Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BASIC COURSE
R)I Swedish Basic Cours e developed from a need to provide a more comprehensive
and up to date curriculum than had been afforded by an earlieI' work, Spoken Swedish.
The latter had been produced during the 1950's by william R. fun Bus kirk and Fritz
frauchiger of the FSI linguistic staff, with the assistance of members of the staff
of the Post Language Program of the American Embassy in Stockholm.
RJI Swedish Basic Cours e is intended primarily for use as the foundation for in-
tensive classroom use with a qualified instructor, but it has also been designed
so that the student who does not have the benefit of an instructor may use the
text and its accompanying tapes with profit.
This book was developed entirely at the ~reign Service Institute in Washington.
Under the general editorship of Allen I. Weinstein, the text was conceived and
executed by the Swedish instructional staff, headed by Ingrid S. Beach and including
Margareta Weyl, Margareta Feller, and Anne-Marie Carnemark. Illustrations were
conceived and drawn by Peter Weyl. Layout for the text and the cover design were
executed by John McClelland of the FSI Audio- Visual Staff. The tape recordings
accompanying this text were voiced by Peter Ling- Vannerus, Niklas Lund, Claes
Rhl, Ingrid Beach, Anne-Marie Carnemark, and Margareta Weyl, and were made at the
FSI studios under the direction of recording engine er Jose Ramirez.
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Foreign Service Institute students
who used the field-test editions of the book in Washington and who contributed many
helpful ideas and criticisms. A special debt of gratitude is due Marianne L. Adams
who, as FSI Publications Officer, provided the initial stimulus for the creation
of this book and whose encouragement along the way was of great importance.
iii
Preface
To the Student
WeLcome to the worLd of Sweden, Swedes, and Swedish!
You have obtained this book as a way to help you learn the Swedish language, and to
help you prepare for Life and work in Sweden. We hop e that both these experienaes
will be enjoyable for you, but before you begin we would Like you to know some
facts about language study in general, and this book in particular.
The new FSI Swedish Basic Course has been written especially for the future U.S.
diplomat in Sweden. It is meant to serve as a textbook as well as a source of cul-
tural information and it is accompanied by a complete set of tapes.
We all know that the ability to speak a foreign Language and to live in a new cul-
ture is not learned through books and tapes alone. These are only aids in a learn-
ing process which begins in the classroom, where the instructor is the primary source
of information and your main conversation partner, and which later expands to the
whole country of Sweden, where a nation becomes your teacher. However, the book
has taken into account the student who may not have a teacher available. It was
designed in such away that, together with extensive use of the tapes, it may be
used profitably by the self-study student. A self-study course, however, cannot
prov ide sufficient opportunities to practice speaking and understanding Swedish.
The primary goal of language learning is to communicate with the native speakers
in a natural and productive way. A secondary goal is to learn to read and trans late
Swedish, since this is an important skill you will need in your work.
The first twelve ~its consist of dialogs which cover a range of situations relevant
to your Life and work in Sweden. The las t few Uni ts are lJJri tten in a narrative form
and constitute a transition to further reading.
Each ~it includes "Notes on Basic Sentences," which clarify certain grammar points,
cultural ~nformation and idiomatic expressions that we think are particularly im-
portant.
fullowing "Notes on Basic Sentences" is a section called "Points to Practice."
This section deals lJith the grammar, which is first explained as clearLy and
To the Student
simply as possible~ and then put to use in Practices. Here you can cover up the
correct responses with a piece of heavy paper or cardboard and then slide the paper
down the page to confirm the correctness of your response or correct any error
you may have made. Be sure you do the Practices aloud.
Over many years of teaching Swedish to English speaking students the teachers at
~I have noted oonsistent patterns of difficulty that an English speaker has in
learning Swedish. We have tried to draw on this experienee in explaining the
grammar and in painting out the pitfalls. Our happy Vikings are used to draw
attention to same of the grammar points~ and to make the task of learning Swedish
grammar a little less serious. A dragon appears in places where we discUSB something
that may be unusually tricky.
To the Student v
The grammar practices have also been taped, in order for you to hear the pronuncia-
tion of the correct response given in the practices. We advise that you keep your
book open when doing the grammar practices with the tape, since you will always
have to read the instructions for each individual practice in order to know
which cue words you are supposed to use. However, you wiLL find that some prac-
tices can be done oraLly using on ly the tape. In those instances, try to reLy on
what you hear on the tape and don't Look at the book.
Studying a Swedish textbook and Listening to the accompanying tapes does not guaran-
tee mastery of the Swedish Language. We hop e that this book wiLL serve as one of
many aids iu your endeavor and that you wiLL find numerous opportunities to prac-
tic e your Swedish. The best way of doing that is to c10se your book and put your
vocabulary and grammar to use in real situations. This is when you have to trans-
fer your book-learning into something productive and meaningful. When you speak,
understand and read outside the cLassroom environment you have truLy Learned to
communicate in your new language.
To the Student
Till Lraren
Fljande r ett frslag tl I I hur Swedish Baslc Course kan anvndas svenskundervisningen:
Utta I
Ett utfrligt kapItel med medfljande band inleder boken. Lraren br naturligtvis g
igenom alla vIktiga punkter och hjlpa eleverna att f ett bra uttal frn brjan.
Dialog
a. Genomgng aV ny lxa.
Lraren I ser de nya orden och I ter e I everna upprepa dem I korus. Sedan I ser lraren
en mening i taget och lter varje elev upprepa den. Hr har lraren ett bra t l l l -
Uille att rtta och frklara uttalet. Det r vsentligt att vara mycket noggrann
med uttalet i brjan s att eleverna inte grundlgger dliga vanor. Vi berknar att
tv eller tre sidor per dag r lagom fr hemarbete. I brjan kan det vara frdel-
aktigt tr eleverna att lra sig dIalogen utantill s att de automatiskt tIllgodogr
sig rytmen, ordfljden och sprkmnstret.
b. Frhr av lxa.
Nsta dag kan man brja med att lta eleverna g Igenom dialogen med den svenska
texten vertckt och med den engelska texten som minnesstd. Man kan sedan lta
eleverna erstta en del ord i dialogen med andra ord som de lrt sig tidigare och
va olika former samtidigt som det grammatiska mnstret bIbehlls. Till sist slr
eleverna Igen bckerna och anvnder dialogen i rollspel. Spontant rollspel passar
i nte fr a I I a e lever. Det kan tr en de I vara svrare att h i tta p ngot att sga
n att anvnda det nya sprket korrekt. I sdana ta II r det I mp 11 gt att anvnda
s.k. "directed dialog," d.v.s. lraren talar om tr eleven p svenska (eller mj-
I igtvis p engelska) i indirekt form vad han/hon ska sga. Lraren kan ocks sjlv
stlla frgor tl II eleverna med anvndande av ordfrrdet j texten.
Grammatik
Lraren gr igenom de grammatiska punkter som tas upp I varje kapitel och eleverna arbetar
sjlvstndigt hemma p vningarna med banden t i l l hjlp. Grammatikavsnitten innehller
ett stort antal vningar i frhoppningen att eleven kan lra sig sprkstrukturen genom
att va den och hra den s mycket som mj \ i gt. Fr att vara sker p att vn ingarna
verkligen grs br lraren d och d, utan varning, g igenom dem i klassen.
Efter kapitel 12 har vi frngtt formatet med enbart dialog. Kapitel 13-16 utgr en
vergng ti I I tidningslsning. Svrighetsgraden stegras avsevrt 1 dessa stycken.
Texterna kan med frdel anvndas tl I I lsning, versttning och diskussion. Diskussionen
kan t i l l exempel rra sig om olika seder och bruk, olika sikter, politiska frhllanden,
etc. Den kan ocks gras I ivl igare om lraren eller ngon av eleverna intar en impopulr
stndpunkt. Med hjlp av banden kan eleverna ocks va upp frmgan att lyssna och frst.
Kapitel 6 r avsett som ett prov p vad eleven lrt sig i kapitel 1-5. Vi rekommenderar
a t t e I e ven d e I a r u p p k a p i t e I 6 i mi n s t t v s e k t i o n e r f r a t t n b s t a m j I i g a r e s u I t a t .
Det r lmpligt att d och d under kursen g ti Ilbaka och repetera och att inte ta
fr givet att eleverna har tillgodogjort sig allt som tidigare frekommit i boken eller
diskuterats i klassen.
Detta r endast vrt frslag ti I I hur Swedish Basic Course kan anvndas. Vr frhopp-
ning r att boken kan inspirera och uppmuntra lraren att anvnda sin egen fantasi p
ett stt som bst passar de individuella eleverna i hans/hennes klass, och ven klassens
storlek. Lt fantasi och kreativitet komma ti II nytta. Tnk p mj I igheten att anvnda
"propsll och att stimulera undervisningen genom att freta ngot fysiskt aktivt. ut-
flykter, restaurangbesk, simulerad guidning p svenska, etc., kan erbjuda bra tillfllen
att anvnda svenskan I real istiska situationer.
Lt boken vara en hjlp I undervisningen och lt den inte diktera hur undervisningen
ska g ti I I. Mlet r att lra engelsksprkIga elever att frst och uttrycka sig p
svenska och den metod som nr det resu I tatet r den rtta metoden. Lycka t i II !
T II I LMraren
TabLe of Contents
Page
Preface iii
To the Student iv
Page
Table of Contents
Page
xi
Table of Contents
Page
Unit 14 - P n 446
G lossary 449
Notes on Basic Sentences 452
Points to Practice 454
Point I - Past Participles 455
Point II - Passive Voice 462
Point III - Present Participle 469
Table of Contents
Page
Unit 16 (oont.)
Nringsliv och Ekonomi 498
GlossaY'Y 499
Statsskick och Politik 503
GlossaY'Y 504
Neutral itet och Frsvar 506
GloBsaY'Y 507
Socialpolitik 509
Glossary 509
Rel igion 511
GloBsary 511
Skolor och Utbildning 513
Glossary 513
Massmedia 515
G lossaY'y 515
Notes on Basio Sentenoes 517
BibliogY'aphy 675
Auxiliary verb ver'b used with another' ver'b of ten to fo:rom compound tenses.
G:roammaticaZ Terms
Cardinal number the basic, or "counting" form of a number - one J two J three,
etc.
Definite (orm form of a Swedish noun or adjective used when the definite
article is prsent.
Demonstrative words such as this, that, the se, those to point out or indicate
specific persons-Gr things.
GrammaticaZ Terms
Gerund
- -- an English verb with an -ing ending and with the function of
11 noun.
Idiomatic e~ression a group of words which has a special connotation not usually
equal to the meanings of the individual words J and which usually
cannot be translated into another language without the special
meaning being lost.
Examples: This is not my cup of tea.
That's the way the cookie crumbles.
rndefinite form form of a Swedish noun or adjective used either when the in-
definite article is present or when no article is present.
Indefinite pronoun a pronoun which does not refer to a definite person or thing,
e.g. aEyQodYJa~t~i~~. som~pody. ~othin~J etc.
Irregular noun exhibits certain [orms which do not coincide with a particular
adjective pattern considered to be the norm foY' that particular noun
verb (adjective, verb, adverb).
Iid1ifirb
Examples: child -children
good, better, best
run, ran, run
much, more, most
Non-count noun a noun which does not usually form a plural, aB opposed to
nouns which can be counted, e.g. Bugar, sand, ooffee.
Noun phl'ase a word 01' group of words with a noun or pronoun as its head
and [unctioning as the Bubject, object or "complement" of a
sentence.
Examples: The cat caught the mouse.
He is ~oliceman.
