Chapter 8 Diaphragm Design & Wall Rigidity Seismic Design Review Workbook

8.2 Diaphragm Types

DIAPHRAGM FLEXIBILITY ASCE 7 12.3.1
The structural analysis shall consider the relative stiffnesses of diaphragms (floor and/or roof), and the
vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system (e.g., shear walls, braced frames, moment frames).
Unless a diaphragm can be idealized as either flexible or rigid the structural analysis shall explicitly
include consideration of the stiffness of the diaphragm (i.e., semi-rigid modeling assumption).
FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM CONDITION ASCE 7 12.3.1.1 & IBC 1613.6.1
Diaphragms constructed of wood structural panels or untopped steel decking (i.e., metal deck without
concrete fill) are permitted to be idealized as flexible when occurring in:
structures in which the vertical elements are steel (or composite steel and concrete) braced frames
or concrete, masonry, steel, or composite shear walls
one- and two-family residential buildings of light-frame construction
other structures provided all of the following conditions are met:
1. 1 inches nonstructural toppings placed over wood structural panel diaphragms, and
2. Each line of vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system complies with the
allowable story drift of ASCE 7 Table 12.12-1, and
3. Vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system are light-framed shear walls
sheathed with wood structural panels (or steel sheets), and
4. Cantilever portions of wood structural panel diaphragms shall comply with IBC 2305.2.5
RIGID DIAPHRAGM CONDITION ASCE 7 12.3.1.2
Diaphragms of concrete slabs (or concrete filled metal deck) with span-to-depth ratios 3 to 1 or less, may
be considered as rigid provided no horizontal irregularities are present.
CALCULATED FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM CONDITION ASCE 7 12.3.1.3
Diaphragms not satisfying the conditions to be considered flexible or rigid are permitted to be
idealized as flexible where the computed maximum in-plane deflection of the diaphragm (under lateral
load) is more than two times the average story drift of adjoining vertical elements of the seismic force-
resisting system of the associated story under equivalent tributary lateral load.

min
max 2 max
2

Figure 8.4 Calculated Flexible Diaphragm Condition

DIAPHRAGM DEFLECTION ASCE 7 12.12.2
The deflection of the diaphragm shall not exceed the permissible deflection of the attached elements
(e.g., bearing walls) which shall be that deflection that will permit the attached element to maintain its
structural integrity under the individual loading and continue to support the prescribed loads.
1-98 Steven T. Hiner, S.E.
Seismic Design Review Workbook Part 2 Example Problems

SM1 = FvS1 IBC (16-38)

= 1.0 (0.28) = 0.28
SD1 = 2/3SM1 IBC (16-40)
= 2/3 (0.28) = 0.19i
B.) Seismic Design Category, SDC
S1 = 0.28 < 0.75 therefore, use IBC Table 1613.5.6(1) & Table 1613.5.6(2) to determine SDC
SDS = 0.49 & OC = IV IBC Table 1613.5.6(1) SDC = D
SD1 = 0.19 & OC = IV IBC Table 1613.5.6(2) SDC = D
iSDC = Dii
C.) Approximate Fundamental Period, Ta
Ta = Ct hnx ASCE 7 (12.8-7)

Concrete SMF ASCE 7 Table 12.8-2: Concrete moment-resisting frames Ct = 0.016 & x = 0.9
Ta = 0.016(hn)0.9
= 0.016 (67 feet)0.9 = 0.70 secondi

S D1 0.19
NOTE: T = 0.70 second > TS = = = 0.39 second ASCE 7 (12.8-2) will not govern Cs
S DS 0.49

D.) Seismic Response Coefficient, CS

S DS (0.49)
CS = = = 0.092 ASCE 7 (12.8-2)
(R I ) (8 1.5)
CS need not exceed the following,
S D1 (0.19)
CS = = = 0.051 governs ASCE 7 (12.8-3)
T (R I ) 0.70 (8 1.5)
CS shall not be less than the following,
C S = 0.044 S DS I * = 0.044(0.49)(1.5) = 0.032 ASCE 7 (12.8-5)
0.01 minimum * (see ASCE 7-05 Supplement No. 2)

NOTE: ASCE 7 (12.8-4) is not applicable since T = 0.70 second << TL = 12 seconds & ASCE 7 (12.8-6)
is not applicable since S1 = 0.28 < 0.6

