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PROPERTY EVALUATION OF IGBARA-ODO CLAY FOR REFRACTORIES
percentage retained on each sieve was calculated. Table 3.1 F. Thermal Shock Resistance
shows the sieve analysis. The clay samples were prepared and inserted in a furnace
which has been maintained at temperature of 900 0C. The
B. Apparent Porosity temperature was maintained for 10 minutes. The samples
were removed with a pair of tongs from the furnace one after
The test samples of the clay were prepared and air dried for
the other and then cooled for 10 minutes on firebrick. The
24 hours. The samples were then oven dried at 1100C for 24
samples were returned into the furnace for further heating.
hours. The samples were fired to a temperature of 1100 0C,
This process was continued until the test pieces were readily
cooled and then transferred into a 250 ml beaker in an empty
pulled apart in the hands. The number of cycles of heating
vacuum dessicator. Water was then introduced into the
and cooling possibly attained by the clay was recorded.
beaker until the test pieces were completely immersed. The
specimen was allowed to soak in boiled water for 30 minutes
being agitated from time to time to assist in releasing trapped G. Chemical Analysis
air bubbles. The specimen was transferred into an empty Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used in
vacuum desiccator to cool. The soaked weight (W) was viewing the chemical composition of the clay. The
recorded. The specimen was then suspended in water using percentage compositions of the clay are given in Table 3.3. It
beaker placed on balance. This gave suspended weight (S). is a method of classifying materials. It shows whether a
The apparent porosity was calculated using the equation brick/clay is a typical silica, magnesite, dolomite, chrome, or
stated below: fireclay product, or, say, a composite brick (such as
chrome-magnesite).
------------- (i)
III. RESULTS
Where W = Soaked Weight If you are using Word, use either the Microsoft Equation
D = Dried Weight Editor or the MathType add-on (http://www.mathtype.com)
S = Suspended Weight for equations in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New |
Microsoft Equation or MathType Equation). Float over
C. Bulk Density text should not be selected.
The clay samples were air-dried for 24 hours and then oven
dried at 1100C, cooled in a dessiccator and weighed to the
accuracy of 0.001 g (dried weight) after which the sample
were heated in a boiling water contained in a beaker for 30
minutes so as to release the trapped air. The samples were
cooled and soaked weights (W) were taken. The bulk density
was calculated by the equation below:
3
------- (ii)
E. Refractoriness Test
Test pieces measuring 30 mm height by 30 mm diameter
were prepared, dried and fired to temperature of 9000C in a
muffle furnace maintained for 10 minutes. The temperature
is then raised to above 10000C at a rate of 100C per minute.
The melting point of the refractory is determined indirectly
through comparison with so-called Seger Cones *Fireclay-Sourced: Chester (1983)
(PCE-Pyrometric Cone Equivalent). REFRACT (0C) REFRACTORINESS
FLS FIRED LINEAR SHRINKAGE (%)
CCS COLD CRUSHING STRENGHT (KG/CM2)
80 www.erpublication.org
International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
its insulating capabilities. The average apparent porosity was
determined to be 36.36% as shown in Table 3.2, and it was
A. Sieve Analysis
found to out of range as quoted by [6] to be 20% - 30% for fire
The clay sample was mostly retained at the 180m sieve clay or with most refractory bricks. The high apparent
showing good proportion of the clay being refined as shown porosity value will create room for penetration molten metal,
in Table 3.1 above. molten slag, and flue gases and this will corrode the
B. Chemical Analysis refractory bricks faster if applied in melting furnaces.
Table 3 shows the chemical composition of the clay sample. F. Bulk Density
From its chemical composition, the clay fall under The bulk density was determined, and was found to obtain an
Aluminum-silicate type of clay because of its high value of average value of 2.25g/cm3 as shown in Table 3.2. The
aluminum-oxide and silicon oxide which are highest among average bulk density of Igbara- Odo clay falls within the
other chemical composition of the clay. range quoted for high alumina refractoriness, 2.2 2.8
Table 3 showing chemical analysis of Igbara-Odo clay g/cm3, as reported by [8]
COMPOSITION PERCENTAGE (%) G. Linear Shrinkage
The average value of the fired linear shrinkage of Igbara
SIO2 54.6 Odo clay is 8.8% as shown in Table 3.2, which is within the
allowable range, 7 10% for fireclay as given by [6]. This
AL2O3 26.10 firing shrinkage always gives an indication of the firing
efficiency.
