15

(Vector Fields)

15.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
15.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
15.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
15.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
15.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
15.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
15.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
15.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
15.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

15.1 (Vector Fields and Scalar Fields)

15.1.1. (1) D R2 , R2 (vector eld) F : D R2 , (x, y)

F (x, y)
(2) E R3 , R3 (vector eld) F : E R3 , (x, y, z)
F (x, y, z) F (x, y, z) = hF1 (x, y, z) , F2 (x, y, z) , F3 (x, y, z)i =
F1 (x, y, z) i + F2 (x, y, z) j + F3 (x, y, z) k.
(3) F1 , F2 , F3 ,
(4) F1 , F2 , F3 ,
(5) F1 , F2 , F3 , (smooth)
(6) (scalar eld)
15.1.2. m P0 r0 ,
km (x x0 )i + (y y0 )j + (z z0 )k
F(x, y, z) = F(r) = (r r0 ) = km 3
|r r0 |3
((x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 + (z z0 )2 ) 2
km
|rr0 |2

159

CC3.0
 15 15.1

15.1.3. z- (angular velocity) = k, v(x, y, z) =

yi + xj

15.1.4. R3 F (x, y, z) = zk

15.1.5. (1) (gravitation eld) F(x, y, z),

(2) (electrostatic eld) E(x, y, z),

(3) (velocity eld) v(x, y, z),

(4) (gradient eld) f (x, y, z)

15.1.6. (1) , (eld lines) (integral curves),

(2) (ow lines, streamlines); (lines of

force)

15.1.7. F (x, y, z) = hF1 (x, y, z) , F2 (x, y, z) , F3 (x, y, z)i

dx dy dz
= =
F1 (x, y, z) F2 (x, y, z) F3 (x, y, z)

15.1.8. (1) F(x, y, z) = km (xx0 )i+(yy0 )j+(zz0 )k

3
((xx0 )2 +(yy0 )2 +(zz0 )2 ) 2

(2) v(x, y, z) = yi + xj

(3) F = hxz, 2x2 z, x2 i

15.1.9. (1) F F(r, ) = Fr (r, )r + F (r, ),

r = cos i + sin j,
= sin i + cos j,

r (radial vector), Fr ; (transverse vector), F

(2) r = r() r = rr

(3) F(r, ) = r + ,

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 15 15.2

15.2 (Conservative Fields)

15.2.1. f (x, y) = x2 y y 3

15.2.2. F , F = , F
(conservative vector eld), F (potential function)
km
15.2.3. F(x, y, z) = |rr0 |3
(r r0 ) , = km
|rr0 |

15.2.4. v(x, y, z) = yi + xj

15.2.5. F (x, y) = hF1 (x, y) , F2 (x, y)i xy D ,F1 F2

D , D F y
1
= Fx
2

15.2.6. F F = hF1 , F2 , F3 i
F F y
3
= F
z
2 F1
, z = F
x
3 F2
, x = F
y
1

15.2.7. (x, y, z) F , (x, y, z) = C F

15.2.8. F(x, y) = hx, yi , ,

ey ey
15.2.9. F = hxy sin z, 12 x2 ,
z z2
x cos zi D = {(x, y, z) : z 6= 0}
? ,

15.2.10. (x, y) 6= (0, 0), F = h x2y , x i (x, y) = (x, y)

+y 2 x2 +y 2
, 0 < 2 :

(a)
F (x, y)
y 1
=
F (x, y),
x 2
(x, y) 6= (0, 0),

(b) (x, y) 6= (0, 0), 0 < < 2, (x, y) = F(x, y),

(c) F

15.3 (Line Integrals)

15.3.1. , f (x, y, z), D, C : r(t) = hg(t), h(t), k(t)i,

t [a, b] D f (g(t), h(t), k(t)) [a, b] C
n P s1 , , sn , 4s1 , , 4sn
Pn (xk , yk , zk ), Rie-
mann k=1 f (xk , yk , zk )4sk limkP k0 k=1 f (xkR, yk , zk )4sk ,
n

f (x, y, z) C (line integral of f along C), C f (x, y, z)ds

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 15 15.3

R t dr R
15.3.2. (1) () r(t) , s(t) = a d d = t |v( )|d
a
Z Z b
f (x, y, z)ds = f (g(t), h(t), k(t))|v(t)|dt
C a
s 2 2 2
Z b
dx dy dz
= f (g(t), h(t), k(t)) + + dt
a dt dt dt

(2)
R
(3) R C RC1 , C2 , . . . , Cn , C , C
f (x, y) ds =
C1
f (x, y) ds + . . . + Cn f (x, y) ds
(4)
15.3.3. C (0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1) f (x, y, z) = x 3y 2 + z
C
15.3.4. RC1 y = x2 (0, 0) (1, 1) , C2 (1, 1) (1, 2) , C
C 2xds
R
15.3.5. C x2 + y 2 = 1 , C (2 + x2 y) ds
R
15.3.6. C hcos t, sin t, ti,t [0, 2] , C y sin zds
2 2 2 R 4 4
15.3.7. C x 3 + y 3 = a 3 , C x 3 + y 3 ds
R
15.3.8. C (x2 + y 2 )2 = a2 (x2 y 2 ), C |y|ds
R
15.3.9. C y = acosh xa , C yds2