CS = 0.051i

E.) Seismic Base Shear, V

V = CsW ASCE 7 (12.8-1)
= 0.051 (5,000 kips) = 255 kipsi

Steven T. Hiner, S.E. 2-9

Seismic Design Review Workbook Part 2 Example Problems

Problem #10i
GIVEN:
3-story County Jail
Occupancy Category III, I = 1.25
Reinforced Concrete SMF Building
SDS = 0.82 & SD1 = 0.47
Seismic Design Category D
Seismic base shear, V = 137 kips
Fundamental period, T = 0.75 second
Redundancy factor, = 1.00
Design force (Fx) & elastic displacement
(xe) at each level per Elevation

FIND:
A.) Design story drifts, x
ELEVATION
B.) Allowable story drifts, ax
SOLUTION:
A.) Design Story Drifts, x
Cd xe
x = ASCE 7 (12.8-15)
I
Concrete SMF ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1, item C.5 Cd = 5
Occupancy Category III, I = 1.25 given

1 = (5)(0.80)/1.25 = 3.52 inches

2 = (5)(1.45)/1.25 = 6.38 inches
3 = (5)(2.15)/1.25 = 9.46 inches

1 = 1 0 = 3.52 inchesi
2 = 2 1 = 6.38 3.52 = 2.86 inchesi
3 = 3 2 = 9.46 6.38 = 3.08 inchesi

B.) Allowable Story Drifts, ax assume interior walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior wall systems
have been designed to accommodate story drifts.

Per ASCE 7 12.12.1 & Table 12.12-1 use ax = 0.020hsx maximum

a1 0.020hs1 = 0.020 (15 ft)(12 in/ft) = 3.60 inchesi > 1 = 3.52 inches OK
a2 0.020hs2 = 0.020 (13 ft)(12 in/ft) = 3.12 inchesi > 2 = 2.86 inches OK
a3 0.020hs3 = 0.020 (13 ft)(12 in/ft) = 3.12 inchesi > 3 = 3.08 inches OK

Steven T. Hiner, S.E. 2-19

Part 2 Example Problems Seismic Design Review Workbook

3. Maximum Chord Force on lines A & B, CF

max. M = wsL2 / 8 = (490 plf)(40)2 / 8 = 98,000 lb-ft (SD/LRFD force level)
max. CF = 0.7M / d = (0.7)(98,000 lb-ft) / (100) = 690 lbsi (ASD force level)
4. Unit Wall Shear & Nailing on lines 1 & 2, w
Wall Line 1: total shear wall length, w = 7 + 13 = 20
Maximum h/w = 12/7 = 1.71:1 < 2:1 maximum per IBC Table 2305.3.4, footnote a
A reduction of unit wall shears in IBC Table 2306.4.1 is not necessary
wall 1 = (0.7V1) / w = (1.00)(0.7)(9,800 lbs) / (20) = 343 plf (ASD force level)
wall 1 = 343 plf IBC Table 2306.4.1

Wall Line 1 - use 15/32 WSP sheathing w/ 8d common @ 4 o.c. edge nailing & 12 o.c. field nailing
for both walls allowable unit wall shear = 380 plf > 343 plf OK
(3x studs & blocking required at abutting panel edges (and 3x sill plate required) per IBC 2306.4.1, footnotes e & i

Wall Line 2: total shear wall length, w = 10 + 5 = 15

Minimum h/w = 12/10 = 1.2:1 < 2:1 maximum per IBC Table 2305.3.4, footnote a
A reduction of unit wall shears in IBC Table 2306.4.1 is not necessary for 10 shear wall
Maximum h/w = 12/5 = 2.4:1 > 2:1 maximum per IBC Table 2305.3.4, footnote a
A reduction of unit wall shears in IBC Table 2306.4.1 is necessary for 5 shear wall
where the reduction factor = 2w/h = 2(5)/(12) = 0.83
wall 2 = (0.7V2) / w = (1.00)(0.7)(9,800 lbs) / (15) = 457 plf (ASD force level)
wall 2 = 457 plf IBC Table 2306.4.1
15/32 WSP sheathing w/ 8d common @ 3 o.c. edge nailing, 12 o.c. field nailing.
10 shear wall - allowable unit wall shear = 490 plf > 457 plf OK (w/ no reduction)

Wall Line 2 10 shear wall - use 15/32 WSP sheathing w/ 8d common @ 3 o.c. edge nailing, 12 o.c.
field nailing allowable unit wall shear = 490 plf > 457 plf OK
(3x studs & blocking required at abutting panel edges (and 3x sill plate required) per IBC 2306.4.1, footnotes e & i

15/32 WSP sheathing w/ 8d common @ 3 o.c. edge nailing, 12 o.c. field nailing.
5 shear wall - allowable unit wall shear = (0.83)(490 plf) = 407 plf < 457 plf NG!

