Professional Documents
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Chemistry
Prescribed
practicals
lab manual
Note to teachers: Ive shared this lab manual in the hope that it will be
useful for new (or old) teachers to give some ideas for the labs for the
prescribed practicals.
It is not a definite list by all means and if there are errors or omissions,
then Id be glad to hear of them. Teachers should feel free to edit this
lab manual as they see fit. If I have violated any copyright, then let me
know and I will make every effort to remedy it.
Its also worth mentioning that I take no responsibility for any of the
experimental methods in this lab manual; its up to individual teachers
Procedure:
1. Record the mass of the empty crucible with its lid, and write down
the result in a table.
2. Clean the piece of magnesium ribbon with sandpaper, then coil it
loosely around a pencil.
3. Put the magnesium ribbon into the crucible and put the lid on.
Record the mass of the crucible, lid, and magnesium together, and
write down the result in your table.
4. Put the crucible onto the pipe-clay triangle. Leave the lid slightly
ajar to allow air into the crucible. Heat gently for a minute, then
strongly. Continue heating until the reaction has finished (the
magnesium will glow at first, then look a bit like a furry grey-black
caterpillar)
5. Turn the gas burner off, and allow the crucible to cool for a few
minutes. Record the mass of the crucible with its lid and contents.
Results:
Mass
crucible + lid
crucible + lid + magnesium
crucible + lid + contents after reaction
Calculations:
1. Weigh the empty crucible, and then weigh into it between 2.00 g
and 3.00 g of hydrated copper(II) sulfate. Record all masses
accurate to the nearest 0.01 g.
4. Allow the crucible and contents to cool. Re-weigh the crucible and
contents once cold.
5. Heat to constant mass by repeating steps (iii) and (iv) until you get
consistent readings.
Results:
Mass (0.01 g) Observations
Mass of crucible + lid
Calculations:
1. Calculate the molar masses of H2O and CuSO4 (Relative atomic
masses: H=1.01, O=16.00, S=32.06, Cu=63.55).
2. Calculate the mass of water driven off, and the mass of anhydrous
copper(II) sulfate formed in your experiment.
3. Calculate the number of moles of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
formed
4. Calculate the number of moles of water driven off.
5. Calculate how many moles of water would have been driven off if
one mole of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate had been formed.
6. Determine the formula for hydrated copper(II) sulfate.
Calculations:
Mass of oxalic acid =
1. Calculate moles of oxalic acid
Calculations:
1. Calculate the average volume of NaOH solution used (choose values
within 0.10 cm3)
It is difficult to determine exactly when all the solid calcium carbonate has
reacted to one drop of standard hydrochloric acid solution if it is titrated
directly. In this experiment a known amount of excess acid is added to the
sample to ensure that all the calcium carbonate has reacted. The excess
acid is then diluted and made up to a known volume. Aliquots of this
diluted excess acid solution are then titrated with a standard solution of
sodium hydroxide.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry an eggshell, removing as much of the egg membrane
as possible.
2. Weigh 0.60 g of crushed eggshell and place in a conical flask.
3. Slowly add 20.00 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 HCl to the egg shell in the
conical flask.
Results:
Trial 1 (rough) 2 3 4 5
Initial
volume of
NaOH
(0.05
cm3)
Final
volume
NaOH
(0.05
cm3)
Total
volume
NaOH used
(0.10
cm3)
Colour
change
Choose results that are within 0.10 cm3 of each other and calculate the
average volume of NaOH used.
Average volume of NaOH =
Calculations:
1. Calculate the amount (in mol) of hydrochloric acid present initially in
20.00 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 HCl(aq)
5. Determine the amount (in mol) of HCl(aq) that reacted with the egg
shell.
Molar mass (M), is expressed in units of grams per mole (gmol-1). The
mass of the CO2 released from the pressurized container the volume of
the gas will be measured. You can use the method of water displacement
at room conditions and then substitute the measurements of volume,
temperature, and pressure into the ideal gas law equation in order to find
n, the number of moles of CO2. Once we know the mass, and the number
of moles, we will divide the mass by the number of moles to calculate the
molar mass (gmol-1).
Procedure:
1. Determine the initial mass for the CO2 canister provided by your
instructor ( .01 gram).
2. Set up the water basin for collecting a gas in an inverted
graduated cylinder by water displacement. Use a 100 cm3
graduated cylinder.
3. Release CO2 from the pressurized container and collect a
sample of gas with a volume of approximately 70.0 cm3 to
90.0 cm3. Collect every bubble that leaves the canister.