Grammatioal Terms
Past tense a tense form of a verb referring to an action which took place
prior to the time of the utteranee. Cf. "perfeet tense. "
Perfect tense Present perfeet - have (has) + partieiple (I have closed the
door.)
Past perfect - had + participle (I had cZosed the door.)
Gpammatieal Tepms
Relative pronoun a pronoun such as who, whose, whom, which, that whiah refe1'8
back to a previous word-or.-group-of words in-a-sentence.
Stem that which is left of a word when all prefixes and suffixes
have been removed.
xxi
Grammatical Terms
Supine the name in Swedish for the verb form used together with forms
of att ha (to have). It corresponds in English to the past
participle form of the verb. However, the supine form is nevel'
declined and cannot be used as an adjective. Thus in Swedish
there is a distinction between the supine form and the past
particip le form. The former is only used with the forms of
the verb att ha. The latter is used and declined as an ad-
jective.
Gramrnatical Terms
Word order Straight word order places the subject before the verb in
a clause.
Reversed word order pZaces the verb before the subject in
a clause.
A Guide to Endings and Symbols Used in Basia Sentenaes and in Nates on Hasia Sentenaes
In the Hasia Sentenaes, each paragraph will be numbered and preaeded by a list of new voaa-
bulary. Same of the Swedish words will be pY'esented in theiY' diffeY'ent forms as folLows:
1. Nouns
Indefinite form, singulaY'j definite form ending, singularj indefinite form ending, plural.
Example: dag -en -ar day, the day, days
The word stem to whiah the endings are added is indicated by a slash if the stem is
different from the indefinite form singular.
Example: gat/a -an -or street, the street, streets
-0 This symbol indicates that the indefinite plural form is the same as the indefinite
singulaY' :form.
(/; The same symbol without the dash f-J indicates that the word does not occur in the
plural.
Example: mjl k -n (/; milk, the milk, ~
~. Adj ectives
Basic form (used with en words in the singular); ending uBed with ett words in the
singular; ending used with plural words.
Example: sn I I -t -a kind
5. Verbs
Verbs are always given in the in[initive [orm with the in[initive marker att (ex-
cept [or certain auxiliary verbs which are not used in the in[initive [orm).
The in[initive form with a slash to indicate the stem; present tense ending; past
tense ending; supine ending
Example: att talla -ar -ade -at to speak, speak(s), spake, (have, had) spaken
If the verb is irregular all [orms are written out.
Example: att st, str, stod, sttt to stand, stand(s), stoad, (have, had) stood
Starting with Unit 10 the first three conjugations will be indicated by numbers only.
This chapter is intended especially for the student who is learning Swedish on his or
her own. The accompanying tape is an integral part of this Unit, and henae must be
used in aonjunation with the following pages.
We have avoided using phonetic symbols in the book. Instead we feel that the combi-
nation of the tape and the acaompanying brie! desariptions of how the sounds are pro-
duaed will provide an appropriate basis for Swedish pronunaiation.
We also hope that the student who studies with a teaaher will find both ahapter and tape
he2pfut.
We naturally tend to aonaentrate on those sounds that exist in Swedish and not in
English, rather than on Bounds that are common to the two languages. Spending a little
extra time in the beginning to get the Swedish sounds right is better than learning
them inaorrectly and then trying to compensate later.
l
Guide to Swedish Pronunaiation
WELCOME TO SWEDISH
Many sounds in the Swedish language are similar to sounds used in English. A few
sounds used in Swedish do not exiat in English. We will be more oonoerned with sounds
than with spelling, although aometimes the latter has to oome in.
Let'a begin by looking at and listening to the Swedish alphabet, which has 29 letters:
A R C DE F G H I J K L M N O p Q R S T U V WX Y Z A
When we disouss Swedish sounds in this chapter we refer to the sounds in this alphabet.
Remember this order of letters, especially when you are looking up a name in the phone
book or a word in a dictionary: A are last.
Swedish Vowe ls
Let'B be gin by taking a look at and listening to the Swedish vowels. Repeat them after
the tape:
A O U A E y
These vowels oan be pronounaed long or short. For example~ listen to the different
lengths of the vowel 80und in these Swedish word pairs:
Can you hea1' the difference in the vowel length? When Swedish vowels are long they
al'e vel'Y long. No matter how much you think you exaggerate theil' length, they can
not be too long.
There are no diphthongs in Swedish. If one vowel letter follows anothel', each one is
pronounaed aeparately. (This happens in certain English words too, e.g. c~eration,
l'eitel'ate, etc.) All vowel letters are pl'onounaed, there are no silent vowel lettel's.
Let's leal'n and pl'aatiae long-shol't vowel differenaes in Swedish words. The purpose
hel'e is to leal'n to pronounce Swedish, not to learn to spell and not to learn voaabu-
lary. The translation furnished is just fol' your information. Listen to the tape
and read the words. elose your mind to everything around you and pay elose attention
to the way the voiee on the tape pronounees the wOl'ds. Try to imitate the speaker.
If you are studying alone, have a mirror handy. We'll tell you when you need it.
"nard" Vowels A O U A
The long A in Swedish resembles the long A in (Amel'iean) English, e. g. "fathel', "
"hard," "barn," (Boston pl'onuneiation diseouraged). Just make it longer.
Long A
glas (glaBS) stad (oity)
dag (day) vad (what)
mat ( food) ta (to take)
tak (roof, eeiling) lat (lazy)
ska (will) ha r (have, ha8)
3
Guide to Swedi8h Pl'onunaiation
The short Swedish A is Bomewhat similar to the vowel in the English words Ueot. u Unot. u
Listen oarefully to the pronunoiation of short Swediah A on the tape and repeat after it.
Short A
Now we will give you one /Jord with a long A and one with a ahort A. Liaten to the
differenee in the vowel and imitate it.
Long A Short A
glas glass
dag dagg
mat matt
ta k tack
hal (slippery) ha I I
tal (speeeh) ta I I (pine tree)
o
The long O is elose to the English vowel in Utroop" and "tomb." Here are some /Jords
with long O. Try to make them very long.
The short Swedish O has the same qualityas the long O hut it is shorter. Listen to
the words with a short O and repeat af ter the tape.
Short O
Now we will pI'actice a long and a ahoI't O so you can hear and learn the diffeI'ence.
Long O Sh01't O
krona hon
bok osl
bro r to rt
god tom
ro kort
u
The Swedish long U does not exist in English. Now you can get out YOUI' mirI'or and use
it while you do the following. Listen to the English word "yew." Now say it veI'Y
slowly and watch what YOUI' lips do at the end of it. Keep your lips in this position.
Now we'll make a little change. by dropping the "y" and emphasizing the "w":
u U U
Long U
fru (wife) kul (tun)
ut (out) sur ( sour)
nu (now) mus (mouse)
hu r (how) tur (luck)
hus (house) brun (brown)
The short U sound has a different quality. This time you don't need your mirror.
Say the English wOr'd usugar'u af ter the tape.
sugar' sugar sugar
If you say it quickly the uUu will be very alose to the Swedish short U. Now listen
to this Swedish word: uggla (owlJ. Now we 'tt praatiae some other Swedish worods with
shorot U.
Short U
Now we'll say a word with a long U and one with a short U. Look in the miroror and Bee
what your mouth does.
Lonrr U Short
- - - -U
fru fru kt
brun brunn
ut upp
nu under
hus buss
Long A is simila't' to the Engl'ish vOIJel sound in "fOU't'3" "SOaI'3" "moI'c J " but much lange!'.
He!'e a!'e 80me WOI'ds IJith a long A.
Long A
r (yea!') mne (moon)
st (to stand) ml ( goal)
g (to go) t rd (thI'ead)
bt (boat) tg (t!'ain)
hl (hale) vt (we t)
The shoI't A is ve't'y similaI' to the VOIJel sound in the English WOI'ds "song 3 " "long 3 "
and "wI'ongJ but shoI'teI'.
"
ShOI't A
gng (time) mtt (measUI'e)
I ng (long) mste (mus t)
sng (Bong) nga (Bteam)
h I I a (to hold) lder ( age)
mnga (many) ngra (to I'egI'et)
NOa) we'll say ona WOI'd with a long A and then one with a shOI't A. Listen and tI'Y to
heaI' the difference in length.
Long A Short A
g?! gng
r s'ng
hl h I I a
mne mnga
bH mtt
The same sounds -- both the Long A and the short A sound -- are sometimes speL Led
with an "O". The Long A sound 8peLLed with an "O" is unuBuaL, but the short A sound
speLLed with an "O" is rather common.
Long A sound spe Hed with an "O"
son (80'11)
kol (eoaL)
telefon (teLephone)
mikrofon (microphane)
"Soft" VotJeLB E I Y
Long E is a pure DoweL. It is not the Bame aB the DoweL sound in "8ay~" "day," "gray~"
eta. Listen to the tape:
E E E E E
Now we'll praatiae the long E sound in same words. Be 8ure to make it very Long.
Long E
The short E sound iB almost the Bame aB the Dowel sound in the English words "rest~"
"best," "rent," n8end~n but shorter. Let's listen to and repeat this short vowel sound
in Borne Swedish words.
Short E
Now we'lL say one word with a long E and one word with a short E.
Long E Short E
det den
mer men
ben en
sen hem
heta hetta
The Swedish I is similar to the vowel sound in the English words "teak," "seed, "
"Zeave," eto. Listen:
Long
The short Swedish I sound is similar in quality to long I, but much. much shoptep.
Listen to the short I sound in same Swedish words and repeat them.
Short
Now let'8 listen to one word with a long I and then one word with a short I.
Long Sho!'t
vin vinn
f In finn
vis viss
tiga tigga
v II a v II I a
The Swedish "Y" is always a vowel. It is most easily produced if you whisper a long
Swedish I (remember, eeyh), push out you!' lips, making a "square" mouth, and use your
voice. Look in the mirror and try it. Exaggerate all you want in the beginning.
Y y y y
The short y sound is very similar to the long one except for being much shorter.
11
Guide to Swedish Pronunciation
Long Y Short Y
sy synd
ny nyss
tyg trygg
byta bytta
flyta flytta
The long vo~el "" before "R" is similal' to the vowel sound in the English ~ords "fair,"
"bear, " "hair, " "care," etc. Be Bure io ap en your mouth ~hen you say . Always refer
to this letter as .
If the long is not followed by an "R" it Bounds like the vowel Bound in the English
~ords "well," "bet," "~et," eta. But remember to make it very long.
Listen aarefully to the ~ordB with the long and you ~ill hear how the "" foZlo~ed
by an "R" differs from other situations.
Long
h r (here) vg ( T'oad)
dr (there) vl (we 7, 7,)
br (berry) lsa (to read)
j rn (iron) nsa (nose)
I ra (to teach) tvla (to compete)
You can heaT' how much broader and more open the sound is if it is followed by an liR".
Take the word jrnvg (railroad) where you have an example of both types of long .
Say it: jrn-vg, jrn-vg, jrn-vg.
The short is also bT'oad and open before an "R". It is similar to the first vowel
sound in the English words "carryJ" "marorYJ" etc. Before other consonants it sounds
just like the short Swedish E sound (ett, mest, hem). Now listen to the shorot sound
and no te the difference be tween the fo lZowed by an "R" and the fo lZowed by other
consonants.
Short
rr (scar) vgg (wa7, l)
frja (feny) kv I I (evening)
v rre (worse) v n ( friend)
mrka (to notice) bst (bes t)
rm (sleeve) n sta (next)
Now we/Il read the words with long and alternate with words with short . Try to
worok on the long that is not folZowed by an "R"J since you are not used to making this
sound long in English.