Wall Line 2 5 shear wall - use 15/32 WSP sheathing w/ 8d common @ 2 o.c. edge nailing, 12 o.c.
field nailing allowable unit wall shear = 0.83(640 plf) = 531 > 457 plf OK
(3x studs & blocking required at abutting panel edges (and 3x sill plate required) per IBC 2306.4.1, footnotes e & i

NOTE: the reduction factor per IBC Table 2305.3.4, footnote a is a significant change from the 1997
UBC, and unlike under the 1997 UBC it can easily result in separate wood structural panel shear walls
on the same wall line with different required edge nail spacing as occurred in this example on Wall
Line 2.

2-34 Steven T. Hiner, S.E.

Part 3 Multiple Choice Problems Seismic Design Review Workbook

3.30 Given a soil profile of soft rock, Ss = 0.40 & S1 = 0.15, determine the appropriate site
coefficients Fa & Fv.
a. Fa = 1.0 & Fv = 1.0
b. Fa = 1.2 & Fv = 1.0
c. Fa = 1.2 & Fv = 1.65
d. Fa = 1.5 & Fv = 2.2
3.31 Determine the site adjusted maximum considered earthquake (MCE) spectral acceleration
parameters (SMS & SM1) for the previous problem.
a. SMS = 0.48 & SM1 = 0.25
b. SMS = 0.32 & SM1 = 0.22
c. SMS = 0.40 & SM1 = 0.15
d. SMS = 0.60 & SM1 = 0.33
3.32 The design spectral acceleration response parameters (i.e., SDS & SD1) are a function of:
I. Site Class
II. Occupancy Category
III. Mapped Spectral Accelerations (SS & S1)
a. I
b. I & II
c. I & III
d. II & III
3.33 Determine the design spectral acceleration response parameters (i.e., SDS & SD1) given SMS =
0.90 & SM1 = 0.74.
a. SDS = 0.60 & SD1 = 0.40
b. SDS = 0.60 & SD1 = 0.49
c. SDS = 0.49 & SD1 = 0.60
d. None of the above
3.34 Determine The design spectral acceleration response parameters (i.e., SDS & SD1) are based on
an assumed damping ratio of:
a. 2%
b. 5%
c. 10%
d. It depends on the materials and the seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) type
3.35 Determine the design spectral acceleration response parameters (i.e., SDS & SD1) given SMS =
1.25 & SM1 = 0.65.
a. SDS = 0.43 & SD1 = 0.83
b. SDS = 0.83 & SD1 = 0.83
c. SDS = 0.83 & SD1 = 0.43
d. None of the above
3.36 The Seismic Design Category (SDC) needs to be determined by considering:
a. SDS & SD1
b. S1
c. Occupancy Category
d. All of the above
e. a. and c. only

3-10 Steven T. Hiner, S.E.

Seismic Design Review Workbook Part 3 Multiple Choice Problems

4.21 What is the approximate fundamental period (Ta) of a 195 foot tall special steel moment frame
(steel SMF) building?
a. 1.04 second
b. 1.56 second
c. 1.90 second
d. 2.12 second
4.22 What is the approximate fundamental period (Ta) of a 35 foot tall Dual System building (w/
steel SMFs & reinforced concrete shear walls)?
a. 0.48 second
b. 0.39 second
c. 0.35 second
d. 0.29 second
4.23 Given TS = 0.6 second & Seismic Design Category D (SDC = D), which of the following
structures would not be permitted the use of the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure?
a. A regular structure with T = 2.4 seconds
b. A 3-story light-frame irregular structure of Occupancy Category II
c. A regular structure with T = 2.0 seconds with Re-entrant corner irregularity
d. All of the above
e. Both a. & c.

