1

INTRODUCTION

PROTECTION SYSTEM

CURRENT TRANSFORMER SENSING / DETECTING

EQUIPMENT
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER SENTINAL - WATCH DOG

LOCATING & INITIATING

PROTECTIVE RELAYS
REMOVAL OF FAULT

ACTUAL REMOVAL OF FAULT

CIRCUIT BRAKER
FROM POWER SYSTEM
ALL D.C & A.C WIRING RELATED TO PROTECTIVE RELAYS
2
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER (C.T.)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL TRANSFORMER & C.T.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND PHASOR DIAGRAM OF C.T.

WHY C.T. CANT BE OPEN CIRCUITED WHILE PRIMARY IS ENERGIZED.

C.T. ERRORS
C.T. RATIO

ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR (A.L.F.)

VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS CT SECONDARY

.. Contd.
3

CURRENT TRANSFORMER (C.T.)

NUMBER OF CORES

LIST OF PARAMETERS FOR C.T. SPECIFICATION

OTHER APPLICATIONS

4
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
CONVENTIONAL TRANSFORMER & C.T.
CONVENTIONAL TRANSFORMER CURRENT TRANSFORMER
DRIVING FUNCTION - VOLTAGE DRIVING FUNCTION - CURRENT

SECONDARY LOAD IMPEDANCE C. T. PRIMARY CURRENT IS THE

DETERMINES SECONDARY CURRENT DRIVING FORCE
CORRESPONDING PRIMARY SECONDARY CURRENT FOLLOWS
CURRENT FLOWS THE PRIMARY CURRENT.

!P !P
!S

!S
EXAMPLE
5

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND PHASOR DIAGRAM OF C.T.

" FIG. 1A & 1B.

PRIMARY CURRENT IP MADE UP OF TWO

COMPONENTS.

EXCITING CURRENT CONSISTS OF

IM - MAGNETIZING THE CORE

IC - SUPPLYING CORE LOSSES

REFLECTED SECONDARY CURRENT - IP

6
 FIG. : 1A
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER
RS XS IS

IE

BURDEN
IM IC NP NS ES VS ( METER
RELAY ETC.)
IP

PRIMARY CONNECTED TO CURRENT SOURCE

IP = PRIMARY CURRENT ES = SECONDARY INDUCED EMF
NP = PRIMARY TURNS, VS = SECONDARY OUTPUT VOLTAGE
NP = 1 FOR BAR PRIMARY. IS = SECONDARY CURRENT
IE = EXCITING CURRENT RS = C.T. SECONDARY RESISTANCE
IM = MAGNETIZING CURRENT XS = C.T. SECONDARY REACTANCE
IC = CORE LOSS CURRENT
NS = SECONDARY TURNS 7

FIG. : 1B
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER
V

IPNP IPNP
$
IM NP : COMPONENT OF PRIMARY AMPERE
ICNP IENP TURNS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE
IMNP
#
THE FLUX.
VS IP NP : COMPONENT OF PRIMARY TURNS
ISNS REQUIRED TO NEUTRALISE
ISRS
SECONDARY AMPERE TURNS ;
ISXS
# : FLUX ES OPPOSITE ISNS.

IPNP : TOTAL PRIMARY AMPERE TURNS . IS XS : SECONDARY REACTANCE

IENP : EXCITING COMPONENT OF VOLTAGE DROP

PRIMARY AMPERE TURNS . IS RS : SECONDARY RESISTANCE

ICNP : COMPONENT OF PRIMARY VOLTAGE DROP

AMPERE TURNS REQUIRED TO ES : SECONDARY INDUCED EMF

SUPPLY CORE LOSSES IS NS : SECONDARY AMPERE TURNS

8
( USUALLY VERY SMALL )
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

IPNP IPNP

IENP
#

ISNS 0.98A
2000/1

!EX=20mA
9
2000 A

WHY C.T. CANT BE OPEN CIRCUITED WITH PRIMARY

ENERGIZED ?
" PRIM. AMPS x PRIM. TURNS = SEC. AMPS x SEC. TURNS
(NEGLECTING EXCITING CURRENT)

IF SECONDARY IS OPEN, ONLY EXCITING CURRENT

FLOWS THROUGH C.T. PRIMARY.
HIGH FLUX PRODUCED IN C.T. CORE DUE TO ABSENCE
BACK AMPERE TURNS IN C.T. SECONDARY
FIG.1A

THIS RESULTS IN GREATLY INCREASED INDUCED

VOLTAGE IN THE C.T. SECONDARY WINDING.

WHAT HAPPENS TO CT THEN ? 10

 CT SECONDARY OPEN CIRCUITED
RS XS

!E !S = 0
!P
IM IC NP NS ES

d# d#
EP = NP ---- ES = NS ----
dt dt QUIZ
11
1 2000

CT SECONDARY OPEN CIRCUIT RESULTS IN

" STRAIN ON INSULATION
" EXCITATION CHARACTERISTIC GREATLY AFFECTED
" CT SATURATES
" CT SATURATION CHARACTERISTICS TEST VALUES

" ! S - CURRENT OUTPUT FROM CT SECONDARY MINIMUM

" RELAY MAY NOT SENSE AS ! S IS MINIMUM
" FIG_SEC_CUR
" TIGHT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIMARY & SECONDARY
CURRENT IS LOST.
IP IS

ANIMATION
12
 C.T. ERRORS

REASONS FOR ERRORS

RATIO ERROR

PHASE ANGLE ERROR

INFLUENCING FACTORS

13

REASONS FOR ERRORS

REFER FIG.1B.

" BECAUSE OF EXCITING CURRENT,PROPORTIONALITY

BETWEEN PRIMARY CURRENT & SECONDARY
CURRENT NOT MAINTAINED .
RESULTS IN MAGNITUDE (RATIO) & PHASE ANGLE
ERRORS.

CLASS PS C.T. ( EXCITING CURRENT LOW )

METERING C.T. PROPORTIONALITY RETAINED TO
HIGH DEGREE AT NORMAL LOAD

OTHER C.T.s ( EXCITING CURRENT HIGH)

PROPORTIONALITY POOR.
14
 FIG. : 1B
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER
V

I PN P
IPNP

I CN P IENP
#
IMN P

VS
ISNS
ISRS

ISXS
ES 15

RATIO ERROR
DIFFERENCE IN THE MAGNITUDE BETWEEN PRIMARY
CURRENT & SECONDARY CURRENT REFLECTED ON THE
PRIMARY.
( KNIS - IP )
RATIO ERROR = --------------- x 100
IP
WHERE,
KN : RATED TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO
IP : ACTUAL PRIMARY CURRENT
IS : ACTUAL SECONDARY CURRENT WHEN IP IS FLOWING
UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MEASUREMENT

1000/1 ; IP = 1000A ; IS = 0.99A

KN = 1000
1000 x 0.99 -1000
RATIO ERROR = ----------------------- x 100 = -1 %
16
1000
 PHASE ANGLE ERROR

" ANGLE BETWEEN PHASOR IP NP AND PHASOR IP NP

" EXCITING CURRENT VERY SMALL
" HENCE, PHASE ANGLE ERROR IS VERY SMALL
" PHASE ANGLE ERROR IS M EASURED IN MINUTES
( 60 MINUTES = 10 )

IPNP IPNP

IENP

ISNS
17

COMPOSITE ERROR :

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IDEAL RMS SECONDARY

CURRENT & ACTUAL RMS SECONDARY
CURRENT.

INCLUDES PHASE ANGLE ERROR AND

RATIO ERROR.