Long Short
hr rr
j rn rm
nsa nsta
vg vgg
v I kv I l
The last Swedish vowel, and also the last letter in the Swedish alphabet, is "".
To pronounae this sound you oan use your mirror again. First whisper a long E. Hold
this for a long time, and then round your lips. When your lips are rounded (you're al-
most ready to kiss someone!) start using your voiae, and you will hear a niae Swedish
, like this:
As was the aase with the "" before "R", the sound is broader and more open before
an "R". It is very similar to the English sound in "fur," "purr," "buron. /I Elsewhere
it is rather tense, very muah like the name of the letter "".
Let's praotioe the long sound in some words.
Long
f r (for) st (sweet)
hra ( to hear) brd (bread)
kra (to drive) nt (nut)
stra (to disturb) ga (eye)
ra (ear) ln (salary)
The short before "R" sounds like the long before "R", only shortel'. When not folloliJ-
ed by "R" it is similar to, but shorter than its long oounterpal't.
Long Short
fr frr
stra strre
nt ntt
ln lnn
ga hst
You may have notioed from all the words listed in the foregoing praatiaeB that vowel
letters are usually pronounoed short when followed by two aonsonant letters. and long
when followed by one aonsonant letter. One-syllable words ending in -m and -n are
of ten exceptions.
Examples: man (man)
han (he)
hon (she)
kan (can)
fem (five)
hem (home)
SOm ( that. which)
To sum up the most important things you need to know about Swedish vowels:
15
Swedish Consonants
Swedish eonsonants are fairly similar to English ones with a few exaeptions. whieh ~e
will deal with in this seetion.
In Swedish. a eonsonant following a long vowel tends to be short. a aonsonant follo~
ing a short vowel tends to be long. Listen to these examples: In English ~e say
"mama" -- the Swedes say mamma; we say "papa" -- the S~edes say pappa; mamma,
pappa. The distinetion between short and long consonants is usually shown in the
writing system by the doubling of the aonsonant letter. However. you only hear this
distinetion when the eonsonant oeeurs between two vowels like in the following examples:
Short eonsonants Long eonsonants
"J" is the Swedish symbol for a sound similar to "y" at the beginning of an English
word. as in "yes." "yard." It never aorresponds in its pronuneiation to the English
letter "j". It is the aonsonant letter that sometimes gives away the orig in of a
Swede speaking English when he or she says: "Yump for yoy."
Let's listen to some Swedish words with J. Praetiae espeeially the words where J
eomes after another aonsonant.
In some lJor>ds "boror>owed" fI'om Fr>ench "JII is pr>onounced like English SH. Listen:
JournalIst ( j our>na lis t)
jargong (jar>gon)
Jourhavande (on duty)
The letter> "JtI is sometimeB proeaeded by anothero aonsonant in the writing system. In
suah aases the other> letter is always "si7ent."
Examples: GJ gjorde (did)
DJ djur (animal)
HJ hjlp (help)
LJ I j us (light)
The J sound is alBo sometimes spelled with a tiG".
Examples: ge (to give)
grna (gladly)
frg (aolor
berg (mountain)
-NG-
This sound is similal' to English. i.e. "ring." "song." "long." etc . hut no g-sound
is heard at the end. as some English speakers have. This is true in Swedish even
if the -NG is foLlowed by a vowel.
This is the way it sounds in Swedish:
As you notiee there is onLy the -NG sound. Let'a say those words again. No addi-
tional g-sound should be heard.
If you have diffiaulty with this. an eaBy way to eliminate the g-sound is to say the
two syllables separate ly. then s-l-o-w-l-y bring them together, sng -en, sngen.
Note: The sound -NG is frequently followed by an "N" at the end of a word. This com-
bination is speLLed "-GN".
GN KN
gnIsta (spark) knyta Uo tie)
gnIda (to rub) knppa (to button)
gnata (to nag) knappast (hardLy)
gnola (to hum) knut (knot)
gngga (to neigh) kn a c ka (to knock)
The Swedish "R" is sZightZy triZZed. If you can make a Spanish "R", use that but trilL
it less:
r um (room) brd (bread)
bror (brothep) har (have, has)
morgon (morning) krona (crown)
19
Guide to Swedish Pronunciation
In Bome combinatiohB of liR" + another conBonant the two sounds a!l'e "pulled together."
7'he reBult is very simil'ar to what happens in English words like "bar - barn."
"bore - bored. "
..,RN J rn (iron)
barn (child)
torn (towe 1')
-RO bo rd (table)
grd (farm)
v rd (aare)
RSH
The -RSH sound is produaed lJJhen the letter "S" foZlolJJS an "R", as in the lJJords
orsak (reason), kors (crosu) and Lars. You make the -RSH sound in normal speech
also if one lJJord ends in "RII and the next word starts with "S." Listen to theae
three words: Va e.-..? a tt du? {Where did you ait?J. This is how you will hear it
when a Swede speaks normal ly: Va~(h)att du? If you pronounce the three words
carefully without the SH sound (varI satt/ du?) you will, of course, be under-
stood, but it won't sound like natural Swedish. Let's try some examples:
mors (mother's) vrst (wors t)
orsak f rs k (fresh)
kors norsk (Norwegian)
Lars frsk ( attempt)
SH
The Swedish SH sound is very similar to the English SH sound in "shoe." "sheep."
"shout," ete. There is another variation of the SH sound in Swedish which you
do not need to learn now. but whieh you should be prepared to recognize. The
spelling of the SH sound may vary. but don't let the spelling influenee your
pronuneiation. Here is a list of words eontaining the SH sound. all with dif-
ferent spelling. On the tape you'll hear both versions of the SH sound.
We ~ill no~ explain the ~eason fo~ lea~ning the vowels in two g~oups~ the ha~d vowels
A O U A and the soft vo~el8 E I Y . Say them onae mo~e in groups. If you don't
remember them learn them now.
A O U A E I Y
The two consonant lette~s "G" and "K" and the combination "SKlI a~e pl'onounaed
differentZy~ depending on whether the y pl'ecede a hal'd voweZ or a soft vowel.
Befo~e the hard vowels A O U A, "G", "K", and "SK" a~e pl'onounaed as they sound
in the alphabet. Listen to these Swedish wOr'ds:
gata (st~ee t) kan (can) ska (shall)
god ( good) kopp (cup) s ko (shoe)
gul (yeZZow) kultur (cul ture) s ku I I e ( s~ould)
g (to waHl k r (co~ps ) s k I (c Gers)
Let's say them again~ just to practiae the Swedish vo~els as well. Make you~ long
vowels very l-o-n-g.
In fr'ont of the soft vo~els E I Y , "Gli, "K". and "SKlI beaome "soft":
"Gli is pronounced like a Swedish "J" (as the "Y" in English "yes~" "yea~~" eta.).
Listen to these examples:
ge (to give)
gli la (to like)
gymnastik ( gymnas ti cs)
grna (gladly)
gra (to do)
IIG" is also pl'onounced like a Swedish "J" af ter' IIl" and "R II in the same syZZable.
Look at the following wOr'ds~ listen and imitate;
"K" is pronounced like a "light" "CH," a sound similar to the sound in English "bipch."
"inch, "etc. Listen to the exampLes:
kedj a (ehain)
kines (Chinese)
kyss (kiss)
krlek (love)
kra (to drive)
The CH sound is also spelled "TJ" and "KJlI in some !Jords, for example:
"SK" befare a soft vowel is pronounced like a SH sound in English (shoe, shine, etc.).
Listen to these examples:
sked ( spoon)
skina (to shine)
skydda (to protect)
sk ra (to eut)
skn (eomfor'tabLe)
Note: There are other spellings of the SH sound whieh we discussed undep the SH sound.
23
Guide to Swedish Pl'onzmciation
Now let's put "G," "K," and "SK" alternately in front of a hard and a soft vowel. Look
at the words and repeat after the tape.
Helare hard vowe"l Belore 80ft vowel
"G" gata ge
god gli la
gul gymnastik
g grna
gra
II Kli kan kedja
kopp kines
kultur kyss
k r krlek
kra
"Q" is found mostly in proper names. Examples: Holmquist, Almquist. "KV" has been
replacing "QU" in modern Swedish, fal' example: Akvavit (aquavit).
"W" is pronounced like a "V" in Swedish. You will only find it in names. Examples:
WTlma, Wlnblad.
"I" is pronounced like "S". You will find it ont y in a very few words of foreign
derivation. Examples: zigenare (gypsy)
zon (zone)
zenit (zenith)
zebra (zebra)
25
Guide to Swedish Pl'onunoiation
Americans listening to Swedes talking sometimes say the Swedes Using. u They hear the
Swedish intonation which is different from English. They also hear Swedish accent
which is equaZZy different from EngZish. Let/s Zearn about that now.
Accent 1. Words with Aocent 1 have the stress on the first syZZable. This is alBo
most common in EngZish two-syZZabZe words. ExampZes: coming, harness., mother,
fracture, neighbor.
Accent 2 is very aharacteristic of Swedish; it occurs mostly in words of two or
more syZlabZes. In Accent 2 words the second syZZable is almost as loud as the
'first. In EngZish this occurs onZy in phrases where, for exampZe, an ordinary
adjective comes before an ordinary noun. Compare the foZlowing English items as
you say them:
Notice that you pronounce the second syZlabZe in the right-aoZumn items Zouder and
cZearer than the same syZZabZe in the Zeft-column items. Now, imagine that the
foZZowing Swedish words are pro'nounced as though they had two part.9, the second
aZmost as Zoud as the first:
These wovds ave wvitten as hustru, lngsamt, ngon, and smrgs, hut pvonounced
(using Accent 2) with the second syllable almost as loud as the fivst. Tvy saying
them one move time to make suve hoth syllahles ave coming out cleavly and loud.
then pvactice the following list of Accent 2 wovds:
Let's say them again. Tvy to get the typical Swedish stvess.
We will now giv e you some Accent 2 wovds and contvast them with Accent 1 words.
Listen cavefully to the tape and imitate.
Accent 2 Accent 1
When you listen to the tapes, t~y f~om the beginning co pick up Accent 1 and Accent 2,
as ~ell as the typiaal S~ediBh intonation. As a ~esult the dialogs that you memorize
~ill sound much more S~edish.
, I I
"'/CJ:\"
-..~-
" l \ ...
