ANSWER CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER PAPER 2

1 (a) (i) Saponification 1 4

(ii) Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution 1
(iii) To lower the solubility of soap 1
(iv) Grease : X 1
(b) (i) Insoluble salt / a precipitate formed when soap reacts with 1 2
hard water / calcium ion / magnesium ion
// magnesium streate // calcium strearate
(ii) Magnesium ion // Calcium ion 1
(c) (i) Silicon dioxide 1 3
(ii) Inert towards chemicals 1
(iii) Borosilicate glass 1
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2 (a) (i) Saponification 1

(ii) To precipitate the soap// to solidified the soap // to reduce the 1
solubility of soap
(iii) Concentrated/ 5M potassium hydroxide 1
(b) (i) To remove protein stains such as blood 1
To convert stains into colourless substances 1
(c) (i) Kills or prevents bacteria reproduction // used to treat
tuberculosis/ whooping cough/ and some forms of pneumonia 1

To reduce tension and anxiety 1

(ii) Gastric and stomach ulcers// internal bleeding 1
(iii) It develops a resistant strains of bacteria// to make sure all the 1
bacteria are killed// higher doses will be use if not complete
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3 (a) (i) Sodium alkyl sulphonate 1 2

(ii) Neutralisation 1

1
 (b) 2 2
O

CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S O H

Hidrophobic Hydrophilic

(c) (i) Water that contains magnesium ion/ Mg2+ and calcium ion/ 1 3
Ca2+
(ii) In hard water, soaps will react with magnesium ion/ Mg2+ // 1
calcium ion /Ca2+ ions to form precipitate/ scum
Detergent does not form precipitate / scum 1
(d) (i) Brilliant blue // menthol // Glucose syrup 1 3
(ii) Food colouring // Flavouring // Sweetener 1
(iii) H H H O H H 1

H C C C C O C C H

H H H H H
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4 (a) (i) Ester 1 4

(ii) Saponification 1
(iii) - COONa 1
(iv) Ca2+ and Mg2+ 1
(b) (i) B 1 2
(ii) Biological enzymes//fragrances//whitening agent//drying 1
agent//Stabiliser//Perfume//Builder//Foam control agent (Any
other suitable answer)
(c) (i) P - Aspirin / paracetamol / codeine 1+1 3
Q - Psychotherapeutic
(ii) To relieve anxiety / restlessness / nervous feeling 1
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5 (a) (i) Saponification 1

(ii) to precipitate the soap//reduce solubility of soap 1 2

(b) (i) Hydrophilic 1

2
 (ii) Reduce water surface tension
1
(iii) 1. Hydrophilic part soluble in water, hydrophobic part soluble
in grease. 1
2. Anion of soap surround/lifted/loosened the stains/grease
from the cloth.
1 4
(iii) Forming an emulsion

(c) (i) Soft water does not contain calcium ions and magnesium ions. 1
Hard water contains calcium ions and magnesium ions 1

(ii) Container Q 1
because soap forms scum in hard water. 1 4

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6 (a) (i) To heal wounds/ skin diseases// 1

To treat diabetes/ asthma/ epilepsy/ osteoarthritis/ sunburn//

(ii) Ginger 1 2

(b) (i) X: Analgesic 1

1
Y: Antibiotic 1
1
1
(ii) To make sure all bacteria are killed and
5
avoid bacteria become more resistant to antibiotic.

(iii) Penicillin

(c) (i) Saponification 1

(ii) Part Y 1

(iii) Hard water contain high concentration of Mg2+ and Ca2+ 1

Soap formed scum 1 4

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3
7 (a) Saponification
(b) Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.

(c) Palm oil + sodium hydroxide sodium palmitate + glycerol

(d) (i) Part Y
(ii) Part X
(e) 1. The tail of soap molecules dig into the grease.
2. The head of soap molecules pull away from the grease.
3. The soap molecules with grease droplets float into surface.
(f) Substances can be decomposed into simpler substances by the
action for bacteria.
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