An owner proposes to construct an office building of Seismic Design Category D using

special steel concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) as the vertical seismic force-resisting
elements (in both principal directions). Answer questions 4.24 to 4.27
4.24 What Response Modification Factor (R) should be used for seismic design?
a. 8
b. 7
c. 6
d. 3
4.25 What System Overstrength Factor (0) should be used for seismic design?
a. 3
b. 2
c. 2
d. None of the above
4.26 What would be the height limit for this proposed building?
a. No Limit
b. 160 feet
c. 100 feet
d. 35 feet
4.27 Assuming a building height of 140 feet, what is the approximate fundamental period (Ta) using
ASCE 7 12.8.2.1?
a. 1.5 seconds
b. 1.4 seconds
c. 1.2 seconds
d. 0.8 second
Steven T. Hiner, S.E. 3-15
Seismic Design Review Workbook Part 3 Multiple Choice Problems

4.33 Which shear wall would be considered the least ductile?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
4.34 Given a two-story office building with special reinforced masonry shear walls (which are also
bearing walls) where SDS = 0.75, SD1 = 0.30, Seismic Design Category D, and Ta = 0.21 second
what would be the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure seismic base shear (V)?
a. 0.136 W
b. 0.150 W
c. 0.193 W
d. 0.212 W

4.35 Given a 15-story office building with fundamental period of 1.2 seconds, effective seismic
weight (W) of 12,000 kips, SDS = 0.82 & SD1 = 0.45, and steel special concentrically braced
frames (R = 6), what is the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure seismic base shear (V)?
a. 744 kips
b. 893 kips
c. 1,120 kips
d. 1,640 kips

4.36 Given a 3-story light-framed apartment building with wood structural panel shear walls
(bearing walls), SDS = 0.75, Seismic Design Category E, and effective seismic weight (W) of
200 kips what is the seismic base shear (V) using the Simplified Design Procedure of ASCE
7 - 12.14?
a. 15 kips
b. 23 kips
c. 28 kips
d. 35 kips

4.37 What is the minimum seismic base shear for an Occupancy Category IV structure using steel
special moment frames (SMFs) and with S1 = 1.10 & SDS = 1.33?
a. 0.010 W
b. 0.069 W
c. 0.103 W
d. 0.207 W

4.38 When using the ASCE 7 Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedures, actual seismic forces in
relation to ASCE 7 design seismic forces are:
a. slightly smaller
b. much smaller
c. equal
d. greater

Steven T. Hiner, S.E. 3-17

Part 3 Multiple Choice Problems Seismic Design Review Workbook

Questions 8.22 through 8.29 refer to the rigid diaphragm shown below. The story shear
(Vx) for both North-South and East-West directions is 500 kips.

8.22 For the North-South direction, what is the inherent torsional moment, Mt?
a. 0 kip-ft
b. 1,500 kip-ft
c. 3,750 kip-ft
d. 5,250 kip-ft

8.23 For the North-South direction, what is the direct shear (neglecting torsion) in Wall A?
a. 200 kips
b. 250 kips
c. 300 kips
d. 500 kips

8.24 What is the accidental eccentricity for seismic loads in the North-South direction?
a. 3.0 feet
b. 4.0 feet
c. 6.5 feet
d. 7.5 feet
8.25 For the North-South direction, what is the design eccentricity that corresponds to the maximum
total shear (direct + torsion) in Wall A?
a. 1.0 feet
b. 4.5 feet
c. + 3.0 feet
d. + 10.5 feet

8.26 What is the total design torsional moment (MT) resulting in the maximum total shear (direct +
torsion) in Wall B?
a. 2,250 kip-ft
b. 1,500 kip-ft
c. + 3,750 kip-ft
d. + 5,250 kip-ft

3-38 Steven T. Hiner, S.E.

Seismic Design Review Workbook Part 3 Multiple Choice Problems

8.27 For the East-West direction, what is the inherent torsional moment (Mt)?
a. 0 kip-ft
b. 1,500 kip-ft
c. 3,750 kip-ft
d. 5,250 kip-ft

8.28 For the East-West direction, what is the accidental torsion (Mta)?
a. 0 kip-ft
b. 1,500 kip-ft
c. 2,000 kip-ft
d. 3,750 kip-ft

8.29 For the East-West direction, what is the maximum total shear (direct + torsion) in Wall 1?
a. 25 kips
b. 250 kips
c. 260 kips
d. 303 kips

8.30 Given the rigid diaphragm below. Each shear wall resists 50 kips neglecting accidental
eccentricity. What is the wall torsional shear due to accidental torsion?

a. 2.5 kips
b. 5.0 kips
c. 10.0 kips
d. 13.3 kips

A 3-dimensional computer lateral analysis was performed on the single-story Office

building assigned to SDC = D w/ a rigid diaphragm and steel eccentrically braced frames
(Cd = 4), neglecting accidental eccentricity. Using a seismic base shear (V) of 200 kips,
the story drift at the North-West and North-East corners of the structure are determined to
be 0.25 inch and 0.75 inch respectively. Answer questions 8.31 through 8.33