UNIT 1
GETTING AROUND
Basic Sentences
4. Good-bye. Adj.
Mr'. Herr
gentleman herr/e -en -ar
5. Mr. Berg. Herr Berg.
Unit 1
how hur
to stand att st - r, stod, sttt
stand(s) st r
it det
to t i I I
8. How are you? Hur str det tl II? It
yes ja
li ttle I i te
bit g ra n n
11. Yes, a little bit. Ja, I ite grann.
31
Unit 1
no n ej
not inte
at all aI Is
12. No, not at alL Nej, inte alls.
I jag
you (obj. form) dig
14. No, I don't understand you. Nej, jag frstr dig inte.
noW nu
16. Thanks, I understand now. Tack, jag frstr nu.
Unit 1
whe1'e va r
to be found, exist att finnas, finns, fanns, funnits
is {found} f i nns
the1'e is (<.11'e) det finns
a, an en, ett
te1-ephone telefon -en -er
18. Where is there a telephone? Var finns det en telefon?
restaurant? en restaurang -en -er
ho te 1-7 ett hote I I -et -0
restroom? en toalett -en -er
room ett rum -met -0
the re dr
away borta
20. Yes, over theX'e. Ja, dr borta.
right hger
21. To the Y'ight. Ti II hger.
left vnster
22. To the left. TI II vnster.
33
Unit 1
walk (imperative) g
jus t, on ly bara
to see att se -r, sg, sett
see(s) se r
26. Just walk straight ahead. You'll G bara rakt fram. Du ser ambas-
see the Embassy on your left. saden t i l l vnster.
so, very s
much mycket
27. Thank you very much. Tack s mycket.
Unit l
many mnga
to want att vilja, vill, ville, velat
want(s) ~ II I
you (poLite form, and pLu1'.) ni
to have att ha -r, hade, haft
30. How many do you want? Hur mnga vi II ni ha? Il
what vad
to cos t att kost/a -ar -ade -at
cost(s) kostar
31. How much does it oost? Vad kostar det?
c1'own k ro n / a - a n - o r
fifty femtio
O1'e re -t -n
32. One C1'own and 50 are. En krona och femtio re (en och
femtio). Il
Unit l 35
fouY' fyra
36. It will be fouY' crowns. please. Det bl i r fyra kronor, tack.
Unit 1
some, a little I i te
butter smr -et 0
bread brd -et 0
43. Some bread and butter. Lite smr och brd.
Un i t 1 37
Numbers
o no I I 20 tjugo
1 en, ett 21 tjugoen, tjugoett
2 tv 22 tjugotv
3 t re 23 tjugotre
4 f Yra 24 tjugofyra
5 fem 25 tjugofem
6 sex 26 tjugosex
7 sj u 27 tjugosju
8 Ha 28 tjugotta
9 nio 29 tjugonio
10 tio 30 trettio
11 elva 31 trettioen, trettioett
12 tolv 32 trettiotv
13 tretton 40 fyrtio
14 fjorton 41 fyrtioen, fyrtioett
15 femton 50 femtio
16 sexion 60 sextio
17 sjutton 70 sjuttio
18 arton 80 ttio
19 nitton 90 ni tt i o
100 (ettlhundra
200 tvhundra
1,000 (ettltusen
2,000 tvtusen
100,000 (ettlhundra tusen
200,000 tvhundra tusen
1,000,000 en mi Ijon
2,000,000 tv mi Ijorlsr
1,000,000,000 en miljard
2,000,000,000 tv mi I jarder
one tri llion en biljon
Unit 1
UNIT 1
At this point we'd like to call your attention to same of the things you've been learning to
say in the Basic Sentences. Sometimes it will be important for you to practice grammatical
patterns from the Sentences; for this purpose we are including a Points to Practice section,
where you will find explanations as well. However, there are some other points which you
should understand now, even though you don't need to work with them intensively yet. Read
through this section carefully, and then go back over the Basic Sentenoes onoe more to be
sure you are fullyaware of what we are pointing out.
The numbers preceding the items below refer to the Basic Sentenoe numbers.
1. Goddag, Hej. While in English "Good day" is an expression used upon taking leave
of someone, Goddag is used by Swedes as agreeting approximately corresponding to
"Hello." The informal Hej is mor e widely used but it implies also the use of the
informal du. See Nate 9.
9. Du. "You" can be translated with du (sing.) or ni (formal sing. and plural of
du/ni) in Swedish. The use of the informal du is rapidly growing in Sweden and
will most likely soon be the only form of addressing o person. Most young people
nowadays call everyone du (however, eyebrows were raised when a young journalist
interviewing the king called His Majesty du) and du is used between all employees
and management in many factories and offices. However, with conservative and older
Swedes it is wise for a newcomer to be cautious and let the Swede indicate how he
or she prefers to be addressed.
Unit 1 :59
18. Var finns det .,. Det finns is the Swedish equivalent of English "there is" and
"there are". The reveraed word order used here is a resuLt of the question pattern
(compare English "Where is/are there ... ?").
29. Kan jag f ... corresponds to the English "may I have". Example: Kan jag f en kopp
kaffe? (May I have a cup of coffee?). Another infinitive may be added to kan jag
f. In that case f loses its meaning of "have". The second infinitive becomes the
key word and kan jag f takes on the meaning of "may I". Examples: Kan jag f
kpa ... (May I buy ... ); Kan jag f se (May I look ... ). This is one of a
number of Swedish equivalents of English "please". Another way of saying "please" is
var sn II och ... See sentence 15.
JO. V i I I. In Swedish v i I I "want" and should never be confused with "will" in English.
J2. Krona, re. The krona is the Swedish currency unit; there are 100 re per krona.
34. Var s god has two different uses: 1. meaning "here you are" (a bit of gracious-
ness) when handing over something; 2. Meaning "you are welcome" in anBwer to
"thank you".
35. Hur mycket b II r det? Note that the present tense of the verb att b I i (b I i r) is
used with the Bame meaning as the English "will be". Be sure to learn this ex-
pression now; a grammatical explanation will come later.
39. Ett par ostsmrgsar. In English we express quantity with ~he preposition "of",
for example "a glass Qf. milk, a cup l2i. coffee". In Swedish the quantifier aimply
precedes the noun directly, and no preposition is used.
Examples: ett par ostsmrgsar, ett glas mjlk, en kopp kaffe.
Unit 1
UNIT 1
Pointa to PracticB
Unit 1 41
UNIT 1
Points to Practice
Grammar means different things in different contexts. In this book we use the word
to describe the mechanics of the Swedish ~anguage. Praatiaa~ know~edge of the gram-
mar provides the method for bui~ding sentenaes. By using reaL sentenaes repeatedLy
you will be come familiar with the grammar rules.
In each of the Units there will be some Points to Practice. In working on these
you will also acquire vocabulary and learn usefuL Swedish idioms.
Point I. EN ETT
Swedish nouns come in two varieties those for which the indefinite article (EngLish
J
"a" or "an") is EN and those for which it is ETT. Most of the time there is no way
of telling the difference. You'll just have to learn which nouns go with which
artiale. The exercises below will help you learn the EN and ETT nouns we've
already used.
Unit 1
Practice A. This is a substitution practice where you substitute a series of similar words
or phrases in a single sentence, producing a variety of meanings. We'll give
you the sentenee to start out with, showing you the item to be substituted by
underlining it. At the extreme RIGHT of the page you'll see the word or phrase
you're supposed to Bubstitute. If you use a blank sheet of paper or a card to
cover the line below the one you're reading, you can check your answers as you
go along by moving the paper down one line at a time. At first we'll give you
help with translations, but as these be come more and more obvious we'll gradually
take them away and let you speak Swedish on your own.
eVE
Det fInns en restaurang h r. There' s a restaurant here. en b us s
Det f (n ns en buss h r. The re' s a bus here. en krona
Det finns en krona hr. There 's a crown here. en telefon
Det f l nn s en telefon hr. There' s a te l ephone here. en smrgs
Det f i n n s en sm rg s h r. There 's a sandwich here. en hllplats
Det f l n n s en h I I p lats hr. There 's a (bus) stop here.
EN
Vnit 1 43
Pl'actice B. Now that you've ~eal'ned some EN wOl'ds, let's tl'Y some ETT wOl'ds.
CVE ETT
Det finns ett v y ko rt d r. Thel'e's a postcal'd thel'e. ett glas
Det finns ett glas d r. There ' s a g~ass thel'e. ett par
Pl'actice C. Time to see how wel~ you l'emembel'. We'l'e going to mix up OUl' no uns now, doing
the same kind of pl'aatiae. Rut not only ~l'e we going to give you EN and ETT
wOl'ds togethel', we'l'e not going to tel~ you which is whiah unti~ you see the
answel's.
CVE
eVE
Finns det en telefon hr? Is the~e a terephone he~e? glas
hote II
e ta.
P~actice the phrase Finns det ... ? with all the wo~ds in P~actice C and othe~s that you know.
Then answer the questions: Ja, det finns .. or Nej, det finns inte ..
Unit 1 45
Present tense is used to express an action that a) is hap~ening now (Jag ter nu
- I'm eating now); b) happens repeatedly (jag ter smrgasar till lunch -
I eat sandwiches for lunch); and, c) sometimes, an action in the future (han
kommer imorgon - he's coming tomorrow).
Notice that Swedish does not have the equivalent of the English continuous
verb form (to be + verb + -ing). ExampZe: I am speaking is simply jag talar.
Examples:
~~
2. Greta is walking to the Embassy.
Unit 1
There are a few verbs that do not take -r in the present tense~ among them
most auxiliaries (helping verbs):
Simple Swedish sentences usually begin with the subject~ followed by the con-
jugated verb.
Examp les:
In Swedish you make questions by just reversing the order of subject and verb.
Examples:
Unit 1 47
Kostar en kopp kaffe en krona? Does a cup of coffee cost one crown?
Notice how simple Swedish is! Don't ever try to translate Ndo, does, did N
when formulating a question in Swedish. Reversing the subject and verb is all
you have to do.
Practice E. This is a practice using the present tense in normal word order. Again, place
a blank sheet of paper over the line helow the one you're reading, and use the
word(s) given at the extreme right in place of the underlined ones. Be sure
to repeat the "new N sentence ALOUD hefore moving the paper to check i f you
were right.
eUE
Herr Berg hjlper ~. Mr. Berg is hetping you. Frken Hansson
Herr Berg hjlper Frken Hansson. mig
Unit 1
eUE
mig mycket.
!!!J...9. svenska
svenska.
NI r i Sverige. p restaurangen
p restaurangen. p stationen
p stationen. hr
h r. i nrheten
i nrheten.
You've probably noticed that we/ve Btarted to leave out the English translations except in
the examples. Hopefully you don't need them any more. If this is true, you're not only
speaking Swedish, you're THINKING it.
Unit 1 49
Pl'ac ti ce F. Now let's pl'actice wOl'd ol'del' in questions. This time~ howevel'~ we'l'e going
to give you TWO items at a time to substitute. Vse the same familial' fOl'mat
to check as you go along.
eVE
Hjlper du frken Hansson? Al'e you helping Miss Hansson? Talar . svenska
Gr du ti I I ambassaden?
Pl'actice G. This is a l'esponse pl'actice whel'e you simply answel' the questions we ask. The
cue on the l'ight will indicate whethel' to answel' the question in the affil'mative
01' the negative. If you use yoUI' sheet of papel' again you'll find that you can
check YOUI' answel'S as bejol'e. You may have to ch ange the pl'onoun in YOUI' l'esponse
to fit the question.
eVE
Hjlper ni frken Hansson? ja
Ja, jag hjlper frken Hansson.
Frstr du svenska? ja
Ja, jag frstr svenska.
Unit 1
eVE
r du i Stockholm? ja
Talar du svenska? ja
eVE
Hjlper du frken Hansson? nej
r du i Stockholm? nej
Nej, jag r inte i Stockholm.
Vnit 1 51
eVE
Gr du ti I I ambassaden? nej
Ne j I j ag g r i n t e t i I I a mb a s s a d e n
Unit 1
Auxiliaries or helping verbs go together with one or more infinitives. Only the
helping verb is conjugated.
Notice the use of ska and vi II in Swedish. Ska in front of an infinitive indi-
cate s future time; --v i I I indicate s a wish or desire.
Practice I. This is a transformation practice, which is new for you. In it you change sen-
tences from one form to another by adding, subtracting, or real'raning. The
sentences, or "cues" that you start with are given on the right, and the answers,
or "transforms". are given one line beZow on the Zeft. In this way you can still
use your sheet of paper to check your answers.
In this practice we/re going to add ska to the cue sentences. As you do this,
notice how you/re changing the meaning of the sentences.
eVE
I help you. Jag hjlper dig.
I/m helping you.
Jag ska hjlpa dig. I will he Zp you. Herr Berg talar svenska.
