Elastisitas Bkse 6.2 PDF

ELASTISITAS
T. ZULHAM
Elasticities of Supply and Demand
Generally, elasticity is a measure of the

sensitivity of one variable to another.
It tells us the percentage change in one

variable in response to a one percent change
in another variable.
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Slide 2
and Demand
Price Elasticity of Demand
Measures the sensitivity of quantity

demanded to price changes.
It measures the percentage change in the
quantity demanded for a good or service that
results from a one percent change in the price.

Slide 3
and Demand
The price elasticity of demand is:
EP = (%Q)/(%P)

Slide 4
and Demand
The percentage change in a variable is the

absolute change in the variable divided by
the original level of the variable.

Slide 5
and Demand
So the price elasticity of demand is also:
Q/Q P Q
EP = =
P/P Q P

Slide 6
and Demand
Interpreting Price Elasticity of Demand Values
1) Because of the inverse relationship

between P and Q; EP is negative.
2) If EP > 1, the percent change in quantity is

greater than the percent change in
price. We say the demand is price
elastic.

Slide 7
and Demand
Interpreting Price Elasticity of Demand Values
3) If EP < 1, the percent change in

quantity is less than the percent
change in price. We say the demand is
price inelastic.

Slide 8
and Demand
The primary determinant of price elasticity of

demand is the availability of substitutes.
Many substitutes demand is price elastic
Few substitutes demand is price inelastic

Slide 9
and Demand
Price Elasticities of Demand
Price
EP = - The lower portion of
4 a downward sloping
demand curve is less elastic
Q = 8 - 2P than the upper portion.
Ep = -1
2
Linear Demand Curve
Q = a - bP
Q = 8 - 2P
Ep = 0
4 8 Q
Slide 10
and Demand
Price
Infinitely Elastic Demand
P* D
EP = -
Quantity
Slide 11
and Demand
Completely Inelastic Demand
Price
EP = 0
Q* Quantity
Slide 12
and Demand
Other Demand Elasticities
Income elasticity of demand measures the

percentage change in quantity demanded
resulting from a one percent change in
income.

Slide 13
and Demand
The income elasticity of demand is:
Q/Q I Q
EI = =
I/I Q I

Slide 14
and Demand
Cross elasticity of demand measures the

percentage change in the quantity demanded
of one good that results from a one percent
change in the price of another good.
For example consider the substitute goods,

butter and margarine.

Slide 15
and Demand
The cross elasticity of demand is:
Qb/Qb Pm Qb
EQbPm = =
Pm/Pm Qb Pm
The cross elasticity for substitutes is positive,

while that for complements is negative.

Slide 16
and Demand
Elasticities of Supply
Price elasticity of supply measures the

percentage change in quantity supplied resulting
from a 1 percent change in price.
The elasticity is usually positive because price
and quantity supplied are directly related.

Slide 17
and Demand
Elasticities of Supply
We can refer to elasticity of supply with respect

to interest rates, wage rates, and the cost of raw
materials.

Slide 18
and Demand
The Market for Wheat
1981 Supply Curve for Wheat

QS = 1,800 + 240P
1981 Demand Curve for Wheat
QD = 3,550 - 266P

Slide 19
and Demand
Equilibrium: Q S = Q D
1,800 + 240 P = 3,550 266 P

506 P = 1,750
P = 3.46 / bushel
Q = 1,800 + (240)(3.46) = 2,630 million bushels
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand Slide 20

P QD 3.46
E =
D
= (2.66) = .035 Inelastic
Q P
P
2,630
P QS 3.46
E = S
= (2.40) = .032 Inelastic
Q P 2,630
P
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand Slide 21

Assume the price of wheat is $4.00/bushel
QD = 3,550 (266)(4.00) 2,486
4.00
Q = D
P (266) = 0.43
2,486

Slide 22
and Demand
Changes in the Market: 1981-1998
Supply (Qs) Demand (QD) Equilibrium Price (Qs = QD)
1981 1800 + 240P 3550 - 266P 1800+240P = 3550-266P

506P = 1750
P1981 = $3.46/bushel
1998 1,944 + 207P 3,244 - 283P 1,944+207P = 3,244-283P

P1998 = $2.65/bushel

Slide 23
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Long-Run Elasticities
Demand
Price elasticity of demand varies with the

amount of time consumers have to respond
to a price.

Slide 24
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Demand
Most goods and services:

Short-run elasticity is less than long-run elasticity.
(e.g. gasoline, Drs.)
Other Goods (durables):

Short-run elasticity is greater than long-run
elasticity (e.g. automobiles)

Slide 25
and Demand
Gasoline: Short-Run and
Long-Run Demand Curves
Price DSR
People tend to
drive smaller and
more fuel efficient
cars in the long-run
Gasoline DLR
Quantity
Slide 26
and Demand
Automobiles: Short-Run and
Long-Run Demand Curves
Price DLR
People may put

off immediate
consumption, but
eventually older cars
must be replaced.
Automobiles DSR
Quantity
Slide 27
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Income Elasticities
Income elasticity also varies with the amount

of time consumers have to respond to an
income change.