R 15.3.10. C x + y = z y = ax , (0, 0, 0) (a, a, 2a) ,

2 2 2 2

C
zds

15.3.11. C , (x, y, z) ,
R
(1) M = C (x, y, z)ds
R R R
(2) Myz = C xds, Mxz = C yds, Mxy = C zds
Myz Mxy
(3) (x, y, z) x = M
,y = Mxz
M
,z = M

R 2 R
(4)
R R 2 Ix = C
(y + z 2
)ds, I y = C
(x2 + z 2 )ds,
Iz = C (x + y )ds, IL = C r ds , r(x, y, z) (x, y, z) L
2 2

q
(5) L RL = IML

15.3.12. C , a , C x-
15.3.13. C : r = ha cos t, a sin t, bti, 0 t 2
15.3.14. C z = 2 x2 2y 2 z = x2 , (0, 1, 0) (1, 0, 1) ,
(x, y, z) xy

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 15 15.4

15.4 (Line Integrals of vector elds)

15.4.1. F R3 , , C , T
C (work)
Z Z b Z
0
W = F (x, y, z) T (x, y, z) ds = F (r (t)) r (t) dt = F dr
C a C

[]

Z b Z b Z b Z b
dr dx dy dz
W = F Tds = F dr = F dt = (F1 + F2 + F3 )dt
a a a dt a dt dt dt
Z b
= F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz
a

15.4.2. F (x, y) = hx2 , xyi 1
4
r (t) = hcos t, sin ti,t 0, 2

15.4.3. F = hy x2 , z y 2 , x z 2 i r(t) = ht, t2 , t3 i , (0, 0, 0)

(1, 1, 1) ? r(t) = ht, t, ti, ?

15.4.4. (1) , (closed curve or loop)

(2) , , , (simple curve)

15.4.5. F , r(t) , t = a b (ow)

Rb
a
F Tds (ow integral) (closed loop),
(circulation)

15.4.6. F = hx, y, zi r(t) = hcos t, sin t, ti, t [0, 2]

15.4.7. F = hx y, xi r = hcos t, sin ti, t [0, 2]

R
15.4.8. F = hy, xi (1, 0) (0, 1) C F dr.

(a) ,

(b)
R
15.4.9. F = hy 2 , 2xyi (0, 0) (1, 1) C
F dr

(a) y = x,

(b) y = x2 ,

(c) (0, 0) (0, 1) (1, 1)

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 15 15.5

15.5

15.5.1. () C r (t),t [a, b]f ,f C

, Z
f dr = f (r(b)) f (r(a))
C

15.5.2. F (x) = mM
|r|3
G
r m (3, 4, 12) (2, 2, 0)

15.5.3. (1) D (connected) D

(2) D, D , D
(simply connected)

15.5.4. D , F D :

(1) F D
H
(2) D C, C
F dr = 0

(3) D R P1 , P2 (), D P1 , P2
C, C F dr
H
15.5.5. I = C (ex sin y + 3y)dx + (ex cos y + 2x 2y)dy, C 4x2 + y 2 = 4

R 2
15.5.6. C (1, ) (2, ) , C (1 xy 2 cos xy )dx + (sin xy + xy cos xy )dy
R
15.5.7. C ydx + xdy + 4dz, C (1, 1, 1) (2, 3, 1)
z 2 z
R 15.5.8. A, B F = hAx sin(y), x cos(y) + Bye , y e i ,
2

C
F dr, C

(a) r = hcos t, sin 2t, sin2 ti, 0 t 2,

(b) z = x2 + 4y 2 z = 3x 2y , (0, 0, 0) (1, 12 , 2)

15.5.9. A =R (1, 0), B = (0, 1), C = (1, 0), D = (0, 1), C A

ABCD , C |x|+|y|
dx+dy

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 15 15.6

15.6 (Parametric surfaces)

15.6.1. (1) R uv- , r(u, v) = hf (u, v), g(u, v), h(u, v)i R
, R r S (parametric surface)

(2) r R S (parametrization) , R , u, v

15.6.2. (a) r (u, v) = h2 cos u, v, 2 sin ui

(b) u 2 ,0 v 3, ?

15.6.3. r = ha cos u sin v, a sin u sin v, a cos vi ,0 u 2, 0 v

2

?