18
 ERRORS - INFLUENCING FACTORS : 0.99A WM:2.5VA
2000/1
INCREASED BURDEN CL:1.0, 5VA > 2.5V
2000A Iex=10mA
" INCREASED SECONDARY
%RATIO ERROR = 2000 X 0.99 - 2000
VOLTAGE TO DRIVE THE 2000
SECONDARY CURRENT. =1%

ADDITIONAL
HENCE, INCREASED BURDEN
EXCITING CURRENT WM VARM KWH
2.5VA 2.5VA 3VA
ERROR INCREASES. 2000A 0.975A
2000/1
C.T. SATURATION CL:1.0, 5VA > 8V
CHARACTERISTICS Iex=25mA
NOT SUITABLE
%RATIO ERROR = 2000 X 0.975 - 2000
2000
19
= 2.5 %

ERRORS - INFLUENCING FACTORS

PRIMARY CURRENT < < RATED VALUE

2000A 0.97A AM

2000/1
" EXCITING CURRENT WILL Iex=30mA

NOT CHANGE MARKEDELY KN x IS - IP

% RATIO ERROR= x 100%
IP
FROM ITS VALUE AT THE 2000 x 0.97 - 2000
= x 100%
RATED PRIMARY CURRENT 2000
= 3%
TO MINIMUM PRIMARY
CURRENT.
500A 0.225A AM
HENCE, ERRORS INCREASES.
2000/1
Iex=25mA
KN x IS - IP
% RATIO ERROR= x 100%
IP
2000 x 0.225 - 500
= x 100%
500
= 10% 20
 C.T. RATIO
RATIO OF RATED PRIMARY CURRENT TO THE RATED IP
SECONDARY CURRENT. ( IP / IS) Is

RATED PRIMARY CURRENT

UPTO 33kV INDOOR C.T.s, ONLY SINGLE RATING FOR
PRIMARY CURRENT USUALLY SPECIFIED.
FOR HIGHER VOLTAGE CLASSES, MAXIMUM THREE
PRIMARY CURRENT RATINGS USUALLY SPECIFIED.
e.g. : 1000 - 750 - 500 / 1 { 750 - OPERATING TAP }
COST FOR MULTIPLE PRIMARY CURRENT RATING C.T
SUBSTANTIALLY HIGHER.

" STANDARD VALUES OF RATED PRIMARY CURRENT

10, 12.5, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80 AND THEIR DECIMAL
MULTIPLIERS. PREFERRED VALUES ARE THOSE UNDERLINED.
21

RATED PRIMARY CURRENT : IP

FACTORS CONSIDERED WHILE SELECTING RATED PRIMARY

CURRENT
(a) IP > IA : MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT + 20% OVERLOAD

LOAD CURRENT = 360A

OVER LOAD 20% = 72A
DESIRED IP = 432A 360x1.2=432
NEXT HIGHER STANDARD RATING = 500A SAY 500

500/1

22
 RATED PRIMARY CURRENT : IP
RATED SHORT TIME CURRENT FOR 1 SEC
(b) IP > IB : --------------------------------------------------------------- (PREFERRED)
150
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT THROUGH THE C.T. CAN BE MAX. 150
TIMES THE RATED C.T. PRIMARY CURRENT FOR 1 SEC.
e.g. CT RATIO = 500/1 :
IST = 150 x 500 = 75000A FOR 1SEC
ACTUAL SYSTEM FAULT LEVEL : 50kA FOR 1SEC,
HENCE, CT OF 500/1 IS OK.

ALTERNATIVELY : IN A SYSTEM WITH FAULT CURRENT 50kA FOR 1 SEC

50,000
MINIMUM IP (PRIMARY RATING ) = = 333
150
IP > 400 A 23

SELECT
THE HIGHER CURRENT OF THE TWO VALUES (!A OR !B),
SHALL DECIDE PRIMARY CURRENT RATING.
THIS WILL ENSURE ROBUST CONSTRUCTION OF THE C.T.
CASE
!F > 150 x !P (CT PRIMARY CURRENT)
! IN CASE FAULT CURRENT (IF ) IS LARGER THAN 150 TIMES THE
RATED PRIMARY CURRENT, THEN SHORT CIRCUIT WITHSTAND
TIME WILL BE LESS THAN t2 SECONDS AS GIVEN BELOW :

(!F)2 t2 = (150 x !P)2 x t1 , HERE t1 = 1Sec

1502 !P2
t2 = ----------
! F2
" THE FAULT SHALL BE CLEARED WITHIN t2 SECONDS
24
TO AVOID C.T. DAMAGE
 EXAMPLE
" C.T. RATIO = 200/1,

C. T. PRIMARY CURRENT WITHSTAND VALUE = 150 x 200

= 30 kA FOR 1SEC.
SYSTEM FAULT CURRENT IF = 40 kA

SHORT CIRCUIT WITHSTAND TIME t OF ABOVE C.T.

(150 x 200)2 x 1 200/1
= (40,000)2
= 0.57SEC 40kA
t < 0.57 SEC.

THE FAULT SHALL BE CLEARED WITHIN 0.57 SEC TO AVOID

C.T. DAMAGE.

25

RATED SECONDARY CURRENT

SELECTION : BASED ON THE LEAD BURDEN
( DEPENDS ON SIZE & LENGTH OF LEAD ) USED FOR
CONNECTING THE C.T. TO INSTRUMENTS/ RELAYS
STANDARD RATED SECONDARY CURRENTS : 1A OR 5A.

SPECIAL C.T. SECONDARY RATED CURRENTS

( 1/ % 3A ) OR ( 5/ % 3A ) : FOR DIFFERENTIAL CIRCUITS

0.5A : FOR C.T. WITH VERY LONG LEAD LENGTH

26
 RATED SECONDARY CURRENT
IF C.T. LEAD GOES OUT OF THE SWITCHGEAR, 1AMP. CT
PREFERRED.
EXAMPLE
C.T. LOCATED IN SWITCH YARDS OR OUTDOOR
SWTCHGEAR & C.T. LEADS TAKEN FOR WIRING TO
RELAY PANELS LOCATED IN CONTROL ROOM FAR
AWAY, LEAD RESISTANCE HIGH.
HENCE, 1A C.T. PREFERRED

IF C.T. AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES LOCATED WITHIN

SAME SWITCHGEAR, 5 AMP SECONDARY CURRENT CAN
BE USED.
27

RATED SECONDARY CURRENT

C.T.s USED FOR LARGE GENERATOR CIRCUIT

MOSTLY 5A C.T. USED. DAHANU: 12000 / 5

EXAMPLE : 500 MW, 588 MVA, 21 kV

!RATED = 16,166 A
CT_ PRIMARY_CURRENT RATING : 20,000 A

20,000 / 1 A 20,000 / 5 A
NT = 20,000 NT = 4,000
NO_OF_TURNS & VERY HIGH NO_OF_TURNS & LESS
SIZE & TOO BIG SIZE & COMPACT

EXCEPTION: 165 MVA, 10.5 KV, 9,073 A & CLP POWER & SIEMENS
28
CT RATIO: 13,000 / 1 / 1 / 1 A
 ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR (A.L.F.)
WHAT IS A. L. F. ?
RATIO OF LARGEST VALUE OF CURRENT TO C.T. RATED
CURRENT, UPTO WHICH C.T MUST RETAIN THE
SPECIFIED ACCURACY .

EXAMPLE : IN C.T. SPECIFICATION, 5P20 , 5 VA

ERROR IS < 5 %, UPTO 20 TIMES RATED CURRENT,
FOR BURDEN OF 5VA
1000/1
5P20
HERE, 20 IS ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR
10VA

20kA
20 X 1000 = 20,000. 29

ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR (A.L.F.)