Herr Berg ska tala svenska. Fru Strmbck ter lunch hr.
Fru Strmb~ck ska ta lunch hr. Du gr ti I I ambassaden.
Du ska g ti II ambassaden. Jag sger det.
Unit 1 53
eVE
J ag v i I I komma t i I I hote I I et. l want to come (get) to the Jag ger dig en kopp kaffe.
hote L
Jag vi I I ge dig en kopp kaffe. Herr Berg gr ti II stationen.
Jag vi II ta lunch.
Du kan hjlpa mig. You can he lp me. Herr Berg kommer ti II hotellet.
Herr Berg kan komma till hotellet. Jag gr ti I I ambassaden.
Vnit 1
CUE
Du ka n ta middag h r.
Fractice J. Let's practice the expressian kan jag f as explained in Nate 29. SubBtitute
the cue phrase for the words that are underlined.
CUE
Kan jag f en kopp kaffe? May I have a cup of coffee? ett glas mjlk
Kan jag f ett glas mjlk? en smrgs
en smrgs? I i te te
Unit 1 55
UNIT 2
MEETING PEOPLE
Basia Sentenaes
how~ so s
kind~ niae~ friendly vnl ig -t -a
of av
to come att komma, komme r, kom, komm I t
to meet att mt/a -er -te -t
George: 2. Hello Bo. How kind of you to Goddag Bo. s vnligt av dig att
come and meet me. komma och mta mig.
Unit 2
pardon frlt
to be att vara, r, var, varit
name namn -et -0
George: 4. Pardon (me), what was the Frl t, hur var namnet?
(your) name?
dil'ect d I re kt -0 -a
flight, plane f I yg -et -0
from f rn
George: 6. Very good. It was a dil'ect Mycket bra. Det var ett direkt
flight from New York to flyg frn New York ti 11 Stockholm.
Stockholm.
your d I tt, d i na
d i n,
still, l'ema~n~ng kva r
America Amerika
Maja: 7. Is your wife still in America? r din fru kvar Amerika?
hut men
she hon
in, within om
month mnad -en -er
George: 8. Yes, but she's coming in a Ja, men hon kommer om ett par
couple of months. mnader. II
Unit 2 57
OUl' vr -t -a
gil'l f I i ck/a -an -or
shall~ should; will~ would ska(II); skulle
to finish~ to end slut/a -ar -ade -at
Behoo l skol/a -an -or
June juni
George: 9. Dur gil'l will finish school in Vr flicka ska sluta skolan l junI.
June.
oh jas
sueh (a) en (ett) sdan(t), sdana
big (gl'own-up) stor -t -a
daughtel' dotter -n, dttrar
Maja: 10. Oh. do you have sueh a gl'own- Jas, har ni en sdan stor dotter?
up daughtel'?
hel'e hit
boat bt -en -ar
12. They al'e coming (hel'e) by De kommer hit med bt. >I
boat.
Unit 2
if om
weather vder, vdret, Ql
Bo: 14. If the weather is good. Om vdret r bra.
when n r
to expect; to wait att vntia -ar -ade -at
expeat(s); wait(s) vnta r
Bo: 16. When do you expeat Bill? Nr vntar du Bi II?
who vem
Maja: 17. Who is that? Vem r det?
Unit 2 59
he han
other annan, annat, andra
time, occasion gng -en -er
to s tay, to remain att stann/a -ar -ade -at
longer lngre
George: 19. He's coming another time when Han kommer en annan gng nr han
he can stay longer. kan stanna lngre. '*
Long lnge
city, town stad -en, stder
this; these den hr, det hr; de hr
Maja: 20. How long are you staying in Hur lnge stannar Ju i stan den hr
town this time? gngen?
unfortunateLy tyvrr
day dag -en -ar
George: 21. UnfortunateLy onLy five days. Tyvrr bara fem dagar.
pitY synd
that (conj.J att
to Leave; to go, to travel att fara, fa r, fo r, ta r i t
Leave(s) fa r
soon snart
Maja: 22. What a pit Y that you are Leav- S sy nd att du ta r s s na rt.
ing BO Boon.
Unit 2
back tillbaka
GeOl'ge: 23. I'tt be back in June. Jag kommer tl I Ibaka I juni.
Unit 2 61
we vi
to follow att flj/a -er -de -t
with, along med
to go (come) along att flj/a med; -er -de - j
goe(s), come(a) along fljer med
there dit
ear, taxi bi I -en -ar
Bo: 27. You have a nice room at the Du ha r ett b ra rum p stora Hote I I et.
Stora Hotellet. We' II go Vi fljer med dit i bilen. "
along in the taxi.
George: 33. That suits (me) fine. What Det passar (mig) bra. Vad r
time is it now? klockan nu?
then d
Maja: 37. So long. see you tonight. Hej d, och vlkommen ikvll.
Unit 2 63
VNIT 2
Notes on Basic Sentences
1. Vdikommen (plur. vlkomna) is used very often in Sweden. You use it, as here,
when you greet a person on arrival (in your country, in your city, or in your
home, etc.). You also use it (as in paragraph 37 of this Unit) in connection
with an invitation or referring to an upcoming visit.
Note that vlkommen is never used in the English sense of "you are welcome."
This phrase has to be expressed in different ways, for example: Ingen orsak
(no reason, don't mention itY, tack sjlv (thanks yourself).
8. Om ett par mnader (In a aoupZe of months). The preposition om is used in ex-
pressions of time for the future in answer to the question nr (when).
Unit 2
11. Fyl ler. In Swedish the present tense is often UBed to indicate future.
There are several other Swedish adverbs which change forms according to location
or motion. We'll discuss them more in detail later.
15. Det hl ler jag med om. Note that the verb comes before the subject. This word
order is very common in Swedish. The verb always comes before the subject in a
main clause when the clause starts with a direct or indirect object~ an adverb,
or i f it is preceded by a subordinate clause. We 'll practice this word order in
Unit 5.
19. Stanna. Nate that stanna usually means "stay" in the sense of "remain."
Examples: VI ska stanna i tre veckor. (We'll stay for three weeks) but
Vi ska bo p Grand Hotel. (We'lL ~ at the Grand Hote~
Unit 2 65
25. Tack ska ni/du ha -- one of many idiomatic expressions of thanks in Swedish.
28a. Hoppas (to hope). Verbs ending in -s in the infinitive don't take the -r
ending in the present tense. The -s ending is used in all tenses and all
persons.
28b. Du kommer att trivas. In Unit 1 you learned that future time is expressed with
the auxiliary verb ska. However, kommer att + the infinitive form of the main
verb is a very common way of expressing future time. There is a subtle differenoe
between the two future expressions and they may at times be interchangeable, but
in oertain oontexts only one of them is correct. Ska implies intention and the
involvement of someone's will. Kommer att is strictly a prognosis without any
intention or will invoLved.
Unit 2
Unit 2 67
UNIT 2
Points to Praatiae
Unit 2
VNIT 2
Points to ppactiae
~
a city en stad staden the city
As the illustration shows, Swedes form the definite article by taking the in-
definite article and attaching it to the end of the noun. In the case of ett.
one t is dropped. There are, of course. two definite articles in the singular:
-~, -et.
Praatice A. Here is a list of nouns you have learned with their indefinite
articles. Put them in their definite form. and practice until
you can io it automatically.
eVE
a restaurant en restaurang
Hr r restaurang~. Here is the restaurant. en buss
bussen en gato
gatan ett namn
namnet en stad
staden en bi l
Unit 2 69
eVE
rummet en f r u ko st
flyget en telefon
paret en station
stationen en smrgs
smrgsen en kopp
koppen ett hote I I
hotellet en f I i cka
fl ickan en taxi
taxin en klocka
klockan en adress
adressen en matsedel
matsedeln en vska
vas ka n
Vnit 2
Practiae B. We'll aontinue with more nouns from Vnits 1 and 2 to help you feel
thoroughly at ease with this usage. Add the definite articles
to the aue words.
eVE
lunch
vinet kaffe
kaffet l
let rum
rummet smrgs
smrgsen mjlk
hote I I et bt
bten namn
namnet f I i cka
fl ickan stad
staden vska
vskan
Unit 2
?l
Practice C. In this practice you'~~ have to use the nouns both with the indefinite
and the definite articles.
eVE
hota I I
B 1 I en en bj I bt
Bten en bt restaurang
Unit 2
Pl'actice D. In this pl'actice one student asks the question and another student
gives the answer. Take turns. A self-study student can play both
roles. Follow the same sentence pattern as in the first example.
eVE
telefon
Urskta, var finns det en telefon? Pardon meJ where is there a telephone?
Unit 2
Practice E. Continue with the questions beLow and give affirmative answers.
CUE
vin
Ja, han bestller vinet. Yes, he is ordering the wine. hote I I rum
Did you notiae en taxi, taxin; ett kaffe, kaffet? The e in the definite
artiale -~, -e~is dropped when-the noun enda In a voweL.
Unit 2
Unit 2
Unit 2
ppaatiae F. Let's ppaatice the Swedish pepsonal pponouns, stapting with the
subjective forms. Substitute the subject pponoun fop the name
or names in the column on the right.
eUE
Practice G. Now let's practice the objective forms of the pponouns. this time
in questions. He~e you substitute the ppopep objective pponoun
for the name. names op subjective pponouns in the pight column.
eUE
Knner Maja Bo? Does Maja know Bo? Bo
Knner Maja honom? Does Maja know him? Karin
K n n e r Maja henne? Karin och jag
Knner Maja oss? Bo och Karin
Knner Maja dem? du och Karin
Unit 2
eVE
K n ne r Maja e r? du
Practice H. Now we'll make it a little bit harder and use two pronouns in
the answp.ps, one as the subject, one as the object. Substitute
pronouns for the names when you answer the questions in the affirm-
ative. Be sure to read the questions aZoud.
Presenterar Bo David?
eVE
Unit 2 '19
This is how the Swedes answer the question Vad r klockan? (What time is
it?) Be sure to notice the expression for half hours.
Unit 2
ppactice I. Ask the question and answep it. Op in class~ ask each othep.
eVE
Vad r klockan? Klockan r tre. What time is it? It's thpee o'cZ.ock. 5
tta. 10
tio. 12
tolv.
ett. I I
elva. 4
fyra. 2
tv. 3
tre. 9
n lo. 6
sex. 7
sj u. 8:30
Unit 2 81
eVE
halv ett. 6: 30
halv sj u. 2:30
halv tre. I I : 30
halv tolv. I : 30
tjugo i fyra. 3: 15
Unit 2
Practice J. Answer the questions with the time given in the cue.
eUE
Hur dags kan de mta bten? At what time can they meet the boat? 2:30
De kan mta bten klockan halv tre.
Hur dags ska vi skaffa en taxi? At what time shall we get a taxi? 9:30
Hur dags tar han flyget? At what time will he get his flight? 6: 15
Unit 2 83
UNIT J
Basic Sentences
several f I era
week veckla -an -or
time tid -en -er
now J these days nu fr tiden
Geol'ge: 5. Sevel'al weeks ago. What al'e Fr flera veckor sedan. Vad gr du
you doing these days? nu fr tiden?
ever ngonsin
George: 7. Were you ever in the U.S.? Var du ngonsin I Amerika?
Unit 3 85
never aldrig
Swedish (adj. ) svensk -t -a
aboard ombord
Lar8: 10. No, never. Only on Swedish Nej, aldrig. Bara p svenska fartyg.
ships. Do you want to come Vi II du komma ombord?
aboard?