Steven T. Hiner, S.E. 3-39

Part 3 Multiple Choice Problems Seismic Design Review Workbook

8.31 Which of the following structural irregularities, as defined by ASCE 7 Tables 12.3-1 & 12.3-
2, are present in this structure?
I. Torsional Irregularity
II. Extreme Torsional Irregularity
III. Stiffness Irregularity-Soft Story

a. I
b. II
c. I & III
d. II & III

8.32 Determine the accidental torsional moment (Mta), considering any amplification per ASCE 7
12.8.4.3 if applicable.
a. 2000 kipft
b. 2560 kipft
c. 3120 kipft
d. 6000 kipft

8.33 Given a story height of 14 feet, what is the calculated story drift ratio (1/hs1) (neglecting
accidental eccentricity)?
a. 0.005
b. 0.015
c. 0.018
d. 0.023

9.1 For wood structural panel horizontal diaphragms, what is the minimum sheet dimension at
boundaries with blocking omitted?
a. 12"
b. 18"
c. 24"
d. 48"

9.2 What is the maximum length-width (i.e., span-depth) ratio for an unblocked wood structural
panel horizontal diaphragm?
a. 2:1
b. 3:1
c. 3:1
d. 4:1

9.3 What is the maximum height-width ratio of wood structural panel shear walls (for seismic)?
a. 2:1
b. 3:1
c. 3:1
d. 4:1

3-40 Steven T. Hiner, S.E.

Seismic Design Review Workbook Part 4 Multiple Choice Solutions

PROBLEM ANSWER REFERENCE / SOLUTION

1.1 d Earthquake design applies to all structures such as buildings, highway
bridges, railroad bridges, dams, etc. (The International Building Code applies
to Buildings & Nonbuilding structures, etc.)

1.2 b p. 1-1, Figure 1.1 - epicenter

1.3 b p. 1-1, Figure 1.1 - hypocenter

1.4 b p. 1-1, foreshocks

1.5 a p. 1-2, fault creep

1.6 d p. 1-2, the San Andreas is a right-lateral fault

1.7 c p. 1-2, normal fault & reverse fault

1.8 d p. 1-3, Figure 1.3 - shear waves (S-waves) are most responsible for the strong
ground motion portion of an earthquake.

1.9 b Ground accelerations cause the seismic forces in a structure.

1.10 c p. 1-5, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MM)

1.11 c p. 1-5, Earthquake Intensity is based on damage to structures and observed

effects on people.

1.12 d p. 1-7, Attenuation distance from the epicenter

1.13 c p. 1-8, Table 1.3 - MM VI

1.14 d p. 1-4, Earthquake Strength

n = M5.0 M3.0 = 2
10n = (10)2 = 100

1.15 b p. 1-5, Energy Release

n = M6.8 M5.8 = 1
32n = (32)1 = 32

1.16 c p. 1-7, Earthquake Intensity *. Large magnitude and long duration will cause
the most damage

2.1 f p. 1-10, T = 2 / = 2 W / K g weight (W) & stiffness (K)

2.2 c p. 1-12, = B / Bcritical

2.3 d p. 1-12, Td is slightly greater than T & p. 1-14, Figure 2.6 - spectral
acceleration (Sa) and therefore base shear (V) decreases with increasing

Steven T. Hiner, S.E. 4-1

Part 4 Multiple Choice Solutions Seismic Design Review Workbook

PROBLEM ANSWER REFERENCE / SOLUTION

4.35 a p. 1-47 & ASCE 7 p. 129, 12.8.1.1
Occupancy Category II IBC p. 281, Table 1604.5
I = 1.0 ASCE 7 p. 116, Table 11.5-1
TS = S D1 S DS = (0.45) / (0.8) = 0.55 second
T = 1.2 sec. > Ts = 0.55 sec. ASCE 7 equation (12.8-3) governs for Cs
S D1 0.45
CS = = = 0.062 ASCE 7 (12.8-3)
T (R I ) 1.2(6 1.0)
V = CsW ASCE 7 (12.8-1)
= 0.062(12,000 kips) = 744 kips