FE2O3 1.50
H. Cold Crushing Strength
TIO2 1.87 The average value obtained for Igbara Odo clay is
246.32Kg/cm2 which is low compared to standard values
CAO 0.15 quoted by [6] as within range of 352Kg/cm2-564Kg/cm2.
Cold crushing strength of refractory materials correlates
MGO 0.20 closely with abrasion and loading resistance, an important
property to be considered in furnace lining. It implicates that
K2O 1.06 it cannot withstand resistance to damages of edges and
corners of the refractory clay due to movement of load. This
NA2O 0.04 is an indication of low mechanical strength.
LOI 10.70
IV. CONCLUSION
This research work determines the property evaluation of
C. Thermal Shock Resistance igbara-odo clay for refractories. From the overall
The test showed that Igbara Odo clay resist spalling up to experimental analysis carried out, it was observed that some
20 cycles which is brought about as a result of uniform of the properties of the clay have reasonable values compared
heating and cooling as shown in Table 3.2. to the imported refractory material (Fireclay).
The thermal shock resistance value is within the acceptable The properties of the clay such as thermal shock resistance,
values of 20-30 cycles as reported by [6]. bulk density, fired linear shrinkage as shown in Table 2 were
found to exhibit similar features with fireclay as reported by
D. Refractoriness
[6].
The average refractoriness of Igbara Odo clay is given as The clay possesses a high apparent porosity value as shown
1,3300C in Table 3.2. This is low compared to the values in Table 2, a low duty refractoriness value which indicates
quoted for fireclay which is within 1,5000C 1,7000C [5]. high insulating capability of the clay and low thermal
With this quotation, it implies that Igbara Odo clay is not conductivity.
suitable for application in furnaces carrying out operations From failure analysis concept, the value 246.32 kg/cm 2
and melting operations at elevated temperature beyond exhibited by the material as against (352-564) kg/cm2
1,3000C. The clay possesses low refractoriness due to its high reported by [6] obtained for cold crushing strength cannot be
apparent porosity value and the presence of particles such as sustained at elevated temperature. This implies that the load
Fe2O3, TiO2, K2O, Na2O and others. which the material can withstand at elevated temperature
E. Porosity drops before reaching its refractoriness value.
Chemical analysis conducted for the clay indicated high
There are a number of factors that are known to affect the
silica content which is higher than 40% as reflected in Table
porosity of refractory raw materials, especially fireclays.
2, and therefore classified as acidic refractory.
Some of the factors include the clay composition, size and
A significant discovery is that the clay can be used as
shapes of particles, ramming pressure, and the reaction
insulating refractory material in furnace lining as it cannot
occurring on firing. The porosity measures the ease with
be applicable in inner core (hot zone) lining of the furnace.
which liquid and gas slip through the refractory material [7].
It can find extensive use in lining of soaking pits and
Porosity affects the strength of refractory material as well as
reheating furnaces, safety lining of steel ladles and kilns in
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PROPERTY EVALUATION OF IGBARA-ODO CLAY FOR REFRACTORIES
REFERENCES
[1] Abdullahi M. Y., and Samaila U., 2007, Characterization of Some
Nigerian Clays as Refractory Materials for Furnace Lining. Continental
Journal of Engineering Sciences2: Wilolud Online Journals, pp30-35.
[3] Daniel-Mkpume C.C., Offor P.O., and Obiorah S.O., 2011, Blending of
Nsu and Ibeku Clays: A Solution Towards the Replacement of GP107-3
Refractory Brick in The Metallurgical Industry. Nigerian Journal of
Technology, Vol. 30, No. 2.
[7] Omotoyinbo J.A., and Oluwole O.O., 2008, Working Properties of Some
Selected Refractory Clay Deposits in South Western Nigeria. Journal of
Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering. USA. Vol 7,
No. 3, pp233-245
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