4. Adjust the cylinder up or down so that the water level inside the
graduated cylinder is the same as the level outside the cylinder.
THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! If you miss this simple step, the
pressures inside and outside the cylinder will not be equal, and you
will have an inaccurate estimation of the pressure inside the
cylinder where the gas is collected.
5. Record the volume of CO2 that was collected in the Observations
and Data section.
6. Measure and record the temperature of the water in the basin
(0.1 C ). This will be used to determine the vapour pressure of
water H2O(g) in the graduated cylinder.
7. Read the air pressure in the lab and convert this to Pa.
8. Measure and record the mass of the CO2 canister after your
experiment. (0.01 g).
Volume
Volume of the gas collected (cm3) = ____________
Volume of CO2, converted to m3 (cm3 106) = _____________
Temperature
Temperature of water in basin (oC) = _____________
Temperature of water in kelvin (K) = _____________
(assume that the water and the CO2 are the same temperature)
Temperature of CO2 (K) = _____________
Pressure
Air pressure in the room (Pa) = ______________
Vapour pressure of water = ______________
The gas collected in the cylinder is a mixture of CO2 and H2O
Use Daltons law of partial pressure to calculate the pressure of the CO2 in
the mixture
Ptotal = PCO + Pwater vapour (Pa)_____________________
2
1. Calculate the amount (in mol) of CO2 collected using the equation:
PV
n=
RT
Results:
Time (min) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
not
Temperatur
don
e (C)
e
Time (min) 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
Temperatur
e (C)
Analysis:
Plot a graph of temperature (y axis) against time (x axis)
Extrapolate the curve back to 3.0 minutes to establish the maximum
temperature rise as shown in the example below:
2. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction between one mole of
Zn and CuSO4(aq)
3.
The literature value for the reaction is 217 kJ mol-1
Calculate the percentage error using the following equation:
Calculations:
1. Determine the limiting reactant in the reaction
Procedure:
1. Draw a dark cross on a piece of paper.
2. Place a conical flask on top of the cross.
3. Measure 10 cm3 of 0.100 moldm-3 Na2S2O3 and pour it into the
conical flask.
4. Measure 40 cm3 of water and put it into the conical flask. Swirl the
flask to mix the contents.
5. Measure 10 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 HCl. Pour the acid into the flask,
start the stop watch, and swirl the flask.
6. Time how long it takes for the cross to disappear.
7. Wash out the flask thoroughly.
8. Repeat the experiment using the other volumes of sodium
thiosulfate and water in the table below. Keep the volume and the
concentration of acid the same each time.
Results:
Concentration Time taken for cross to disappear (s)
of Na2S2O3 (mol Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average (s) 1/time s-1
dm-3)
Analysis:
1) Plot a graph of concentration of Na2S2O3 (x axis) against 1/time (y axis).
2) From your graph, describe and explain the effect of increasing the
concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the rate of reaction.
Apparatus:
3
300 cm beaker
3
Two 100 cm measuring cylinder
3
One 10 cm measuring cylinder
-3
Potassium iodate(V) solution (200 cm3 3.50 g dm )
3 -3
Sodium sulfate(IV) solution (200 cm 5.00 g dm )
-3 3
0.100 mol dm sulfuric acid (500 cm )
Starch solution (freshly prepared)
Stopwatch
Glass stirring rod
Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 Initial
Acid volume (cm3) 25 35 45 55 70 85
Water volume (cm3) 60 50 40 30 15 0
Na2S2O3 volume 15 15 15 15 15 15
(cm3)
Results:
Experiment Concentration of Time taken for blue colour to
H2SO4 (moldm-3) appear (s)
Initial
Electrolyte Observations
1.0 moldm-3
CH3COOH
1.0 moldm-3 HCl
1.0 moldm-3 NH3
2) Why does the strong acid react faster than the weak acid with Mg?
(think about the factors that affect the rate of a reaction and the rate of
formation of hydrogen gas).
3) Would you expect the same results if a weak and strong base were
used? Explain your answer.
Experiment 2
4) What in the solutions allows the current to flow through?
5) Explain the difference in the brightness of the bulbs (why does a strong
acid allow more current to flow through than a weak acid?).
Zn Mg Cu Pb
MgSO4
CuSO4
PbSO4
Results:
Zn Mg Cu Pb
ZnSO4
MgSO4
CuSO4
PbSO4
Analysis:
1) Arrange the metals in order of reactivity (from most reactive to least
reactive). Explain your reasoning.