A. L. F. SPECIFIED FOR PROTECTION CLASS CTS

REQUIRED TO RETAIN SPECIFIED ACCURACY AT CURRENT

VALUES ABOVE NORMAL RATING TO FAITHFULLY REFLECT

THE FAULT CURRENTS ON C.T. SECONDARY

A.L.F. NOT RELEVANT FOR 11KV

WINDING
C.T.s CONNECTED TO THE GROUND R 51SN
200/1 ?
FAULT RELAYS IN MEDIUM AND HIGH

RESISTANCE GROUNDED SYSTEMS 500/1, 5VA 5P5 488A

OR CL:1 OK
500A, 13'
(11000 / %3)
IGF ( ----------------- = 488A 5VA,5P20 10SEC
13
5P10
" EVEN METERING CLASS C.T IS ACCEPTABLE ! as 30
IF = 1
 VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS C.T. SECONDARY
SHALL BE SUFFICIENT TO DRIVE REQUIRED CURRENT
THROUGH CIRCUIT BURDEN BURDEN

V !S

GENERAL PROTECTION CLASS C.T

SPECIAL PROTECTION CLASS PS C.T

METERING CLASS C.T

31

GENERAL PROTECTION CLASS

ACTUAL VOLTAGE REQUIRED ON C.T. SECON. !F

RCT RR
VACTUAL = !F ( RCT + 2 * RL+ RR )
RL
" DESIGN VOLTAGE ACROSS C.T. SECONDARY
BURDEN x ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR ( A.L.F )
VDESIGN = ---------------------------------------------------------------------
RATED CT SECONDARY CURRENT

BURDEN & A.L.F: THINK TOGETHER

" AS THE RATED C.T. SECONDARY CURRENT IS KNOWN,

ANY STANDARD VALUE OF A.L.F AND BURDEN MAY BE
SELECTED TO SATISFY THE FOLLOWING RELATION:
DESIGN VOLTAGE ACROSS C.T. > ACTUAL VOLTS REQUIRED
32
VDESIGN > VACTUAL
DURING EMERGENCY, WHETHER
DEFECTIVE CT OF SPECIFICATION
100 / 1, 5P20, 10 VA CAN BE REPLACED BY
CT OF 100 / 1, 5P10, 20 VA?

YES [ ] NO [ ]

ANSWER

33

GENERAL PROTECTION CLASS

TO SPECIFY BOTH: ACCURACY CLASS & A.L.F.

STANDARD ACCURACY CLASSES = 5P, 10P

GENERALLY, 5P CLASS C.T.s PREFERRED.

EXAMPLE : C.T. 5P20 , 5 VA

COMPOSITE ERROR < 5 % FOR
CURRENT < 20 x RATED CURRENT
& BURDEN = 5 VA.

NOTE :
IF THE ACTUAL BURDEN < 5 VA ,

COMPOSITE ERROR < 5%

EVEN FOR CURRENTS > 20 x RATED CURRENT

34
 GENERAL PROTECTION CLASS
STANDARD A.L.F: 5, 10, 15, 20 & 30

ALF > 20 IS NOT VERY NOT USEFUL.

RELAY OPERATING TIME CHARACTERISTIC FLATTENS
OUT AT 20 TIMES RATED CURRENT.
IDMT - NI Characteristics
10 1

3 TS
1.0
Time in sec

0.7
0.5
10 0 0.4
0.3

0.2

0.1

10 -1
10 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 20
Current (PSM) FIG-SPAJ-NI

STANDARD BURDENS: 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, 30 VA 35

CASE STUDY WITH NUMERICAL RELAY

!F
CT SPECIFICATION
1000 / 1 RCT RR
1000/1
RCT = 8'

2RL = 2'
20kA

NUMERICAL RELAY CONNECTED TO CT

RELAY BURDEN RR ) 0 (VERY SMALL)

CHOOSE CT WITH BURDEN 0.5VA?

CHOOSE CT WITH BURDEN 1VA?
CHOOSE CT WITH BURDEN 3 VA & MORE THAN ADEQUATE?
36
ANSWER
 SPECIFICATION

37

SPECIAL PROTECTION CLASS (CLASS : PS)

C.T.s USED FOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (BIAS SCHEMES)
OR ANY BALANCED CURRENT PROTECTION

BIAS SCHEME

RCT1 RCT2
RL RL

RELAY

RR

RL RL
38
 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME
HIGH IMPEDANCE SCHEME
BASED ON THE CONSERVATIVE PREMISE THAT
CTs ON ONE SIDE OF OBJECT PERFORM
PERFECTLY FOR AN EXTERNAL FAULT
BUT THE CTs ON THE OTHER SIDE ARE COMPLETELY
SATURATED

IF

RCT1
~ RCT2

RSTAB

39

FOR EXTERNAL FAULTS

DUE TO C.T. SATURATION, SPILL CURRENT FLOWS IN

RELAY BRANCH.

STABILIZING RESISTOR PREVENTS RELAY PICK UP.

INCREASES STABILITY OF SCHEME AGAINST

EXTERNAL FAULTS.
IF

RCT1
~ RCT2

RSTAB

40
 HIGH IMPEDANCE SCHEME
C1 C2
IF
~ RCT2
RCT1 RL1 RL3

RSTAB
VF
R

RL2 RL4

RSTAB : STABILISING RESISTOR - EXTERNAL RESISTOR

CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH RELAY COIL
CAG : 0 to 200 ' ( 1 A); 0 to 50 ' ( 5 A)
RADHA : CALIBRATED IN VOLTS (e.g. 10 to 50 Volts)
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FIG_PC_23

EXTERNAL FAULT & C2 PRESENTS SHORT CIRCUIT

INTERNAL FAULT & C2 PRESENTS OPEN CIRCUIT 41

C.T. DESIGN
CT1 CT2
IF
CT 1 HEALTHY

~ RCT2
CT 2 SATURATED RCT1 RL1 RL3

RSTAB
TOTAL OHMIC BURDEN OF R

CIRCUIT BETWEEN TWO C.T.s RL2 RL4

ZT = RCT1 + RL1+ RL3 + RCT2 + RL4+ RL3

= 2 x RCT + 4 x RL, AS (RCT1 ) RCT2 ), (RL1 = RL2 = RL3= RL4=RL)

E.M.F. ACROSS CT1 WITH THROUGH FAULT CURRENT OF

!F REFLECTED ON CT1 SECONDARY:
VREQUIRED = !F ( 2 x RCT + 4 x RL )
42
 KNEE POINT VOLTAGE VKNEE

CT1 CT2
!F
~ RCT2
RCT1 RL1 RL3
VKNEE > VREQUIRED
RSTAB
> !F ( 2 x RCT + 4 x RL ) VF
R

> 2 !F ( RCT + 2 x RL ) RL2 RL4

2 x RL : TO & FRO LEAD LENGTH BETWEEN C.T. & RELAY

KPV RELEVANT ONLY DURING EXTERNAL FAULT CONDITION

KPV DOES NOT HAVE SIGNIFICANCE DURING NORMAL
OPERATING CONDITIONS
43
{ REVERSE OF EXCITING CURRENT !EX }

KNEE POINT VOLTAGE

VK (MIN) = 2 x !F (RCT + 2RL )

KPV IS ONLY RELEVANT FOR EXTERNAL FAULT
Xd OF GENERATOR / MOTOR = 10% to 20%.
ASSUMING A LOWER FIGURE OF 10%,
1
!F = ---- !RAT = 10!RAT G/M SYSTEM
0.1 2000/1 2000/1 IF
~ ~
!RAT : RATED CURRENT RCT RCT 20 kA
OF GENERATOR RL RL
RSTAB
/ MOTOR
R

RL RL

44
BIASED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION FOR TRANSFORMER

WHAT SHOULD BE THE VALUE OF !F WHEN CALCULATING KPV?