Slide 28
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Income Elasticities

Income elasticity is greater in the long-run than
in the short run.
Higher incomes may be converted into bigger cars so
the income elasticity of demand for gasoline increases
with time.

Slide 29
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Income Elasticities
Other Goods (durables):

Income elasticity is less in the long-run than in
the short-run.
Originally, consumers will want to hold more cars.
Later, purchases will only to be to replace old cars.

Slide 30
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
The Demand for
Gasoline and Automobiles
Gasoline and automobiles are

complementary goods.

Slide 31
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
The Demand for
Gasoline
The long-run price and income elasticities are
larger than the short-run elasticities.
Automobiles
The long-run price and income elasticities are
smaller than the short-run elasticities.

Slide 32
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
The Demand for Gasoline
Years Following Price or Income Change
Elasticity 1 2 3 4 5 6
Price -0.11 -0.22 -0.32 -0.49 -0.82 -1.17
Income 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.32 0.54 0.78

Slide 33
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
The Demand for Automobiles
Years Following Price or Income Change
Elasticity 1 2 3 4 5 6
Price -1.20 -0.93 -0.75 -0.55 -0.42 -0.40
Income 3.00 2.33 1.88 1.38 1.02 1.00

Slide 34
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
The Demand for
Data Explains:
1) Why the price of oil did not continue to
rise above $30/barrel even though it
rose very rapidly in the early 1970s.
2) Why automobile sales are so sensitive to
the business cycle.

Slide 35
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Supply

Long-run price elasticity of supply is greater than
short-run price elasticity of supply.
Other Goods (durables, recyclables):

Long-run price elasticity of supply is less than
short-run price elasticity of supply

Slide 36
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Long-Run
Primary Copper: Short-Run and
Elasticities
Long-Run Supply Curves SSR
Price
SLR
Due to limited
capacity, firms
are limited by
output constraints
in the short-run.
In the long-run, they
can expand.
Quantity
Slide 37
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Long-Run
Secondary Copper: Short-Run and
Elasticities
Long-Run Supply Curves SLR
SSR
Price
Price increases
provide an incentive
to convert scrap
copper into new supply.
In the long-run, this
stock of scrap copper
begins to fall.
Quantity
Slide 38
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Supply of Copper
Price Elasticity of: Short-run Long-run
Primary supply 0.20 1.60
Secondary supply 0.43 0.31
Total supply 0.25 1.50

Slide 39
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Weather in Brazil and
the price of Coffee
in New York
Elasticity explains why coffee prices are very

volatile.
Due to the differences in supply elasticity in the
long-run and short run.

Slide 40
and Demand
Price of Brazilian Coffee

Slide 41
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Coffee S S
Price A freeze or drought
decreases the supply
P1 of coffee
P0
Short-Run
1) Supply is completely inelastic
2) Demand is relatively inelastic
3) Very large change in price
Q1 Q0 Quantity
Slide 42
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Coffee
Price S S
P2
P0
Intermediate-Run
1) Supply and demand are
more elastic
2) Price falls back to P2.
3) Quantity falls to Q2
Q2 Q0 Quantity
Slide 43
and Demand
Short-Run Versus
Coffee
Price
Long-Run
1) Supply is extremely elastic.
2) Price falls back to P0.
3) Quantity increase to Q0.
P0 S
Q0 Quantity
Slide 44
and Demand
Understanding and Predicting the Effects of Changing
Market Conditions
First, we must learn how to fit linear

demand and supply curves to market data.
Then we can determine numerically how a

change in a variable will cause supply or
demand to shift and thereby affect the market
price and quantity.

Slide 45
and Demand
Market Conditions
Available Data
Equilibrium Price, P*
Equilibrium Quantity, Q*
Price elasticity of supply, ES, and demand, ED.

Slide 46
and Demand
Market Conditions
Price
Supply: Q = c + dP
a/b
ED = -bP*/Q*
P* ES = dP*/Q*
-c/d Demand: Q = a - bP
Q* Quantity
Slide 47
and Demand
Market Conditions
Lets begin with the equations for supply and

demand:
Demand: QD = a - bP
Supply: QS = c + dP
We must choose numbers for a, b, c, and d.

Slide 48
and Demand
Market Conditions
Step 1:
Recall:
E = (P/Q)( Q/P)

Slide 49
and Demand
Market Conditions
For linear demand curves, the change in

quantity divided by the change in price is
constant (equal to the slope of the curve).