Unit J
U'l1J1it 3 87
already redan
George: 19. Yes, I'm already working on Ja, jag arbetar redan p en bok om
a book about Swedish cities. svenska stder.
interesting intressant -0 -a
Lars: 20. How interesting. Det var intressant. *
Unit 3
sti II fortfarande
engineer ingenjr -en -er
ale ar, obvious klar -t -a
of aOUl'se det r klart
to begin att brj!a -ar -ade -at
begin(s) brjar
to beaome, to be att bli, blir, blev, blivit
old gammal -t, gamla
to get old att b I l gamma I; b Il r, b I ev, b I l v i t
Lars: 23. Here is Dad. He is still an Hr r far. Han r fortfarande ingen-
engineel'. Of course he is jr. Det r klart att han brjar bli
beginning to get old. gamma f. Jt
Unit 3 89
sec1'eta1'Y sekreterare -n -0
office1' (only milita1'yJ officer -n -are
onLy (adjectiveJ enda
La1'B: 27. I also have a Bister who is a Jag har ocks en syster som r
secreta1'Y. He1'e she is with sekreterare. Hr r hon med min
my onLy b1'othe1'. He is an enda bror. Han r officer.
office1'.
Unit 3
always a l It i d
fun kul -0-0
to see, to meet att trff/a -ar -ad e -at
36. It's always fun to see oLd Det r alltid kul att trffa gamla
friends . vnner. "
Unit :3 91
Unit 3
UNIT 3
1. gick - past tense of att g. In this unit we introduae some verbs in the past
tense. Most Swedish verbs form the past tense aaaording to aertain patterna
aalled aonjugations. A few very aommon verbs are irregular as in English.
2. Det r det. In Swedish several short sentenaes following "yes" or "no" begin
with det and end with det or another personal pronoun (+ inte when it's negative).
This format aOl'responds to the English "yes, it is"~ ja, det r det; "yes, he aan"~
ja, det kan han; "no~ he doesn't", nej, det gr han inte. We will praatiae this
in a later Unit.
Sa. Jag r sJoman. Before professions and oaaupations the indefinite artiale is
usually omitted in Swedish.
6b. Gteborgs hamn. For the possessive form of a noun or a name -s is added to the
noun or the name without an apostrophe. If the word already ends in s nothing
is added.
Unit 3 93
Examples:
a. Tid och rum. = Time and space.
Har du tid fr mig? = Do you have time for me?
Tiden gICk. = Time pased.
De~ar svra tider. = Those were difficuZt times.
y Wa:r>riing!
~
We had a good time Vi hade trevl igt
Unit J
20. Det var intressant. When Swedes exclaim about something~ they a~e apt to put it
in the past tense even though it is right in the present situation. Examples:
Det var dyrt. (That is expensive.); A, vad det var vackert! (Oh~ how beautifullJ
while they a~e looking at the view.
21. Lever. Att I eva (to Zive~ to be aZive) is diBtinguished from att bo (to live~
to reside.
Examples: Hon lever, men hon r mycket sjuk. (She is alive but she/s very sick.)
Hon bor I Stockholm. (She lives in Stockholm.)
23. Det r klart. This idiomatic expressian for "of course" is veY'Y common ly used.
28. Farbror, faster. The Swedes have a way of differentiating between maternal and
pate~nal relatives.
Mor (mother) Far (father)
frldrar (parents)
Unit 3 95
36b. att trffa - to meet. Nate that att mta is to meet someone who is arriving at
a train station, airport, bus stoPJ etc.
37. p tisdag. The days of the week are: mndag, tisdag, onsdag, torsdag, fredag,
lrdag, sndag.
Nate b.: English sometimes omits the preposition "on" before the names of the
days of the week. In Swedish. however. the preposition p may not be
omitted.
Unit 3
UNIT :5
Points to Praotioe
Unit :5 97
B G G BG or
ell
e.r
n
The time has come to take a look at how the Swedes put their no uns in the
plural. There are five ways of indicating plural. They are called declensions~
and they are numbered 1 through 5~ like this:
1. en vecka tv vec8 EN wor-ds only
2. en middag tv mI ddag~ EN words only (except ett finger - a finger)
J. en gng tv gnsE] 80th EN and ETT WOI'ds
4. ett pple
(an apple)
tv pp l 8 ETT words only
There are also a few nouns with iI'I'egular pluI'als~ some of which we have aZI'eady
seen: b ror - brder, stad - st::lder, bok - bcker, dotter - dttrar.
Unit 3
Firat Declension, ~
All EN nouns ending in -a belong to the first declension and end in -or in the
pluraL
Practice A. Let's go to work with the nouns we already know in this group.
Answer the questions on the lett negativelY3 putting the underlined noun into
the plural and substituting personal pronouns for names.
eVE
Har KarIn en krona? Does Karin have one crown? 10
Nej, hon har tio kronor. No, she has ten crowns.
Har Karin en klocka? 8
Har George en ~? 2
Har Karin en -
vecka?
-- 5
Vnit 3 99
Second Declension, ~
The nouns of the second declension have various singular endings, but they are
all EN words. The only exception is ett finger - tv fingrar.
Practiee B. Answer the questiona negative ly ehanging the underlined nouns into
the plural form and Bubstituting personal pronouns for names.
eUE
Har David en ~~? Does David have One cup? 2
Har en vecka en ~? 7
Nej, den har sju dagar.
Unit 3
Third Declension, ~
There are both EN and ETT words in this declension with many different endings
in the singular.
Practice C. Answer the questions negatively ahanging the underlined nouns into
the plural form and substituting personal pronouns for names.
CVE
Fourth Deotension, B
Most ETT words that end in a vo~et belong to the fourth dectension. So far
~e have not had any examples of nouns from this declension, ~here the plural.
form is -n. Just a fe~ nouns betong to the fourth declension, hut some are
quite common. At this point ~e ~ilt ont y give you an example:
Fifth DeclenBion, ~
This deolension contains both ETT ~ords and EN ~ords. The ETT ~ord8 of the
fifth dectenBion al~ays end in a consonant. The EN ~ords end in -are, -er
(denoting nationatity or profession), -ande or -ende (present participte re-
ferring ont y to people).
Examptes: Eltt hote I I - tv hote I I
Unit 3
Praatiae D. In this practiae we are using no uns familiar to you from the text J
all from the fifth dealension. We are varying the verbs. Again J answer the
questions negatively putting the underlined nouns in the plural form and sub-
stituting personal pronouns for the names.
eVE
Kper Bo ett ~? 4
Har Bo en sekreterare? 2
Nej, ha n ha r tv sekreterare.
Gr Bo ti II en lkare? 2
Unit 3 103
Irregular Nourts
sjman - sjmn
b ro r - b r de r
bok - bcker
son - sner
stad - stder
dotter - dttrar
In same of our hasia sentenaes there have been words with irregular plural
forms. The stems of these no uns change in the plural. They are 2nd. Jrd
and 5th declensian words. but it is easier to learn them as a separate group.
Practiae E. Let's praatice the irregular nouns following the Bame pattern as
in the previous praatices in this Unit.
eUE
eVE
Har George en ~ 2
Ppaetiee F. In this ppaetiee we ape using nouns fPom all five deelensions.
Read the question on the left aloud and answep it negative ly, putting the
undeplined noun into the plupal. Find out how mueh you've leapned.
eVE
Unit :5 105
eVE
Har bten en sjman? 12
Practice G. In the chart on the next page write the nouns on the teft in each
cotumn with the proper endings. All combinations won't work~ of course. In
such a case mark the box with an X. There is an answer sheet fottowing~ but
don't look at it untit you have finished the chart.
Vnit 3
rum
pple
k Ioc ka
bII
gng
mnad
namn
vin
kopp
I kara
b rd
kv I I
b ro r
vecka
f I i eka
ost
tidning
dotter
Unit 3 107
I ka r e I ka re I ka re I ej ka re I ka re lkare X I ka re
brd X X X X X b rd X
Unit 3
Practice H. To introduce SOM in this practice we simply ask you to read the
aentencea aloud adding SOM.
Restaurangen, som du tycker om, ligger 1 The restaurant which you like is in Gamla
Gamla Stan. Stan.
Tidningen, han arbetar fr, r The ne~spaper that he works for is
Dagens Nyheter. Dagens Nyheter.
Sjmannen, vi trffade, r trevlig. The sailor whom ~e met is nice.
Stan, I I gger dr borta, r The city that is over there is
Skvde. Skovde.
F I I c ka n, fyller 17 r, r min The girl who is going to be 17
syster. years old is my
sister.
Rummet, vi bestllde, var Inte The room that we reserved Was not
ledigt. available.
Han, kommer dr borta, r min He (the man) ~ho is Goming over there
morb ro r. is my uncle.
Unit J 109
Praotioe I. In this practice you make one sentenee out of the two sentences
given, using SOM.
Fl iekan str dr. Hon r vr dotter.
The girl is standing there. She is our
daughter.
Fl iekan, som str dr, r vr dotter.
The girl (who/s) standing there is our
daughter.
Bten I igger i hamnen. Bten r gammal.
Bten, som ligger I hamnen, r gammal. Stan I igger dr borta. Stan r Skvde.
Unit 3
Stan, som I igger dr borta, r Skvde. Mnga klockor kostar 10 kronor. De r b ra.
Mnga klockor, som kostar 10 kronor, r bra. L ka ren tjnstgr p blen. Han r min b ror.
Karins bcker, som I igger dr, r bra. '1 i n sekreterare r gamma I . Hon r b ra.
Jag har tv pipor, som r bra. Det hr r vr son. Han heter Erik.
Unit :5 111
Swedes plaae the adverbs after the first verb in independent alauses with
straight word order.
Examples: Lars dricker alltid vin. Lars always drinks wine.
Bi II viii aldrig dricka vin. Bill never wants to drink wine.
Bo r l Gteborg. tyvrr
Bo r tyvrr I Gteborg.
Unit 3
eVE
Unit :5 113
Ta I ar Kar 1n a I I t i d svenska?
Arne dricker a I I t i d I .
Practice K. Now we'll practice the use of adverbs in questionB. We'H give
you a short question and an adverb to be inserted correctly.
eVE
Talar Bo lngsamt? Does Bo speak slowly? a I It ld
eVE
Vnit :5
UNIT 4
Basic Sentences
first frst
Jack: 1. I have to go to the station Jag mste g tl I I stationen frst,
first J
Jack: 4. NO J
I don't (know). Nej, det vet jag inte.
Unit 4
Unit 4 117
Unit 4
Unit 4 119
fine fin -t -a
hungry hungrig -t -a
Jack: 26. Fine, but now I'm hungr'Y. Fint, men nu r jag hungrig.
Tom: 28. We can have lunch there and Vi kan ta lunch dr och sedan kan
then go to the Vasa Museum. vi g p Vasamuseet . Det l I gger
It's near here. hr i nrheten.
aharming charmig -t -a
part del -en -ar
Jack: 33. Good. It's a aharming part Bra. Det r en charmig del av Stock-
of Stockholm. I have a holm. Jag har en vn som bor dr.
friend who lives there.
Unit 4 121
UNIT 4
3. I igger (lie/s) is often used in the sense of "is"~ "is located" when talking
about geographical concepts and buildings.
17. Vad f inns det fr ... ? is an idiomatic expression, meaning "what kind of ...
is there?"
23. Imorgon kan vi If the aentence starts with an adve~b (Imorgon, tyvrr,
sedan, frst dr borta, etc.) ~emember that the ve~b comes in second place
(ef. unit 2, Note 15).
31. Man har '" The impersonal pronoun man is used to exp~ess the idea of people in
general, somewhat like the English use of "they" in "they say that ... " or "you"
in "you can have good meal there, " or "one" in "one is never satisfied."