" VALUE OF !F FOR H.T. SIDE

H.T. SYSTEM FAULT CURRENT or LOWER OF

20 x RATED CURRENT OF H.T. - C.T. THE TWO
" VALUE OF !F FOR L.T. SIDE

L.T. SYSTEM FAULT CURRENT or LOWER OF

20 x RATED CURRENT OF L.T. - C.T. THE TWO

500 / 1 1000 /1
~
45

5 MVA, 6.6 kV / 3.3 kV , 7%

500 / 1 1000 /1
! F SYS = 25 kA

HT SIDE : LT SIDE :
5000 5000
! RATED = ------------ = 438 A ! RATED = ----------- = 876 A
%3 x 6.6 %3 x 3.3
CT RATIO = 1000 / 1
CT RATIO = 500 / 1
5.0
LT_FAULT LEVEL = --------
! F = 20 x 500 0.07
= 10 kA OR 25 kA = 71 MVA
= 12.5 kA
CHOOSE ! ! F = 20 x 1000
F = 10 kA
= 20 kA OR 12.5 kA
CHOOSE ! F = 12.5 kA
FURTHER DETAILS
46
 HIGH IMPEDANCE SCHEME

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
INPUT DATA 2000 2000
1 1 IF
" CT RATIO = 2000 / 1 AMP ~
" RCT1 = RCT2 = RCT = 6 ' RL1 RL3
RCT 1 RCT 2 10 kA
" RL1 = RL2 = RL3 = RL4 = RL = 1 ' 6' 6'
RSTAB
" PRIMARY FAULT CURRENT = 10 kA
VF
RELAY BURDEN = 1 VA R

PICK UP = 200 A (PRIMARY) RL2 RL4

FIND
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE OF CT ( KPV)

47

HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME

2000 2000
" CT RATIO = 2000 / 1 AMP 1 1 IF
" RCT1 = RCT2 = RCT = 6 ' ~
" RL1 = RL2 = RL3 = RL4 = RL = 1 ' RCT 1
RL1 RL3
RCT 2 10 kA
" PRIMARY FAULT CURRENT = 10 kA 6' 6'
RSTAB
" REFLECTED FAULT CURRENT !F
VF
= 10,000 / 2,000 = 5 R

" KNEE POINT = VK

= !F ( 2 RCT + 4 RL ) RL2 RL4
VOLTAGE = 5( 2 * 6 + 4 * 1 )
= 80 VOLTS
" VOLTAGE ACROSS = VF = !F ( RCT + 2 RL )
RELAY BRANCH = 5( 6 + 2 * 1 )
= 40 VOLTS
= VK / 2 48
 HIGH IMPEDANCE SCHEME

RCT 1 RCT 2
RELAY PRIMARY PICK UP = 200 A IF

CT RATIO = 2000 / 1
~
RL1 RL3
RELAY PICK UP SETTING = !PU = 0.1 A
RST + RR = VF / !PU = 40 / 0.1 = 400 ' RST
VF = 40
" RELAY BURDEN = 1 VA R RR
RR = 1 / 0.12 = 100 ' RL2 RL4
RST = 400 - 100 = 300 '

BY PROVIDING STABILISING RESISTOR RST, RELAY DOES

NOT PICK UP FOR EXTERNAL FAULT, EVEN IF ONE OF
THE CTs SATURATE.
49

WHY THEN THE RELAY OPERATES FOR INTERNAL FAULT ?

" !F (EXTERNAL) = !F (INTERNAL) = 10kA , PRIMARY
= 5A , SECONDARY
" FOR INTERNAL FAULT, SECOND CT OFFERS OPEN CIRCUIT
" CURRENT FORCED INTO THE RELAY BRANCH
" !F FLOWS IN THE RELAY BRANCH AND RELAY OPERATES

EXTERNAL FAULT INTERNAL FAULT

2000 2000 2000 2000
1 1 1 1

RCT1
~ RCT2 RCT1
~ RCT2
10kA
5.0 4.9 5.0

RST 0.1 RST 5.0

RR R RR R
50
 WHY !EX < 30 mA ?
ERROR IN TRANSFORMATION IS DUE TO ONLY EXCITING CURRENT
LEGACY FROM THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER

S1
P P

S2

30 mA 30 mA

30 mA
! *
OC 90 mA

51

CLASS PS CT
!EX TO BE SPECIFIED AT VK / 4 or VK / 2 ?
!EX - NOT OF SIGNIFICANCE DURING FAULTS

!EX - SIGNIFICANT DURING NORMAL OPERATION TO ENSURE

STABILITY AND PREVENT FALSE TRIPPING
UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS, RCT1 RCT2
KPV = !F ( 2RCT + 4RL ) = 2!F ( RCT + 2RL )
UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS, !F
!RAT
VCT = !RAT ( RCT + 2 RL ) = KPV ------- RL1 RL3
2! F
ASSUMING !F / !RAT = 10
!RAT RL2 RL4
1
------- = ----- = 0.05 & 5%
2! F 20
SPECIFYING !EX AT VK / 4 { 25%) & ADEQUATE
52
SPECIFYING !EX AT VK / 2 { 50%) & CONSERVATIVE DESIGN
 !EX AT VK / 2 OR Vk / 4 ?

VOL

VK / 2
IEX2 ) 30 mA

IEX4 ) 10 mA

VK /4
AT VOL < VK / 4 IEX < 10 mA
CONSERVATIVE DESIGN
ACTUAL TEST VALUES
IEX4 IEX2
EX_CURRENT .
53

CT EXCITATION CHARACTERISTICS
ACTUAL TEST RESULTS

CT SPECIFICATION
RATIO: 1000/1 KPV > 160 V
CLASS: PS !EX < 30 mA @ VK / 2
APPLICATION: REF

VEX (Vol) !EX (mA) VEX (Vol) !EX (mA)

10 2.0 120 8.5 ACTUAL VALUES
20 3.0 140 10.0 KPV = 180 V
40 3.5 160 13.0 !EX @ VK / 2 = 6 mA
60 4.5 180 KPV 15.0
80 5.5 200 23.0
100 7.0 210 29.0 54
 CT EXCITATION CHARACTERISTICS
ACTUAL TEST RESULTS AT VILE PARLE R/S
CT SPECIFICATION
RATIO: 800/5 A KPV > 60 V
CLASS: PS !EX < 100 mA @ VK / 4
APPLICATION: REF

VEX (Vol) !EX (mA) VEX (Vol) !EX (mA)

10 18 74 127 ACTUAL VALUES
15 23 81 176 KPV = 81 V
KPV
20 28 89 320 !EX @ VK / 4 = 23 mA
45 53
60 76
67 96 55

CT EXCITATION CURRENT
IF CURRENT COMPARISON INVOLVES ONLY TWO CTS
AND MINIMUM PICK UP SETTING IS 0.1 A,
FOLLOWING SPECIFICATION IS ALSO ACCEPTABLE
!EX < 45 mA @ VK / 4

ADVANTAGE: REDUCED CT SIZE

APPLICATION: GENERATOR
MOTOR
TWO WINDING TRANSFORMER

56
 METERING CLASS
C.T.s INTENDED TO SUPPLY INDICATING INSTRUMENTS,
INTEGRATING METERS (ENERGY METERS)
SPECIFICATION

" METERING - CT TO SATURATE AFTER CERTAIN CURRNT

( 10!N )

" PROTECTION - CT NOT TO SATURATE UP TO CURRNT

( 20!N )

KPV - NOT RELEVANT FOR METERING CT

FOR METERING CT, !EX SHOULD BE LESS WHEN CT
PRIMARY CARRIES NORMAL CURRENT
57

METERING CLASS
INSTRUMENT SECURITY FACTOR(I.S.F)

MINIMUM VALUE OF PRIMARY CURRENT AT WHICH COMPOSITE

ERROR OF C.T. IS GREATER THAN 10% (C.T. SATURATING )
I.S.F = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RATED CURRENT

TO PROTECT THE APPARATUS SUPPLIED BY C.T. IN THE

EVENT OF THE SYSTEM FAULT BY GOING INTO SATURATION.

GENERALLY SPECIFIED LESS THAN 5.
SPECIFYING I.S.F. ( 5, DOES NOT HAVE MUCH PRACTICAL

SIGNIFICANCE.