15.6.4. P0 r0 , P0 a b,

15.6.5. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2

15.6.6. x2 + y 2 = 4,0 z 1

15.6.7. z = f (x, y), (x, y) R

p
15.6.8. z = x2 + y 2 , 0 z 1,

15.6.9. y = f (x),a x b x (f (x) 0) x = xy =

f (x) cos z = f (x) sin , a x b0 2

15.7 (Surface Integrals)

15.7.1. S r (u, v) = hx (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v)i,(u, v) D D ,

Rij , 4u 4v S Sij , Sij
Pm P n
Pij Riemann f Pij 4Sij (4Sij Sij ) f S
i=1 j=1
RR Pm P n
S
f (x, y, z) dS = lim f Pij 4Sij
m,n i=1 j=1

15.7.2. (1) S , (smooth surface):

P S N , g(x, y, z) , (i) N S = {Q
N : g(Q) = 0}, (ii) g(Q) 6= 0, Q N S

(2) ,

15.7.3. S r (u, v),(u, v) D (D )

(1) n = ru rv = h (u,v) , (u,v) , (u,v) i

(y,z) (z,x) (x,y)

q
(2) (area element) dS = |ru rv | dudv = (y,z) 2
( (u,v) (z,x) 2
) + ( (u,v) ) + ( (x,y)
(u,v)
)2 dudv

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 15 15.7

RR
(3) S S
dS

(4) f (x, y, z) S
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y, z) dS = f (r (u, v)) |ru rv | dA
S D

15.7.4. (1) S z = g (x, y),(x, y) D

s 2 2
ZZ ZZ
z z
f (x, y, z) dS = f (x, y, g (x, y)) 1 + + dA
S D x y

(2) S G(x, y, z) = 0, xy- D S , G

0,
ZZ ZZ
G(x, y, z)
f (x, y, z)dS =
f (x, y, g(x, y)) dxdy
G (x, y, z)
S D z
p RR
15.7.5. S z = x2 + y 2 z = 0 z = 1 , S zdS
15.7.6. x2 + y 2 = 2ay x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4a2
p RR
15.7.7. z = a2 x2 y 2 S z 2 dS
15.7.8. x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 , S
g(x, y, z) = xyz S
15.7.9. S S1
RR x2 +y 2 = 1, S2 z = 0 x2 +y 2 1,
z = 1 + x S zdS

15.7.10. S , (x, y, z) ,
RR
(1) M = S (x, y, z)dS
RR RR RR
(2) , Myz = S xdS, Mxz = S ydS, Mxy = S zdS
Myz Mxy
(3) (x, y, z) x = M
,y = Mxz
M
,z = M

RR RR RR
(4) Ix RR
= S (x2 + y 2 )dS, Iy = S (x2 + z 2 )dS, Iz = S (x2 + y 2 )dS;
L IL = S r2 dS , r(x, y, z) (x, y, z) L
q
(5) L RL = IML

15.7.11. x = 2uv, y = u2 v 2 , z = u2 + v 2 , u2 + v 2 1, z-

RR
15.7.12. z = 0 S zdS, S z 2 = 1 + x2 + y 2 z = 1, z = 5

15.7.13. a , ,

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 15 15.8

15.8 (Oriented surfaces)

15.8.1. (1) S, N(P ) S , S
P , N(P ) P , S (oriented surface), N(P
)
(orientation), N (positive side)

(2) S C,S C : C ,
S N,
S

(3) S C S

(4) E , (closed surface)

x = 2 cos + r cos 2

15.8.2. (1) Mobius band: y = 2 sin + r cos 2 12 r 12 0 2,

z = r sin 2 ,

D E
(2) S z = g (x, y), N = 1
g
x
, g
y
, 1
g 2 g 2
1+( x ) +( y )
ru rv
(3) S r (u, v) , N
=
|ru rv |

G
(4) S G(x, y, z) = 0, N
=
|G|

(5) r (, ) = ha sin cos , a sin sin , a cos i, N

= 1 r (, )
a

15.9 (Flux integrals)

15.9.1. F S , F S (ux) F
S , ZZ ZZ
F dS = F NdS

S S

15.9.2. (1) S r (u, v) , N

ZZ ZZ
F dS = F (ru rv ) dA
S D

(2) S z = g (x, y),

ZZ ZZ
g g
F dS = F1 F2 + F3 dA
S D x y

15.9.3. S a , F = mr
|r|3
, r = hx, y, zi

15.9.4. F = hx, y, zi x2 + y 2 a2 , h z h

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 15 15.9

15.9.5. F = hz, 0, x2 i z = x2 + y 2 1 x 1, 1 y 1

15.9.6. F = hy, x, 4i z = 1 x2 y 2

15.9.7. F = h x22x , 2y , 1i r = hu cos v, u sin v, u2 i, 0 u 1, 0

+y 2 x2 +y 2
v 2

RR
15.9.8. S z = 1 x2 y 2 z = 0 , F (x, y, z) = hy, x, zi,
S F dS

15.9.9. S y 2 + z 2 = 1, z 0 x = 0 x = 1 F = h0, yz, z 2 i

S

15.9.10. F = hyz, x, z 2 i y = x2 , 0 x 1, 0 z 4,

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