Unit 4
UNIT 4
Points to Praatiae
Det r en bok.
Det hr r en bok.
Det dr r en bok.
Unit 4 123
bl bI tt bla blue
gr! g rtt gra gray
ny nytt nya new
b ra b ra b ra good
Pl'actice A. Let's practice using the indefinite [orm of the adjective~ making
sure it agrees with the noun it modi[ies.
eVE
god, smrgs
en god smrgs god, vin
ett gott vin mnga, god, pple
mnga goda pplen roi ig, bok
en rolig bok I iten, barn
eVE
ett I ngt tg
Adjectives coming after the verbs att vara and att bl i also agree with their
subject nouns.
Practice B. Now practice using the adjective after the verb r. Put the cue
noun in the definite form followed by r and the adjective~ making sure the ad-
jective agrees with the noun.
eVE
taxi, ledig
Do t t e r n r s n I I . namn, kort
Unit 4
eVE
Ppactice C. Let's continue doing the same thing, using plupal nouns in
the indefinite form.
eVE
mnga, po I i s, trevlig
Mnga po I l s e r r trevliga. m ng a, bo k, b ra
Mnga bcker r b ra. mnga, ba rn, I i ten
Mnga ba rn r sm. mnga, smrgs, god
Mnga smrgsar r goda. mnga, ky r ka , vacker
Mnga k y r ko r r vackra. mnga, b i I, svart
Mnga b i I a r r svartel. mnga, gata, bred
Mnga gator r breda. mnga, tg, lng
Mnga tg r lnga.
Unit 4 127
Practice D. Let's build up fluency on this point~ using the familiar technique.
All you have to do is repeat aloud the demonstrative expression det r and add
the proper indefinite articles or modifiers + the noun.
eUE
po I i s
Det r en po I I s. museum
Det r ett museum. tv, ka rta
Det r tv kartor. mnga, slott
Det r mnga slott. tre, hllplats
Unit 4
eVE
Det r en s n I I pojke.
Practice E. Now we'll uae the expression det hr r using the definite form
of the noun.
eVE
bt
Det hr r bten. ky rka
Det hr r kyrkan. tg
Det hr r tget. po I i s
Det hr r polisen. slott
Det hr r slottet. b i b I i otek
Det hr r bibi ioteket. ga ta
Det hr r gatan. brd
Det hr r brdet. busshllplats
Unit 4 129
eVE
Det hr r rummet.
Praetiee P. Now we'll praetiee the expression det dr r with nouns in the
plura l.
This lengthy repetition may seem a bit boring, but it is a good idea to get
these expressionB firmly in mind before proeeeding to the next point. Be-
sides, you are alBo praetieing your plural noun endings.
eVE
tre, bt
eVE
Det is also used in other cases~ for instance in the demonstrative expressions
Jet r, det hr r, det dr r, which you have just Zearned. It is also used
in impersonaZ expressions without any specific reference (unlike den which
always refers to a noun).
Vnit 4 131
Only det ean be used in elauses where the verb is some form of att vara or
att b-I-j-followed by a noun (predieate noun).
l
r P e I I e s r umI s t o r t ? - J a, Id e II ~ r s t o r t. - De t r e t t s t o rt r u ffi
Is Pelle's room big? _ Yes, ~ ~s big. - It's a big room.
To s ummari ;;e :
Det must be used as the subject when any form of att vara or att bl i is followed
by a noun (predieate noun). This noun mayor may not have modifying adjectives.
Examples: De t r e n b 1 I Det r en stor bi I.
Det r ettr=um. Det r ett stor~um.
Det r tv bKtar. Det r tv stora bKtar.
Unit 4
When the form oj" att va ra or att b I i is fo llowed by an adjective but no noun
(predicate a dj e c t i ve) J the personal pronoun
Practice G. In this practice you'll make two sentences based on the sentenee
given in the left column using the adjective in the Cue column.
J In the first
sentenee you use the personal prono~n den, det or de + r + the adjective in
the right form. In the second sentenee you use the demonstrative expression
det r + indefinite article + adjective + noun.
CVE
Det r en b I I stor
Den r stor.
Det r en stor b i I
Det r vackert.
Unit 4 13J
eVE
Den r vit.
Det r bermt.
Det r ett bermt museum.
Den r ledig.
Det r en ledig taxi.
De r goda.
Det dr r tv poliser. vn II g
De r vnliga.
Unit 4
eVE
Det r nytt .
De r goda.
Det dr r tv goda ostar.
Ppactice H. Now we/tt ask some questions using VAD (what), VEM (who), and
VAR (whepe). You can ppovide the answeps us~ng two sentences. Remembep to
use han and hon fop peopte, det fop countpies and cities, which ape con-
sideped to be ett wopds.
eVE
Vad r det dr? sm@rgs, god
Det r en smrgs. Den r god.
Unit 4 135
eVE
Det r en tandlkare. Han (hon) r bra.
Unit 4
eVE
De n I i gger dr borta.
Unit 4 137
UNIT 5
A PLACE TO LIVE
Basic Sentences
Gorodon: 1. May I speak to Mrs. Stenmark? Kan jag f tala med fru Stenmark?
yes Jaha
Mr8. S.: 5. Yes~ it i8 available. Jaha, den ilr ledig.
Unit 5
Unit 5 139
spacious ryml ig -t -a
high hg -t -a
ceiling. ro of tak -et -0
Mros. S.: 12. It is an old. spacious apart- Det r en gammal, rymlig vanlng, och
ment with high ceilings in det r hgt i taket l alla rum. Il
all the room8.
Mrs. s.: 16. The apartment eosts 2.000 Vningen kostar tv tusen kronor I
el'owns a month. mnaden.
expensive dyr -t -a
Gorodon: 1 7. That is expensive! Det var dyrt!
Unit 5
Unit 5 141
every var j e
bedl'oom sovrum -met -~
linen close t I inneskp -et -0
pan try serveringsrum -met -0
Mrs. S.: 24. There is a big closet in Det finns en stor garderob i varje
every bedroom and a good sovrum och ett bra I inneskp I
linen closet in the pantry. serveringsrummet.
Unit 5
Unit 5
143
at home hemma
today Idag
houY' t l mm/ e - e n - a r
32. I will be at home today. Jag r hemma Idag. VI I I ni komma
Would you like to oome in om en timme1
an houY'?
GOY'don: 33. Does 4 o'clock suit (you)? Passar det klockan fyra1 D kommer
Then I'll come with the jag med hela familjen.
whole family.
Unit 5
UNIT 5
4a. I morse, "this morning," indiaates past time. It is therefore used only with a
verb in the past tenae.
9. Tre trappor upp or p tredje vningen means 4th floor. First fLoor is botten-
vningen (b.v.> or nedre botten (n.b.>.
11. Sder. Other aompass points are norr (north)J ster (east)J vster (west).
17. Det var dyrt. The Swedes often put exalamatory expr88sions like this in the
past tense. (af. Unit J Nate 20.)
Unit 5
145
25. Finns det kylskp? Swedes do not normally use an artiale with a noun when it
refers to a alass of nouns ~n general, rather than to a partiaular one.
27. Torkskp.(a heated aabinet) is more aommon in Sweden than a dryer (torktumlare -n -0).
30. oktober. The names of the months in Swedish are: januarI, februari, mars, apri l,
maj, juni, juli, augusti, september, oktober, november, december. Note that,
like the week days, they are not aapitalized.
34. Vlkomna d. Note that the plural form of vlkommen is used to indiaate a
welaome to all the family members. (af. unit 2, BaBia Sentenae Note 1)
Unit 5
UNIT 5
Points to Practice
Point I. Possessives
a. preceding a noun
b. as pronoun
Unit 5 247
EN ETT Plural
Here are the possessives in Swedish. As you see~ most of them conform
to the EN, ETT or plural form of the noun just as the adjectives do.
Names or nouns just add an -s at the end to indicate possessive form.
Example8: Karins bok. Karin's book.
Pojkens namn. The boy's name (the name ~ the boy).
Bi lens-frg. The color ~ the ear.
Unit 5
Unit :; 149
eVE
Unit 5
Det r ditt bord. It is your table. Bordet r ditt. The table is yours.
Det r v ra stolar. They are our chairs. Stolarna r vra. The chairs are ours.
As you can see in the ehart~ the Swedes make no distinction between possess-
ive adjectives and possessive pronouns. We'll have a short practice on this.
Praatice C. Answer the questions~ using the ownership indicated by the cue.
eVE
r det Bos bli? Nej. jag
Vnit 5 lSl
eVE
J a, det r deras.
J a, det r mi n.
Ja det r vra.
These reflexive possessives are used instead of hans, hennes, deras i f they
aj occur in the same clause as the subject;
bJ modify the objeet in the ~lause; and
ej refer to the subject in the clause.
Sin (sitt, sina) is never used to modify the subject in the clause.
Unit 5
Examples:
Lars and Lena are talking about their children (their own).
Lars and Lena are talking about their children (another family/s),
Unit 5 155
Unit 5
Answers to Practice D.
Practice E. In this practice we will use all the third person possessives.
You fill in the right one in the blank space. Use your cardboard sheet
as usual to cover the correct answer below each sentence.
si n
si n
sina
Karln och barn tittade p en ny soffa.
hennes
Unit 5 155
dera s
sin
hans
Lars tittar p ( Ka r i n s) bt .
hennes
Bo och Ingrid och far kom ti II bten.
d e ras
sin
sina
Hans
Unit fj
1. More than half of the verbs in Swedish belong to the first conjugation.
All of the verbs in this conjugation end in -a in the infinitive form.
All new verbs that come into Swedish from other languages belong to this
conju.gation.
Examples: att mblera, att modernisera, att organisera (to organizeJ, att
jogga (to jog), att missa (to miss, to failJ.
Examples of this include all verbs with the French derived suffix -era.
Letts take a look at the verbs of the first conjugation that have occurred
in some of our units. Below is a chart showing how the first conjugation
operates.
First Conjugation
Unit 5 157
Note: The supine is a form of the verb used tagether with har, hade. It
aZways ends in -t. Examples: Jag har bakat brdet. Jag hade bakat brdet.
These phrases are called respectively the present and past perf~ In
Swedish the supine form is different from the parti~iple which is used and
declined as an adjective.
Swedish English
Present tenae: Han arbetar. 1. lie works.
2. lie is working.
Past tense: Han arbetade. 1. He worked.
2. He was wOI'king.
Present perfect Han har arbetat. 1. He has worked.
(h a r + supinej: 2. He has been working.
From the chart it looks like English has two forms for each tense, ~hereaB
Swedish has only one. This is true, and it is very important for you to
understand, be cause it means that the Swedish verb form arbetar, for exampZe,
is uSBd where an English speaker would say "works" ~ "is working". The
Unit 5
English rules about !Jhen one says "works" and when one says "is working"
are complex~ but Swedish has no such difficulty. Arbetar simply expresses
the idea of a person or persons working in present time, and that's all
there is to it. If you try to work forms of att vara inta other Swedish
verb forms just because English uses forms of "to be" in this way, you will
be successfut in confusing the Swede to whom you are talking.
So that you get a good start at tearning this right~ we have made an ex-
panded chart of Swedish verb forms with English equivalents. Study this
chart thoroughly~ and then try to trans late the English forms on the right
to the Swedish forms on the left without looking at the Swedish. Do this
until you are completely comfortable with it, and then make up some simple
English sentences of your own and try to trans late them into good Swedish.
Present tense:
Past tense:
{ David
~D_a_v_~~'d~_s~p_o_k~e~ Swedish.