4.36 c p. 1-59 & ASCE 7 p. 141, 12.14.8.1

F S DS
V= W ASCE 7 (12.14-11)
R
F = 1.2 for three-story buildings
R = 6 ASCE 7 p. 136, Table 12.14-1, item A.13
1.2 (0.75)
V= (200 kips) = 28 kips
6 12

4.37 c p. 1-48 & ASCE 7 p. 129, 12.8.1.1

I = 1.5 ASCE 7 p. 116, Table 11.5-1 for Occupancy Category IV
R = 8 ASCE 7 p. 120, Table 12.2-1, item C.1
Cs shall not be less than:
C S = 0.044 S DS I = 0.044(1.33)(1.5) = 0.088 0.01 min. ASCE 7 (12.8-5)
In addition, when S1 0.6, Cs shall not be less than:
0.5 S1 0.5 (1.10)
CS = = = 0.103 min. use ASCE 7 (12.8-6)
(R I ) (8 1.5)
V = CsW ASCE 7 (12.8-1)
= 0.103W

4.38 d p. 1-50, Actual vs. Design Seismic Forces

4.39 a p. 1-50, Actual vs. Design Seismic Forces

The factor 0, when multiplied by the design seismic force, represents an
increase to the actual seismic force level.

4.40 b p. 1-50 & ASCE 7 p. 120-122, Table 12.2-1

average 0 = 2 2 to 1

4.41 b p. 1-38 & ASCE 7 p. 119 & 122, 12.2.3.1

Combination of framing sytems in the same direction
Vertical Combination

4.42 b p. 1-38 & ASCE 7 p. 119 & 122, 12.2.3.1

R = 6 ASCE 7 p. 120, Table 12.2-1, item B.5 special reinforced
concrete shear walls
4-10 Steven T. Hiner, S.E.
Part 4 Multiple Choice Solutions Seismic Design Review Workbook

PROBLEM ANSWER REFERENCE / SOLUTION

9.5 d p. 1-122 & 2006 IBC p. 451 & 442, Table 2306.4.1 - footnote i & 2305.3.11
In SDC = D, E or F 3x nominal studs and blocking required at all abutting
joints where ASD unit wall shear > 350 plf panel joint and sill plate
nailing shall be staggered and, 2x sill plate allowed when ASD unit wall
shear < 600 plf (i.e., provide twice as many sill bolts)

9.6 b p. 1-121 & 2006 IBC p. 439, Table 2305.3.4 - footnote a

h/w 3.5 maximum (requires reduction factor 2w/h for seismic)
minimum w = (h/3.5) = 10 / 3.5 = 2.86 2-10

9.7 a p. 1-120, Wood structural panel horizontal diaphragms

Vmax = wL / 2 = V / 2 = 33.6 kips / 2 = 16.8 kips
for ASD, roof = (0.7Vmax) / d = 0.7(16.8 kips) / 50 = 235 plf 240 plf

9.8 b p. 1-104, Drag force

Maximum drag force occurs on right (i.e., East) wall line 20 from South
end of collector
for ASD, max Fd = roof (20) = (240 plf)(20) = 4,800 lbs = 4.8 kips

9.9 b p. 1-125, Shear wall overturning

= 1.0 (given)
V1 = V2 = V / 2 = 33.6 kips / 2 = 16.8 kips
0.7 (V1 h) 0.7(1.0)(16.8)(10' )
T = 3.92 kips
b 30'
for ASD, uplift T = 4.0 kips

9.10 b p. 1-120, Wood structural panel horizontal diaphragms

V = CS W = 0.196W (given)
For a single-story building ws = fp1 = Fp1 / L = CS wp1
East-West: ws = 0.196 [(25 psf)(75) + (15 psf)(12/2)4 walls] = 438 plf
Vmax = wsL / 2 = (438 plf)(40) / 2 = 8,760 lbs
for ASD, roof = (0.7Vmax) / d = 0.7(8,760) / 75 = 82 plf 80 plf

9.11 a 2006 IBC p. 450, Table 2306.4.1

15/32" Structural I sheathing w/ 10d @ 6" o.c. = 340 plf
15/32" rated sheathing w/ 8d @ 4" o.c. = 380 plf 340 plf

9.12 c 2006 IBC p. 446, Table 2306.3.1

Load parallel to continuous panel joints = Case 3 (weak direction)
19/32" sheathing w/ 10d @ 6" o.c. unblocked = 215 plf < 275 plf NG!
19/32" sheathing w/ 10d @ 6" o.c. blocked = 320 plf 275 plf

9.13 d p. 1-100, Flexible diaphragm analysis

V = CS W
For a single-story building ws = fp1 = Fp1 / L = CS wp1
N-S: ws = 0.20[20 psf (120) + (15 psf) (16/2 + 2.5)2 walls] = 543 plf

4-26 Steven T. Hiner, S.E.