EVEN ISF ) 10 IS ACCEPTABLE.

ALL THE AMETERS & CURRENT COILS OF METERS ARE
DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND 10 TIMES THE RATED
58
CURRENT FOR 5 SECONDS.
WHY ISF SHOULD NOT BE SPECIFIED LESS ?
IS IM
!P = 2000 A IP IE
!S = 1 A 2000/1
M
!E < 0.01 A CL.1

!M > 0.99 A

TO GET !E < 0.01 A, CORE SIZE MUCH HIGHER

IF CORE SIZE IS HIGH, IT WILL SATURATE ONLY AT (SAY) 10 !P

THE SAME CORE WILL NOT SATURATE AT (SAY) 4 !P

HIGHER ACCURACY CLASS AND LOWER ISF NOT PRACTICAL

MORAL : SPECIFY ISF * 10

59

" INSTRUMENT SECURITY FACTOR

" FAULTS ARE NORMALLY CLEARED WITH IN 1 SEC
" 5 SEC + 10 !R ( 10 TIMES CT RATED PRIMARY CURRENT)
" 1 SEC + !? ( HOW MUCH CURRENT)
" !2 x 1 = (10 !R)2 x 5 = 500 !R2

" ! = %500 !R = 22.4 !R

" METERS CAN BE CONNECTED TO PROTECTION CORE, IF
" !FAULT < 22.4 !R (22.4 TIMES CT RATED PRIMARY CURRENT)
" e.g. CT RATIO : 3000/1 ; !FAULT = 40 kA

" METER CAN WITHSTAND, 22.4 x 3000 = 67.2 kA

ACTUAL FAULT CURRENT = 40kA
HENCE METER CAN BE CONNECTED ON PROTECTION CORE
60
 METERING CLASS
METERS CAN BE CONNECTED TO EVEN PROTECTION CORE
FEEDERS WITH INSTANTANEOUS PROTECTION
TYPICAL FAULT CLEARING TIME < 100 MILLISEC
" EXAMPLES 33kV

" HT SIDE OF TRANSFORMER

50 51
" OUTGOING MOTOR FEEDERS

6.6 kV

MPR

61

NUMBER OF CORES

C.T.s < 36 kV VOLTAGE CLASS

ONE TO THREE CORES

C.T.s > 66 kV VOLTAGE CLASS

THREE TO FIVE CORES

COMMON BAR PRIMARY

MAGNETICALLY INDEPENDENT CORES FOR SECONDARY

62
 C.T.s < 36 kV VOLTAGE CLASS

TWO CORES SPECIFIED GENERALLY.

ONE FOR METERING & OTHER FOR PROTECTION

APPLICATIONS.

THIRD CORE FOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION MAY

BE SPECIFIED DEPENDING ON THE APPLICATION.

HT C.T.s & EQUIPOTENTIAL LEADS ?

63

C.T.s > 66 kV VOLTAGE CLASS

MAXIMUM 5 CORES 1

CORE - 1 : METERING.
2
CORE - 2 : OVER CURRENT &
EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
3
CORE - 3 : BUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
e.g. MAIN BUS
4
CORE - 4 : BUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
e.g. CHECK BUS
5
CORE - 5 : DISTANCE PROTECTION

64
 LIST OF PARAMETERS FOR C.T. SPECIFICATION:
FOLLOWING DATA REQUIRED FOR THE COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
NO.OF CORES
C.T. RATIO
RATED BURDEN
METERING
ACCURACY CLASS
I.S.F.
GENERAL PROTECTION CLASS
ACCURACY CLASS
A.L.F
SPECIAL (PS) PROECTION CLASS
C.T. SECONDARY WINDING RESISTANCE
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
65
EXCITING CURRENT

OTHER APPLICATIONS

SUMMATION C.T.

CORE BALANCE C.T.

66
 SUMMATION C.T. :
TO OBTAIN SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING IN DIFFERENT
CIRCUITS
MAJOR APPLICATIONS IN TARIFF METERING..

FIG. 5.
3, REPRESENTATION FIG. 5A
SPECIFIED [ (1) + (1) : (1 ) ]
CASE -1 : MAIN C.T. RATIOS IDENTICAL
CASE 2 : MAIN C.T. RATIOS NOT SAME.
MAIN C.T. RATIO SUMMATION C.T.
CKT-1 CKT - 2 PRI.WDG- 1 PRI WDG -2 SEC WDG
TURNS TURNS TURNS
CASE-1 1500/1 1500/1 N N 2N

CASE-2 1500/1 750/1 2N N 3N

67

FIG. : 5
SUMMATION CURRENT TRANSFORMER

68
 FIG-5A SUMMATION CT : 3 CONNECTION
R 130
Y
B TO METERING PANEL SUMMATION C.T.
CB1 1+1+1 : 1
4Cx2.5sqmm
LK-1 R1
R1 Y1 B1
1500/1
CL 0.5 LK-2 R2
5VA
R LK-3 R3
Y
B Y1
LK-4
CB2 4Cx2.5sqmm TRIVERTOR
LK-5 Y2 METER
R2 Y2 B2
1500/1
CL 0.5 LK-6 Y3
5VA
R
Y LK-7 B1
B
CB3 4Cx2.5sqmm LK-8 B2

R3 Y3 B3
1500/1 LK-9 B3
CL 0.5
5VA PT SUPPLY
69
CAD REF.: D:\TRAINING\GSFC\DRAWING\FIG-5a FD NO.: 323
145

SUMMATION C.T.
NO. OF TURNS ON EACH PRIMARY WINDING OF
SUMMATION C.T. IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE
RESPECTIVE FEEDER RATIO.

CURRENT ON THE SECONDARY SIDE OF SUMMATION

C.T. PROPORTIONAL TO THE SUMMATED LOAD CURRENT.

SUMMATION C.T. VENDOR NEEDS TO KNOW MAIN C.T. RATIO.

IF THIS DATA NOT PROVIDED, SUMMATION C.T. VENDOR
WILL ASSUME EQUAL TURNS RATIO FOR ALL MAIN C.Ts

CAN BE DISASTROUS IF IMPROPERLY USED IN TARIFF

METERING AND WITHOUT PROPER CHECKS 70
" CASE STUDIES
" CASE 1 : MAIN TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO IDENTICAL

P1 T1 / 1 T2 / 1 P2
T1 = T2 = 750
N1 = N2 = N ; N3 = 2N
I1 I2
" P1 = P2 = 750 N1 N2

& I1 = I2 = 1
I3
& I3 = (N+N) / 2N = 1 & 1500 A N3
I1 N1 + I2 N2 = I3 N3
" P1 = 750 , P2 = O;
& I1 = 1, I2 = O
& I3 = N / 2N = 0.5 & 750 A
71

SUMMATION C.T :

P1 T1 / 1 T2 / 1 P2

I1 I 2

N1 N2

I3
N3

I1 N1 + I2 N2 = I3 N3

72
"CASE 2 : MAIN TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO NOT IDENTICAL
"T1 = 1500 , T2 = 750
P1 T1 / 1 T2 / 1 P2
"FOR INCORRECT SUMMATION :
N1 = N2 = N ; N3 = 2N
I1 I2
"P1 = 1500, P2 = 750 & I1 = I2 = 1
N1 N2

& I3 = (N+N) / 2N = 1 & 2250 A

I3
"P1 = 1500 , P2 = O; & I1 = 1, I2 = O N3

I3 = N / 2N = 0.5 & 1125 A I1 N1 + I2 N2 = I3 N3

THIS IS WRONG AS P1 = 1500 A

"P1 = O , P2 = 750; & I1 = O, I2 = 1

I3 = N / 2N = 0.5 & 1125 A
THIS IS WRONG AS P2 = 750 A 73

SUMMATION C.T :