Slide 50
and Demand
Market Conditions
Substituting the slopes for each into the

formula for elasticity, we get:
ED = - b(P * /Q*)
ES = d(P * /Q*)

Slide 51
and Demand
Market Conditions
Since we will have values for ED, ES, P*, and

Q*, we can solve for b & d, and a & c.
QD = a bP
* *
QS = c + dP
* *

Slide 52
and Demand
Market Conditions
Deriving the long-run supply and demand for

copper:
The relevant data are:
Q* = 7.5 mmt/yr.
P* = 75 cents/pound
ES = 1.6
ED = -0.8

Slide 53
and Demand
Market Conditions
Es = d(P*/Q*) Ed = -b(P*/Q*)
1.6 = d(75/7.5) -0.8 = -b(.75/7.5)

= 0.1d = -0.1b
d = 1.6/0.1 = 16 b = 0.8/0.1 = 8

Slide 54
and Demand
Market Conditions
Supply = QS* = c + dP* Demand = QD* = a -bP*

7.5 = c + 16(0.75) 7.5 = a -(8)(.75)
7.5 = c + 12 7.5 = a - 6
c = 7.5 - 12 a = 7.5 + 6
c = -4.5 a =13.5
Q = -4.5 + 16P Q = 13.5 - 8P

Slide 55
and Demand
Market Conditions
Setting supply equal to demand gives:
Supply = -4.5 + 16p = 13.5 - 8p = Demand
16p + 8p = 13.5 + 4.5
p = 18/24 = .75

Slide 56
and Demand
Market Conditions
Price
Supply: QS = -4.5 + 16P
a/b
.75
-c/d Demand: QD = 13.5 - 8P
7.5 Mmt/yr
Slide 57
and Demand
Market Conditions
We have written supply and demand so that

they only depend upon price.
Demand could also depend upon income.
Demand would then be written as:
Q = a bP + fI

Slide 58
and Demand
Market Conditions
We know the following information regarding

the copper industry:
I = 1.0
P* = 0.75
Q* = 7.5
b=8
Income elasticity: E = 1.3

Slide 59
and Demand
Market Conditions
f can be found by substituting known values

into the income elasticity formula:
E = ( I / Q)(Q / I )
and
f = Q / I
Slide 60
and Demand
Market Conditions
Solving for f gives:
1.3 = (1.0/7.5)f
f = (1.3)(7.5)/1.0 = 9.75

Slide 61
and Demand
Market Conditions
Solving for a gives:
Q = a bP + fI
* *
7.5 = a - 8(0.75) + 9.75(1.0)
a = 3.75

Slide 62
and Demand
ELASTISITAS KESEMPATAN KERJA
Dalam neraca ketenagakerjaan biasanya
dilihat antara jumlah angkatan kerja (AK) dan
jumlah kesempatan kerja (KK) yang tersedia.
Jika AK > KK terjadi pengangguran atau
dengan kata lain laju pertumbuhan AK > KK,
dan sebaliknya.
Secara makro, laju pertumbuhan KK dapat
dikaitkan dengan laju pertumbuhan ekonomi.
Hubungan antara laju pertumbuhan ekonomi
dan laju pertumbuhan KK ini, dapat dijelaskan
melalui Elastisitas KK. Semakin tinggi
elastisitas KK berarti setiap laju pertumbuhan
ekonomi mampu menciptakan KK yang lebih
luas.
Konsep dalam menghitung Elastisitas KK (EKK):
EKK = KK / PDB
KK = laju pertumbuhan KK
PDB = laju pertumbuhan ekonomi
BACAAN
1. Robert S. Pyndick and Daniel L.Rubinfeld:
MICROECONOMICS. Sixth Edition. Pearson
Education International. 2005
2. Triyanto Widodo Suseno, INDIKATOR
EKONOMI. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta,
1990.

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ELASTISITAS

Generally, elasticity is a measure of the

It tells us the percentage change in one

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Measures the sensitivity of quantity

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

The price elasticity of demand is:

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

The percentage change in a variable is the

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

So the price elasticity of demand is also:

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Interpreting Price Elasticity of Demand Values

1) Because of the inverse relationship

2) If EP > 1, the percent change in quantity is

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Interpreting Price Elasticity of Demand Values

3) If EP < 1, the percent change in

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

The primary determinant of price elasticity of

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Income elasticity of demand measures the

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

The income elasticity of demand is:

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Cross elasticity of demand measures the

For example consider the substitute goods,

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

The cross elasticity of demand is:

The cross elasticity for substitutes is positive,

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Price elasticity of supply measures the

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

We can refer to elasticity of supply with respect

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

1981 Supply Curve for Wheat

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

1,800 + 240 P = 3,550 266 P

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand Slide 20

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand Slide 21

Assume the price of wheat is $4.00/bushel

QD = 3,550 (266)(4.00) 2,486

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

1981 1800 + 240P 3550 - 266P 1800+240P = 3550-266P

1998 1,944 + 207P 3,244 - 283P 1,944+207P = 3,244-283P

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Price elasticity of demand varies with the

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Most goods and services:

Other Goods (durables):

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

People may put

Income elasticity also varies with the amount

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Most goods and services:

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Other Goods (durables):

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Gasoline and automobiles are

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply

Years Following Price or Income Change

Price -0.11 -0.22 -0.32 -0.49 -0.82 -1.17

Income 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.32 0.54 0.78