Part 5 Appendix A Seismic Design Review Workbook

Diaphragm, unblocked in light-frame wood construction, a diaphragm that has edge nailing at
supporting members only. Blocking between supporting structural members at panel edges is
not included. Diaphragm panels are field nailed to supporting members.
DRAG FORCE DIAGRAM a graphical representation of the value of the drag (or collector) force at
any point along a collector (or drag strut) members length.
DRAG STRUT see COLLECTOR.
DRIFT see STORY DRIFT.
DUAL SYSTEM a structural system with an essentially complete space frame system providing
support for vertical (gravity) loads. Seismic force resistance is provided by moment-resisting
frames and shear walls or by moment-resisting frames and braced frames as prescribed in ASCE 7
12.2.5.1.
DURATION OF LOAD the period of continuous application of a given load, or the aggregate of
periods of intermittent applications of the same load.
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) a braced frame in which at least one end of each
diagonal (i.e. brace) connects to a beam a short distance from a beam-column joint or from another
diagonal.
EDGE NAILING see NAILING, EDGE
EQUIPMENT SUPPORT those structural members or assemblies of members or manufactured
elements, including braces, frames, legs, lugs, snubbers, hangers, or saddles that transmit gravity
loads and operating loads between the equipment and the structure.
ESSENTIAL FACILITY a building or other structure that is intended to remain operational in the
event of extreme environmental loading from flood, wind, snow or earthquakes (e.g. a facility or
structure necessary for emergency operations and/or post-earthquake recovery).
EXTREME SOFT STORY a story in which the lateral stiffness is less than 60% of that in the story
above or less than 70% of the average stiffness of the three stories above. See ASCE 7 Table 12.3-
2.
EXTREME WEAK STORY a story in which the lateral strength is less than 65% of that in the story
above. See ASCE 7 Table 12.3-2.
FACTORED LOAD the product of a nominal load and a load factor (e.g. 1.2D, 1.6L, etc.). See IBC
1605 for combinations of factored loads.
FIELD NAILING see NAILING, FIELD
FLEXIBLE EQUIPMENT CONNECTIONS those connections between equipment components that
permit rotational and/or translational movement without degradation of performance. Examples
include universal joints, bellows expansion joints, and flexible metal hose.
FLEXURE bending.
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL or CONTENTS a material that is highly toxic or potentially explosive
and in sufficient quantity to pose a significant life-safety threat to the general public if an
uncontrolled release were to occur.
HIGHLY TOXIC SUBSTANCE a material which produces a lethal does or lethal concentration
which falls within any of the categories noted in IBC 307.2 Highly Toxic, items 1, 2 or 3.
HOLD-DOWN a device used to resist uplift of the chords of shear walls.
HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a
diaphragm.
HORIZONTAL DIAPHRAGM see DIAPHRAGM.

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Part 5 Appendix B Seismic Design Review Workbook

T0 = control period equal to 0.2 S D1 S DS

TS = control period equal to S D1 S DS

V = seismic base shear; total seismic design lateral force or shear at the base
Vx = seismic design shear in story x as determined in ASCE 7 12.8.4 or 12.9.4
vs = shear wave velocity at small shear strains (equal to 103 percent strain or less); see IBC
1613.5.5 or ASCE 7 20.4.1 (ft/sec)
vs = average shear wave velocity at small shear strains in top 100 ft; see IBC 1613.5.5 or
ASCE 7 20.3.3 & 20.4.1 (ft/sec)
vsi = the shear wave velocity of any soil or rock layer i (between 0 and 100 ft); see IBC
1613.5.5 or ASCE 7 20.4.1 (ft/sec)
W = effective seismic weight of the building as defined in ASCE 7 12.7.2
Wp = component operating weight
wi , wn , wx = that portion of W that is located at or assigned to Level i, n, or x, respectively
wpx = weight of the diaphragm and the elements tributary thereto at Level x, including applicable
portions of other loads defined in ASCE 7 12.7.2
z = height in structure of point of attachment of component with respect to the base; see ASCE
7 13.3.1
= damping ratio
= ratio of shear demand to shear capacity for the story between Level x and x 1
= design story drift as determined in ASCE 7 12.8.6
a = allowable story drift as specified in ASCE 7 12.12.1
avg = the average of the displacements at the extreme points of the structure at Level x; see ASCE
7 12.8.4.3
i = elastic deflection at Level i due to the applied lateral forces, f, for use in ASCE 7 equation
(15.4-6)
max = maximum displacement at Level x, considering torsion; see ASCE 7 12.8.4.3
x = deflection of Level x at the center of the mass at and above Level x; see ASCE 7 equation
(12.8-15)
xe = elastic deflection of Level x at the center of the mass at and above Level x (determined by
an elastic analysis); see ASCE 7 12.8-6
= strength reduction factor used in Strength Design (SD) or Load and Resistance Factor
Design (LRFD)
= stability coefficient for P-delta effects as determined in ASCE 7 12.8.7
= a redundancy factor based on the extent of structural redundancy present in a building as
defined in ASCE 7 12.3.4
0 = overstrength factor as defined in ASCE 7 Tables 12.2-1, 15.4-1 & 15.4-2