T1 / 1 T2 / 1
P1 P2

I1 I 2

N1 N2

I3
N3

I1 N1 + I2 N2 = I3 N3

74
"FOR CORRECT SUMMATION T1 = 1500 T2 = 750
P1 T1 / 1 T2 / 1 P2
N1 = 2N, N2 = N ; N3 = 3N

"P1 = 1500, P2 = 750 & I1 = I2 = 1

I1 I2
& I3 = (2N+N) / 3N = 1 & 2250 A N1 N2

"P1 = 1500 , P2 = O; & I1 = 1, I2 = O I3

N3
&I3 = 2N / 3N = 0.667 & 1500 A
I1 N1 + I2 N2 = I3 N3

"P1 = O , P2 = 750; & I1 = O, I2 = 1

&I3 = N / 3N = 0.333 & 750 A

75

SUMMATION C.T :

T1 / 1 T2 / 1
P1 P2

I1 I 2

N1 N2

I3
N3

I1 N1 + I2 N2 = I3 N3

76
 SUMMATION CT SPARE CORE : OPEN OR SHORTED?

SPARE

750 / 1 750 / 1 750 / 1

!1 N !2 N !3 N

3N
!4
77

SUMMATION CT SPARE CORE : OPEN OR SHORTED

" CT SPECIFICATION : ( 1 + 1 + 1 ) : 1 750 / 1 750 / 1 750 / 1
SUMMATION CT OUTPUT 1A : 2250 A
" THIRD CORE IS SPARE AND SHORTED
I1 N I2 N I3 N
I1 = I2 = 1
( I1 N + I2 N ) = ( I3 N + I4 3N )
3N
2.0 = I3 + 3 I4 I4

I3 , I4 INDETERMINATE & CAN BE ANY VALUE

" THIRD CORE IS SPARE AND KEPT OPEN

I1 = I2 = 1; I3 = O

( I1 N + I2 N ) = I4 3N
I4 = 0.667 & 1500 A & CORRECT VALUE
78
CONCLUSION : KEEP THE SPARE CORE OPEN
 CORE BALANCE C.T. (C.B.C.T.)
GROUND FAULT CURRENT , MUCH LESS THAN THE NOMINAL LOAD
CURRENT. (FAULT CURRENT OF THE ORDER OF 10 To 15 AMPS).
CORE DAMAGE CURVE FOR GENERATOR
EARTH FAULTS EVEN OF LOWER MAGNITUDES PERSIST FOR
LONGER PERIOD , WILL DEVELOP INTO PHASE TO PHASE OR TWO
PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS.
C.B.C.T. PROVIDED FOR GROUND FAULT PROTECTION SPECIALLY
IN HIGH RESISTANCE GROUNDED SYSTEM

C.B.C.T. WITH CORE AND SECONDARY WINDING,

ENCIRCLES RYB PHASES.

OUTPUT PROPORTIONAL TO SUMMATED

FLUX PRODUCED BY THREE PHASE

CURRENTS, IR , IY , IB . 79

GENERATOR - CORE DAMAGE CURVE

PHASE TO EARTH FAULT

80
SEC AMPS(MIN - MAX)
70
1 25 - 70
CURRENT, A

60
4 10 - 22
50
10 7 - 10
40
30
ACCEPTABLE DAMAGE
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TIME IN SEC SOURCE: LEROY SOMER
80
 CORE BALANCE C.T. (C.B.C.T.)

DURING HEALTHY CONDITIONS

!R + !Y + !B = 0

NET MAGNETIC FLUX = 0

NO RESULTANT CURRENT
IN THE C.B.C.T.

DURING FAULT CONDITIONS

!R + !Y + !B = 3IO

NET MAGNETIC FLUX - 0

RESULTANT CURRENT FLOWS IN C.B.C.T.
GROUND FAULT DETECTION BY RELAYS ON C.B.C.T.
81
SECONDARY IS POSSIBLE.

CORE BALANCE C.T. (C.B.C.T.):

ADVANTAGE OVER RESIDUAL CONNECTION:

SENSITIVITY FOR GROUND FAULT DETECTION VERY HIGH.

NOT AFFECTED BY C.T. SATURATION AS IN CASE OF

RESIDUAL CONNECTION.
C.T. RATIO :
NOT DEPENDENT ON CABLE RATED CURRENT,
AS NO CURRENT FLOWS IN SECONDARY, FOR NORMAL
BALANCED CONDITIONS.
( IN CONVENTIONAL CT, CURRENT FLOWS IN SECONDARY
UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS)
DEPENDENT ONLY ON THE EFFECTIVE PRIMARY PICK
UP CURRENT.
82
 CORE BALANCE C.T. (C.B.C.T.)
FOLLOWING INFORMATION SHALL BE
PROVIDED TO C.B.C.T MANUFACTURER.

OUTER DIAMETER OF CABLE / CABLE SIZE (e.g. 240mm2 XLPE, AL)

MINIMUM PRIMARY GROUND FAULT CURRENT TO BE DETECTED.
(e.g. 3A)

RELAY BURDEN & RELAY PICK UP.

CAUTION
DURING INSTALLATION, BEFORE THE CABLE ENTERS C.B.C.T. , THE
CABLE ARMOUR HAS TO BE EARTHED. OTHERWISE THE GROUND FAULT
CURRENT FINDING PATH THROUGH ARMOUR WILL RESULT IN
NON OPERATION OF THE C.B.C.T.
FIG _CBCT _2
83

M1 M1 M1

A2

50N 50N 50N

A2 i=0 i=0 i=0

A2

L1 L1 L1
A1 A1 A1
EARTH
EARTH EARTH
FAULT
FAULT FAULT

I.M I.M I.M

APPLICATION OF CBCT
CORRECT POSITION OF ARMOUR EARTHING
84
FIG _CBCT_2
 EQUIPOTENTIAL LEAD ON RING TYPE CTS
EXT. CONNECTION
(EQUI POTENTIAL LEAD)

AL SHIELD S1

CT
SECONDARY
WINDING

S2

85

" EQUIPOTENTIAL LEAD

" PROVIDED ON RING TYPE H.T. CTS

" BUSBAR SLOT PROVIDED ON CT I.D. IS BIGGER

" THIS FORMS LARGE AIR GAP BETWEEN BUSBAR & ID OF

CTS

" WHEN CURRENT PASSES THROUGH BUSBARS. AIR GAPS GET

IONISED.

" RESULTS IN ARCING BETWEEN BUSBARS & ID

SURFACE OF C.T.

" C.T. GETS PHYSICALLY DAMAGED OVER PERIOD OF TIME

86
 " EQUIPOTENTIAL LEAD
" REMEDIAL ACTION

" AL SHIELD IS PROVIDED INSIDE RESIN CAST AROUND

THE SLOT

" CONNECTION FROM AL SHIELD BROUGHT OUTSIDE

CONNECTION TO BUSBARS

" THIS SHORTS AIR GAP & PREVENTS DAMAGE TO CT

" SHORTING LEAD IS KNOWN AS EQUIPOTENTIAL LEAD

87

FIG.1C - C.T. SATURATION CURVE

0,9

0,8
0.77 Vex. 10%
0,7
VOLTAGE P.U.

