16

(Vector Calculus)

16.1 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
16.2 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
16.3 Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
16.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
16.5 Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

16.1 , ( Gradient, Curl and Divergence)

16.1.1. (1) f (x, y, z) , (gradient) gradf (x, y, z) = h f , f , f i
x y z

(2) F = hF1 , F2 , F3 i R3 , F z , F (divergence)

1 F2 F3
x y
div F = F = x + y + z
F1 F2 F3

(3) F = hF1 , F2 , F3 i R3 , F1 F2 F3 ,
F
(curl)
D
E i j k

curl F = F = y z , z x , x y = x y z
F3 F2 F1 F3 F2 F1

F1 F2 F3

16.1.2.

(1) F = hxy, (y 2 z 2 ), yzi,

(2) F = hxey , yex i

16.1.3. S P , , N , F
, ZZ
3
div F(P ) = lim F NdS
0+ 43 S

16.1.4. (a) : F = mr
|r|3
(0, 0, 0) , 0

169

CC3.0
 16 16.2 ,

(b) D D , D (total ux) ?

(c) D , ?
n
if |x| n1
16.1.5. dn (x) = 2 Dirac (distribution, Dirac delta )
0 if |x| > n1 R
dn (x) n : f (x), (x)f (x)dx = f (0)

16.1.6. F = mr
|r|3
, div F(x, y, z) , div F(x, y, z) = 4m(x)(y)(z)

16.1.7. v = hy, x, 0i, C P , ,

(a) F C

(b) v ?

16.1.8. S P , , N, C F
, ZZ
1
lim F dr = N curl F(P )
0+ 2 C

16.1.9. v, P (local angular velocity) (P ) =

1
2
curl v(P )

16.2 , (Some Identities Involving Grad, Curl

and Div)
16.2.1.
f f f
gradf (x, y, z) = f (x, y, z) = h , , i
x y z
F1 F2 F3
div F(x, y, z) = F(x, y, z) = + +
x y z

i j k

curl F(x, y, z) = F(x, y, z) = x y z

F1 F2 F3

Laplacian 2 : ,

2 2 2
2 = = div grad = + + 2,
x2 y 2 z

F,
2 F = h2 F1 , 2 F2 , 2 F3 i

16.2.2. , , F, G ,

(1) () = +

, 170
 16 16.3 Green

(2) (F) = () F + ( F)

(3) (F) = () F + ( F)

(4) (F G) = ( F) G F ( G)

(5) (F G) = ( G)F + (G )F ( F)G (F )G

(6) (F G) = F ( G) + G ( F) + (F )G + (G )F

(7) ( F) = 0 (div curl = 0)

(8) () = 0 (curl grad = 0)

(9) ( F) = ( F) 2 F (curl curl = grad div Laplacian)

16.2.3. (1) F D div F = 0, (,

solenoidal)

(2) F D curl F = 0, (irrational)

16.2.4. (1)

(2)

16.2.5. F D , F

16.2.6. D : D D
F D , G F = curl G G F
(vector potential)

16.2.7. : F = hx2 + yz, 2y(x + z), xy + z 2 i ,

16.2.8. F (x, y, z) = hxz, xyz, y 2 i

16.2.9. (a) F (x, y, z) = hy 2 z 3 , 2xyz 3 , 3xy 2 z 2 i

(b) f f = F

16.2.10. F (x, y, z) = hxz, xyz, y 2 i

16.3 Green (Greens Theorem)

16.3.1. C , (positive orientation): t
, C D

16.3.2. (Green) R xy-, C , ,

() F R ,
Z ZZ
F2 F1
F1 dx + F2 dy = dA
C R x y

16.3.3. (Green )

, 171
 16 16.4

H RR
(1) C
F dr =
curl F kdA
R
H RR
(2) C F Nds = R div F (x, y) dA
16.3.4. F = hx y, xi, C : r(t) = hcos t, sin ti, t [0, 2] Green
H H H
16.3.5. D A (D) = C xdy = C ydx = 12 C xdy ydx
x2 y2
16.3.6. a2
+ b2
= 1
16.3.7. x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t, t [0, 2],
16.3.8. r = h3(cos t + sin t), 2(sin t cos t)i, 0 t 2 ,
H
16.3.9. C x2 + y 2 a2 , x 0, y 0 , C (x y 3 )dx + (y 3 +
x3 )dy
H
16.3.10. C R , , C ydx+xdy x2 +y 2

H16.3.11. C , (0, 0) (1, 0)(1, 0) (0, 1)(0, 1) (0, 0) ,

C x4 dx + xydy
H p
16.3.12. C x2 + y 2 = 9, C 3y esin x dx + 2x + y 4 + 1 dy

16.3.13. F = hx, y 2 i x = 1, y = 1 (outward ux)

16.4 (Divergence Theorem)

16.4.1. (, Divergence Theorem): D , S D
F D
ZZZ ZZ
div FdV = F NdS
D S

16.4.2. S x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 , a > 0, F = hx, y, zi

16.4.3.
RR F = hbxy , bx y, (x + y )z i, S x + y a , 0 z b
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

S F dS
RR
16.4.4. S x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 , S (x2 + y 2 )dS
16.4.5. , A, h F = hx, y, zi
,
16.4.6. F =
D , S , N S
mr
|r|3
,
RR
S F NdS
16.4.7. S x2 + z 2 = a2 , 0 y b , F = hx, y 2 , zi S

16.4.8. S x = 1, y = 1 z = 1 , F = hxy, yz, xzi
S

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 16 16.5 Stokes

16.4.9. S z =
D E 1 xRR z = 0y = 0y + z = 2 F (x, y, z) =
2

xy, y 2 + exz , sin xy S F NdS

2

16.4.10. (,Variants of the Divergence Theorem): D

, S D F D ,

(a) ZZZ ZZ
curl FdV = F NdS,
D S

(b) ZZZ ZZ
graddV = NdS
D S

16.5 Stokes (Stokes Theorem)

16.5.1. (Stokes) S , N , C
, () F , S
ZZ I
curl F NdS = F dr
S C

[] S , Stokes Green

16.5.2. S x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, z 0, F = hy, x, 0i , Stokes

16.5.3. C x2 + y 2 = 1 2x H+ 2y + z = 3 , xy-
, F = hy 3 , x3 , z 3 i, C F dr

16.5.4. S x2 + y 2 + (z 2)2 RR = 8 xy-, N S

, F = hy 2 cos xz, x3 eyz , exyz i S curl F NdS

16.5.5. S RR x + y + z = 4 , x + y = 1 , xy-,
2 2 2 2 2

F = hxz, yz, xyi, S curl F NdS

p
16.5.6. C z = 2 z = x2 + y 2 F = hx2 y, 4z, x2 i
C ()

16.5.7. 2x + y + z = 2 ,
H C,
F = hxz, xy, 3xzi C F dr

, 173