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Seismic Design Review Workbook Part 5 Appendix C

APPENDIX C - Index
A
of framing systems in the same direction, 1-38
Compatibility, 1-171
Component, 1-71, 1-75, 1-76
Accelerogram, 1-3
Amplification factor (ap), 1-74
Accidental eccentricity, 1-109
Importance factor (Ip), 1-71
Actual seismic forces, 1-49
Mechanical & electrical components, 1-76
Aftershock, 1-1
Response modification factor (Rp), 1-74
Allowable Stress Design (ASD), 1-67
Compression waves (P-waves), 1-3
Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act, 1-172
Concrete
Analysis procedure selection, 1-43
Diaphragms, 1-98, 1-99
Anchor, see Purlin Anchor
Moment frames with URM infill walls, 1-169
Anchorage
Non-ductile frames and bridges, 1-164
of concrete or masonry structural walls, 1-79
Precast structures, 1-165
to flexible diaphragms, 1-79
Shear walls, 1-143
to wood diaphragms, 1-80
IMF, 1-142
Angular natural frequency (), 1-10
OMF, 1-143
Applied Technology Council, see ATC
SMF, 1-141
Architectural components, 1-75
Structures, 1-141
ATC, 1-158
Tilt-up buildings, 1-166
Attenuation, 1-7
Wall rigidity, 1-105
Authorities, 1-177
Configuration irregularities, 1-39

B
Confinement, 1-145
Construction documents, 1-18
Continuity plate, 1-147
Base isolation, 1-44
Critical damping (Bcritical), 1-11
Base shear, 1-16
Crosstie, 1-142
Buildings - ASCE 7 equivalent lateral force (ELF), 1-47

D
Nonbuilding structures similar to buildings, 1-89
Nonbuilding NOT structures similar to buildings, 1-91
Rigid nonbuilding structure, 1-88
Damage, see Earthquake
Bearing wall system, 1-34
Dampers, 1-44
Blocked horizontal diaphragm, 1-119
Damped period of vibration (Td), 1-12
Blue Book, 1-161
Damping (B), 1-11
Boundary element, concrete, 1-96
Critical (Bcritical), 1-11
Braced frames, 1-34
Ratio (), 1-12
Building Codes, 1-157
Systems, 1-44
Building frame system, 1-34
Dead load (D), 1-66
Building separation, 1-56
Deflection

C
Cantilever wall, 1-105
Fixed wall, 1-106
California Building Code (CBC), 1-160 of a level (x), 1-53
California Building Standards Code, 1-159 Design
California Existing Buildind Code (CEBC), 1-160 Spectral acceleration response parameters, 1-25
California Historic Building Code (CHBC), 1-160 Deformation compatibility, 1-56
Cantilever column system, 1-35 Diaphragm
Center of mass (CM), 1-108 Design force (Fpx), 1-95
Center of rigidity (CR), 1-108 Flexible, 1-99, 1-100
Chord force, 1-103 Loading, 1-101
Rigid, 1-99, 1-107
Circular frequency (), 1-10
Types, 1-98
Civil Engineer, 1-178
Dip-slip fault, 1-2
Collector, 1-103
Discontinuity in capacity, see Weak Story
Elements, 1-69
Doubler plates, 1-148
Combinations
Drag
of framing systems in different directions, 1-38

Steven T. Hiner, S. E. 5-15