mm)

4.0 20

3.0 15

2.0 10

N-S Difference Precise Levelling

1.0 5
Gedometer
Grouting Episode

0.0 0
01/01/1995 11/04/1995 20/07/1995 28/10/1995 05/02/1996 15/05/1996 23/08/1996 01/12/1996 11/03/1997 19/06/1997 27/09/1997 05/01/1998 15/04/1998

Date

To Conclude

Large number of uses for Ground Treatment in Tunnelling

Major benefit in controlling risk and providing stability
Most appropriate technique and grout type must be used
for ground to be treated
Testing and QA important to demonstrate it has worked
Its limitations should be understood

22