0,6

0,5 A
0,4

0,3
V ~
0,2
Iex+ 50%
0,1

0
0 0,5 1 1.2 1,5 1.8 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
88
EX_CURRENT P.U.
 CT SATURATION - CURRENT PROFILE

PRIMARY CURRENT

I _ DC

SECONDARY CURRENT

89
308

EQUIPOTENTIAL LEAD ON RING TYPE CTS

EXT. CONNECTION
(EQUI POTENTIAL LEAD)

AL SHIELD S1

CT
SECONDARY
WINDING

S2

90
 C.T. SATURATION CURVE
VOLTAGE

V1

V2

HIGHER THE VOLTAGE

HIGHER THE EXCITING CURRENT

!2 !1 EXCITING CURRENT
91

PROTECTION SYSTEM
(+)VE

B
A
PT T
52 T
E
R R
Y
TRIP
MECHANISM TRIP
COIL

CT
(-)VE

52: CB: SF6, VACUUM, MOCB, AIR

R: ELECROMECHANICAL, STATIC, / PROCESSOR, NUMERICAL
92
 CURRENT TO BE CONSIDERED TO FIND KPV
LT SIDE

ASSUME MINIMUM TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCE = 5%

MAXIMUM !FAULT = 20 !RAT
ACTUAL IMPEDANCE IS GENERALLY > 5% X= 7%
1000/1
!FAULT < 20 !RAT IN PRACTICE
12.5 KA
CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING !F REASONABLE

ACTUAL L.T. SYSTEM FAULT CURRENT LOWER

OR OF THE
20 x RATED CURRENT OF C.T. ( 20 !RAT ) TWO

EXAMPLE 93

CURRENT TO BE CONSIDERED TO FIND KPV

HT SIDE SYS 500/1
ACTUAL FAULT CURRENT !FACT = 25 KA
DESIGN FAULT CURRENT !FDES = 20 x 500
25 KA
= 10 KA
SECONDARY CURRENT DURING INTERNAL FAULT ON
HT SIDE
25,000 10,000
!SEC = ---------- or ----------
500 500
= 50 A or 20 A
EVEN IF THE CT SATURATES, WE NEED ONLY SAY 0.1 to
0.4 A OUTPUT FROM CT TO OPERATE THE RELAY.
OUT OF 20A, EVEN IF 19.6 A IS CONSUMED IN SATURATION,
94
STILL THE RELAY WILL OPERATE.
 TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
FIG : 3B DELTA - STAR TRANSFORMER - WITH ONE I.C.T.
5000 KVA
SOURCE 6.6KV/ 3.3KV LOAD
500/1 Dyn11 1000/1
R

500/1 1000/1
Y

500/1 1000/1
B

RC RC

RC RC

RC RC

OC OC OC
RC RESTRAINING COIL
OC OPERATING COIL 95

CT TESTING

HEALTHY CT SATURATED CT
Vex Iex Vex Iex Metering CT
Volts mA Volts mA C.T. RATIO : 200/1
5 30 CLASS : 1.0
40 23
VA : 15.0
50 30 7 42
60 42 10 200
70 80 12 600
10%
Vex 72 100 50%
Iex
77 120

96
KPV 0 70V
 TEST RESULTS OF 33kV CTs AT VERSOVA R/S

HEALTHY CT SATURATED CT
Vex Iex Vex Iex
Volts mA Volts mA PROTECTION C.T.
40 0.66 1 23 C.T. RATIO : 2000/1
CLASS : PS
100 1.3 2 140
300 3 4 480
500 4 5 600
1000 7
2000 15.1

97

FIG. : 5
SUMMATION CURRENT TRANSFORMER

98
 CONVENTIONAL TRANSFORMER vs CT
200 /1
120 A 1200 A

6A
66 KV 6.6KV 2 MW
3# 3#
!RAT= 200 A

WHEN THE 2 MW BFP MOTOR IS SWITCHED ON

CONVENTIONAL TRANSFORMER
SECONDARY CURRENT OF 1200 A INSTANTLY FLOWS
CORRESPONDING PRIMARY CURRENT OF 120 A THEN
FOLLOWS
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
PRIMARYCURRENT OF 1200 A FLOWS
CORRESPONDING SECONDARY CURRENT OF 6 A
99
THEN FOLLOWS

METERING C.T. PROTECTION C.T.

C.T. RATIO : 200/1 C.T. RATIO : 200/1 METERING
CLASS : 1.0 CLASS : 10P10 CLASS KPV
VA : 15.0 VA : 15.0
<
1 Vex Iex Vex Iex
Volts mA Volts mA PROTECTION

40 23 50 8 CLASS KPV

50 30 60 11 1 NORMAL
150 25 OPERATING
60 42
RANGE
70 80 160 28
10% 2 IN FACT IT IS
100 50%
2 170 32
Vex 72 Iex GOOD IT
10% 50%
77 120 Vex 175 34 I SATURATES
ex EARLY!
185 48
KPV 0 70V KPV 0 170V 100
 ACTUAL TEST RESULTS AT
ERANGAL R/S

METERING C.T. PROTECTION C.T.

C.T. RATIO : 1600/5 C.T. RATIO : 1600/5 METERING
CLASS : 0.2 CLASS : 5P20 CLASS KPV
VA : 15.0 VA : 20.0
<
Vex Iex Vex Iex
Volts mA Volts mA PROTECTION

20 10 20 8 CLASS KPV

40 16 40 12
50 46 60 17
65 26 80 21
120 34
10% 80 40 50%
Vex 88 Iex
63 10% 171 77 50%
Vex 190 Iex
128
KPV 0 80V KPV 0 171V 101

102
 AMPERE TURNS BALANCE OF TRANSFORMER
!A TA = !a Ta ; !B TB = !b Tb ; !C TC = !cTc

Ia TA IA

IN TC
Ta
Ib Tb
Tc IC
TB
IB
Ic

IF

VALID FOR CONVENTIONAL & CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103

AT BALANCE IN CURRENT TRANSFORMER

!P: PRIMARY CURRENT: 2000 A
2000/1
!S: SECONDARY CURRENT: 0.99 A
2000 A
0.99 A
FOR BAR PRIMARY: NO OF TURNS = 1
FOR SECONDARY: NO OF TURNS = 2000

PRIMARY AT = 2000 A x 1 T = 2000 AT # 1 20 AT

SECONDARY AT = 0.99 A x 2000 T = 1980 AT

2000 AT 1980 AT
FLUX IN CT IS PROPORTIONAL TO & - 2000 AT
& = (2000 - 1980) AT = 20 AT 104
 CT SATURATION

UNDER HEALTHY CONDITIONS

ONLY VERY LITTLE CURRENT IS USED FOR EXCITATION
( Say 0.01 A )
MAJORITY OF PRIMARY CURRENT IS TRANSFORMED
INTO SECONDARY CURRENT( Say 0.99 A)

1
RCT RL

0.01 0.99
2000/1 YEX BURDEN
RL

2000 A

105

CT SATURATION

UNDER SATURATED CONDITIONS

MAJORITY OF PRIMARY CURRENT IS USED FOR EXCITING
THE CORE
VERY LITTLE OF PRIMARY CURRENT IS TRANSFORMED
INTO SECONDARY CURRENT

1
RCT RL

1 0
2000/1 YEX BURDEN
RL

2000 A

106
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME
EXTERNAL FAULT (CT2 SATURATED)

~
RCT1 R L1 R L3 RCT2
1 1

CT_1 0.01 0.99 IF RST CT_2

YEX VR YEX 1
2000/1 R L2 RR R L4
2000/1

CT_2 PRESENTS SHORT CIRCUIT TO IF

INTERNAL FAULT
~
RCT1 R L1 R L3 RCT2

CT_1 IF RST CT_2

YEX VR YEX
R L2 RR R L4

107
FIG_PC_23 CT_2 PRESENTS OPEN CIRCUIT TO IF

HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME

EXTERNAL FAULT (CT2 SATURATED)

~
RCT1 R L1 R L3 RCT2
1 1

CT_1 0.01 0.99 IF RST CT_2

YEX VR YEX 1
2000/1 R L2 RR R L4
2000/1

CT_2 PRESENTS SHORT CIRCUIT TO IF

INTERNAL FAULT
~
RCT1 R L1 R L3 RCT2

CT_1 IF RST CT_2

YEX VR YEX
R L2 RR R L4

108
CT_2 PRESENTS OPEN CIRCUIT TO IF
 " VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS CT SECONDARY
ALF x BURDEN
V_DESIGN = ---------------------------
!S IP
Is
" EXAMPLE : 10P20, 15VA ; ! S = 1A or 5A
V R
! S2 R = 15

R = 15 / ! S2 '

(20 x ! S )x 15 20 x 15 300
V_DESIGN = ( ! ) R = ------------------ = ------------ = ---------
! S2 !S !S

109

EXAMPLE :

20,000
VACT = ---------- x 5 = 50 V
2000/1
2,000
5P15, 5VA VACT 5'

15 x 5 20kA
VDES = --------- = 75 V
1

VDES 2 VACT

HENCE CT SPECIFICATION IS OK.

110
 1
IDMT - NI Characteristics
10

TMS
3 1.0
Time in sec

0.1

0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 111
Current (PSM)

FIG.1C -
C.T. SATURATION CURVE
1

0,9

0,8
0.77 VEX. 10% KPV - KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
0,7
KPV
VOLTAGE P.U.

10% INCREASE IN VOLTAGE

0,6

0,5
50% INCREASE IN EXC.CURRENT
0,4

0,3
BELOW KNEE,
0,2
!EX+ 50% C.T. CHARACTERISTICS IS LINEAR
0,1

0
0 0,5 1 1.2 1,5 1.8 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
112
EX_CURRENT P.U.
 SPECIFICATION OF METERING CT

STANDARD RATED BURDEN = 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, 30 VA.

ACCURACY CLASS
" STANDARD CLASSES OF C.T. USED FOR INDICATING
AND INDUSTRIAL METERING & CL. 1, 3, 5
SPECIAL ACCURACY CLASSES OF C.T USED FOR
PRECISION METERING / TARIFF METERING: CL 0.1, 0.2 & 0.5

1% ACCURACY CLASS = MAX. COMPOSITE ERROR < 1%

AT RATED CURRENT & AT RATED BURDEN

113

SPECIFICATION OF METERING CT

AT VALUES OTHER THAN RATED CURRENT, ERRORS

ARE MORE. !S - 2705
ACCURACY CL = 0.5 ACCURACY CL = 1
!PRIMARY ERROR !PRIMARY ERROR
100 % 0.5 100 % 1.0
20 % 0.75 20 % 1.5
5% 1.5 5% 3.0

ACTUAL CURRENT SPECTRUM IN A PLANT

6% to 20 % of !PRIMARY : 81% of Time
21% to 100 % of !PRIMARY : 19% of Time
EXPECTED ACCURACY NEVER REALISED IN PRACTICE!
114
 CT ACCURACY AS PER IS - 2705
LOAD PROFILE MP_P1/P2
ACCURACY CL = 3
!PRIMARY ERROR 400

C URRENT
(A m p s )
200
100 % 3%
0

50 % 3% TIME

0 - 49% NOT GUARANTEED!

IN CASE OF CPP OPERATING IN GRID

PARALLEL WITH GRID,
SITUATION IS WORSE WHEN TIE LINE
TVM
FLOW IS LOW MOST OF THE TIME
VERY POOR ACCURACY

115
CPP

CASE STUDY WITH NUMERICAL RELAY

20,000
!F = --------- = 20
1,000

ACTUAL VOLTAGE REQUIRED ON C.T. SECONDARY

VACTUAL = 20( 8 + 2+ 0 ) = 200 V !F

DESIGN VOLTAGE FOR 5P20, 3VA CT: 1000/1 RCT RR

20 x 3 5P20, 3VA
VDESIGN = --------- = 60 V
1
VDESIGN < VACTUAL & CT SPECIFICATION
20kA
NOT ADEQUATE
RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATION & 5P20, 10 VA

FURTHER REMARKS 116

 ANSWER

YES

100/1, 5P20, 10VA & 100/1, 5P10, 20VA

ALF x BURDEN & SAME FOR BOTH THE CTs

20 x 10 = 10 x 20 = 200 V

117

SPECIAL PROTECTION CLASS (CLASS PS)

SENSING CURRENT & DIFFERENCE OF TWO OR MORE
CURRENTS MEASURED BY THE C.T.s
TO BE SPECIFIED
TURNS RATIO
SECONDARY RESISTANCE RCT
MINIMUM KNEE POINT VOLTAGE (VK)

PERMISSIBLE MAGNETIZING CURRENT ( !EX )

PERMISSIBLE MAGNETIZING CURRENT SPECIFIED
@ 25% OR 50% OF THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE (KPV).
PREFERRED SPECIFICATION & !EX < 30 mA @ VK / 4
{ FOR GENERAL PROTECTION CLASS FOLLOWING SPECIFIED:
ACCURACY, ALF & BURDEN & 5P20, 15VA } 118
 CT SATURATION vs RELAY OPERATION
20,000
!F = --------- = 20 1000/1 RCT RR
1,000 5P20, 3VA
DMT OR INSTANTANEOUS RELAY
NO SERIOUS PROBLEM !F = 20kA
IF PLUG IS SET FOR 5 A, EVEN IF CT IS SATURATED AND 14 A IS
CONSUMED IN EXCITING THE CORE, RELAY OPERATING
CURRENT ( 20 14 = 6A) WILL BE MORE THAN SET VALUE AND
RELAY WILL TRIP

IDMT RELAY
COULD BE POTENTIAL PROBLEM
SECONDARY CURRENT SENSED BY RELAY CAN BE
DRAMATICALLY ALTERED DUE TO SATURATION
UNCERTAIN OPERATING TIME 119

C.T. SATURATION CURVE

200 V
VOLTAGE P.U.

EX_CURRENT P.U.
120
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER
V

I PN P
IPNP

I CN P IENP #
IMN P

VS
IE
ISNS
ISRS
IM IC NP NS ES VS
IP
ISXS
ES 121

FLUX IN CURRENT TRANSFORMER

# 1 20 AT # 1 2000 AT

OPEN
2000 AT 2000 AT 0 AT
1980 AT

UNDER HEALTHY UNDER CT OPEN

CONDITION CIRCUITED
CONDITION

122
 QUIZ
CT#1 RATIO : 1000 / 1 - VS1
CT#2 RATIO : 1000 / 5 - VS2

VS1 & VS2 : SECONDARY VOLTAGES IF

SECONDARIES ARE OPEN
CIRCUITED

PICK OUT THE CORRECT STATEMENT

A) VS1 ) VS2
B) VS1 ) 5 x VS2
C) VS2 ) 5 x VS1
D) NONE OF THE ABOVE ANSWER
123

ANSWER

B) VS1 ) 5 x VS2

VOLTAGE INDUCED ON SECONDARY

IS PROPORTIONAL TO NUMBER OF TURNS.

FOR CT#1 & 1000 / 1 & NT = 1000

FOR CT#2 & 1000 / 5 & NT = 200

124
 90
HEALTHY CT
80

70

60
VOLTAGE

50

40

30

20
SATURATED CT
10

FAILED CT
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
125
!EX milliamps

TRANSFORMER RATING: 100MVA, 220/33kV, 262/1752A, Z=13.5%

CT SPECIFICATION: 2000/1A, Cl. PS, Vk > 2000 V, Rct < 5 ohms,
Ie < 120 mA @ Vk/2
FAULT MVA = 100 = 741 MVA
0.135
A) 33kV FAULT CURRENT = 12965 A
B) 20 TIMES CTR = 20 * 2000 A = 40000A
CONSIDERING LOWER OF A) & B) FOR CALCULATIING KPV (13kA)
REQUIRED KNEE POINT VOLTAGE TO ENSURE THROUGH FAULT STABILITY
Vk = 2* If (Rct + 2*Rl) where CTR = 2000/1 A Rct = 5 ohms & Rl = 1.6 ohms
CTR (ASSUMING 200 M LEAD LENGTH)
= 106 V
REQUIRED KNEE POINT VOLTAGE = 120V
126
127