,..- svenska. was speaking Swedish.
IDavid taladeimed oss tre gnger. :;,D:",a:...:v--,~i-'d::;,-:::.s. cp.. ::o:.. ;.k.:. :e::.. t o
U s t h re e t i me s .
p telefon nr Mary kom in. David was speaking on the phone when Mary came in.
Unit 5 159
Present perfeet
(har + supine):
pavid has spoken to Mary.
_______~_ med Ma ry. { David has been speaking to Mary.
\Davld har talatimed oss tre gnger. ;;"D~a...:.v--;i.-'d.;.-,h;--a,,-,-s-;-s.....p-'o_k_e_n_ t o u s t h r e e t i me s .
i tre timmar. David has been speaking for three hours.
Past perfeet
(hade + supine):
Unit S
CVE
Unit 5 161
eVE
Unit S
Practice G. In the following story, put the verbs that oacur in the present
tense into the past tense. The new version follows on the next page.
George flyttar till Sverige med sin familj och arbetar p en stor ameri-
vn frn Norra Latin, Lars Holm, och hans far. Lars presenterar George
fr sin far och frgar, om George har tid att titta p en vning, som hans
far vntar p. Han flyttar in den frsta oktober och mblerar den med
sina gamla mbler. Lars berttar, att hans far moderniserar den delvis.
George frgar hur mycket vningen kostar och var man hittar en s fin
vnIng.
Unit 5 163
Answer to Praatiae G.
George flyttade ti II Sverige med sin fami Ij och arbetade p en stor ameri-
vn frn Norra Latin, Lars Holm, och hans far. Lars presenterade George
fr sin far och frgade, om George hade tid att titta p en vning, som
hans far vntade p. Han flyttade in den frsta oktober och mblerade den
med sina gamla mbler. Lars berttade, att hans far moderniserade den del-
vis. George frgade, hur mycket vningen kostade och var man hittade en
s fin vning.
Practice H. In this practiae, put the verb given in the aue inta the present
perfeat form (har + supine).
eVE
Bo sin vning. modernisera
La rs Maj. trffa
Lars har trffat Maj.
Unit 5
eUE
Bo tillbaka till USA. flytta
Bo ha r f IYt t a t t i I I ba ka t i I I USA.
Unit 5
165
Unit 5
Practice I. Now we'll practice word order. Restate the sentenae on the lett
using the cue at the beginning of the sentence.
eVE
Unit 5
167
eUE
Unit 5
Karlavgen 10 Sder
Matsal Vardagsrum
.e ~
.a
1!
Sovrum
S
Garderob
Norr
Unit 5 169
Unit 5
UNIT 6
Unit 6 is a aomprehension quiz. Turn on the tape or listen to your teaaher read the
true or false questions. Using the numbered blanks below, mark T (true) or F (false)
after eaeh sentenee. All of the voeabulary used in the quiz is from Units 1-5. We
suggest that you divide up the quiz and aomplete only part of the questions at a time.
You will find the answers an pages 172 - 178. Good Luakl
Unit 6 1? 1
Unit 6
Unit 6 173
Unit 6
58. Det tar fem veckor att resa med flyg frn New York t i l l Stockholm. F
60. Alla hller med om att qet r bra att ha ett kylskp. T
Unit 6 175
If you are in doubt about the meaning of a sentence you can check the tran8lation
below.
Unit 6 177
Unit 6
UNIT 7
AT THE OFFICE
Basic Sentences
successor eftertrdare -n -0
offi-ce kontor -et -0
Bill: 2. I' m Bill Smith, successor to Jag r Bill Smith, eftertrdare tl I I
Peter White. Can you tell me Peter White. Kan ni sga mig var mitt
where my office is (located)? kontor I i gger?
take (imperative) ta
elevator' hiss -en -ar
second a nd ra
floor vning -en -ar
Rec. : 3. Yes, of course. Take the Javisst. Ta hissen till andra
elevator to the third floar. vningen. ..
hall, corridor korridor -en -er
third tredje
door drr -en -ar
4. Go down the hall straight G korridoren rakt fram. Det r
ahead. It's the third door tredje drren till hger.
on the right.
U'YJit 7 179
Secr'e-
tar'Y: 5. Welcome to Stockholm, Mr. Vlkommen tl II Stockholm, Herr Smith.
Smith.
Bill: 6. I'm really going to like it Ja, hr kommer jag skert att trivas.
here. What a nice office! Vi Iket trevl igt kontor!
Unit 7
ugh usch
Bil.l.: 12. No, ugh. Do you smoke? Nej, usch. Rker nI ?
good~ effective~
competent duktig -t -a
to to stop
finish~ att slut/a -ar -ade -at
to usually (do something), att bruk/a -ar -ade -at
to be in the habit of
used to brukade
pack~ package paket -et -0
a day om dagen
See. : 13. No, I have been good and have Nej, Jag har varit duktIg och har
stopped smoking. I used to slutat rka. Jag brukade rka ett
smoke a pack a day. paket om dagen.
Unit 7 181
meeting sammantrde -t -n
early (in the ~orning) bitti
date datum -et -0
what vad ... fr
Bi ll: 18. Oh, i t was Olle Lindah r. We Jas, det var Olle Lindahl. Vi ska
are going to have a meeting ha ett sammantrde med honom imorgon
with him early tomorrow morn- bitti. Vad r det fr datum idag? *
ing. What date is i t today?
Bixth sjtte
Seco : 19. It's the Bixth of November. Det r den sjtte november.
Unit 7
dark mrk -t -a
to turn on. to light att tnd/a -er, tnde, tnt
light, aandle ljus -et -0
Bill: 20. It is already beginning to Det brjar redan bli mrkt. Ska
get dark. ShaZl we turn on vi tnda ljuset?
the Zight?
early tidig -t -a
at this time of year s hr rs
See. : 21. Yes, it gets dark early at Ja, det bl ir mrkt tidIgt s hr
this time of year. Do you rs. VI II ni ha en kopp kaffe? ,.
want a cup of eoffee?
Unit 7 183
UNl 'j' 7
17b. Man. Nate that the noun man is iY'Y'egulaY' and does not quite follow any of
the five declensian patteY'ns explained in Points to PY'actice I; man, mannen,
mn, mnnen.
18. Vad ... fr? Instead of the inteY'rogative vi Iken (vi Iket, vi I kal Swedish of ten
usel; vad ... fr in the spoken language.
Unit '1
UNIT 7
Points to Practice
Unit ? 185
a. Most Swedish nouns form the definite plural by simply adding -na to the
indefinite plural form.
Examples: fl ickor~, middag~, ambassadr~ruil.
b. In the fourth declension the indefinite form plural already enda in -n,
so all you add is -a in the definite form.
Examples: meddelande~, sammantrde~.
c. ETT words in the fifth declension~ which have the same form in the in-
definite singular and the indefinite plural take -en as an ending in
the definite form plural.
Examples: kontor@, askfat~, ljusB.
d. EN words in the fifth declension (no uns that end in -are, -er, -ande)
add -na in the definite form plural. Note~ however~ that the final -e in
the -are wopds is dropped before the -na ending is added.
Examples: lkare - lkarna; sekreterare - sekreterarna, but
ordfrande - ordfrandena (ch~irman) ---
Unit 7
Praetioe A. Ch ange the unde~lined nouns f~om the indefinite fo~m plu~al into
the definite form plural.
Erik stller lampor p bordet.
Bo kper ostar.
ostarna
George tittade p kontor p ambassaden.
kontoren
cigarretterna
sammantrdena
Sjukskterskorna lkarna
Kontor behver sekreterare.
Kontoren sek rete ra rna
Unit 7 187
Ppactice B. Now we eontinue with the definite pLupaL fopm in the same way, but
hepe the undeplined. noun is given in the singulap. FoLLow the exampLe. Remem-
bep to adjust the adjectives to the pLuraL nouns.
Example: La rs best I I de rummet p hote I I et. Lars pesepved the poom at the hotel.
Lars bestllde rummen p hotellet. Lars reserved the rooms at the hotel.
Journa I i sten, som arbetar p Dagens Nyheter, skri ver utmrkt svenska.
Unit 7
the door is high drren r hg den hga drren the high door
the table is big bordet r sto rt det s to ra bordet the big table
the doors are high drrarna r hga de hga drrarna the high doors
the tables a!'e big borden r stora de stora bo rde n the big tables
~
"~ Look carefully at the chart above. Observe what happens to the definite
, ' " form of a Swedish noun when it is preceded by an adjective.
~
'
~~
" "'- b. The definite article at the end of the noun remains.
,
c. The adjective gets the ending B fOl' all forms.
~
Unit l' 189
Practice C. Using the cue word(s), put the subject noun ~n its proper definite
form when preceded by an adjective.
eUE
Unit 7
eUE
Unit ? 191
PY'actice D. Many mOY'e examples to lJoY'k on. InseY't the cue adjective(s} 1-1l
fY'ont of the wOY'ds that aY'e undeY'lined.
eVE
Unit ?
eUE
Swedes use the adjective "little" quite often because it's also used as an endear-
ment. Examples: I i II a gumman, I III a gubben (sweetie, dear. Gumm/a -an -or
actually means "old lady" and gubb/e -en -ar "old man".)
Also remember LITE (a little bit, 8ome) from the vocabulary list in Unit 1.
ExampZe: Vill du ha lite brd, lite mjlk?
Unit 7 193
This common Swedish adjective is irregular, as you can see from the char t
below. LILLA is only used in the definite form singular, SMA for all plural
forms.
a little child ett I i tet barn det I i I I a barnet the little chi ld
De sm barnen
Unit ?
Sm b t a r r t r ev I i g a at t ha .
De sm bta rna
de sm smrgsarna.
det I i I la brevet.
de trev I I ga sm stderna.
Unit 7 195
To answer questions with the equivalent of: Yes, it is; no, it isn't; yes, he
does; no, he doesn't, etc. the Swedes have a format which you must learn. The
cue is Ja, det . ; nej, det . i jo, det . Jo is used to ansUJer a nega-
tive question-in the affirmative.
Question Answer
Unit 7
When the question contains an auxiliary verb J the main verb is not repeated
in the anslJer.
Examples: Ska du ta lunch? - Ja, det ska jag.
If the question has ett vara, att bl i, or att ha as the main verb J this verb
is repeated in the answer.
Examples: r det hr en skrivmaskin? - Ja, det r det.
If the question does not contain an auxiliary verb J the anslJer substitutes
gr (gjorde) for the verb.
Practice F. Using t~a cue lJords anSlJer the questions lJith ja, det ~r han;
nej, det kan hon inte; jo, det gr vi, etc.
eUE
r Lars svensk? ja
Unit 7 197
eVE
Kan Karin stanna lnge i Amerika? nej
r du hungrig? ja
Unit 7
eUE
J a, det v i I I vi grna.
r d et hr din syster? ja
Unit 7 199
Transitive Intransitive
lay lgga I i gga He
place st I I a - st stand
ITO PUTI ITO BEl
set stta sitta sit
hang hnga hnga hang
In describing the location of objects and the placement of them, Swedes use
very specific words. In English we are usually satisfied with the verbs
"to be" and "to put". As we pointed out in Unit 4, Basic Sentence Note 3,
att I i gga is used in the sense of "is", "is located" in reference to geo-
graphical concepts, buildings, etc.
Examples: Var I igger stationen? Where is the station?
Bten I igger i Gteborgs hamn. The ship is in the Gothenburg harbor.
Stockholm I igger i Sverige. Stockholm is in Sweden.
Unit 7
Att sitta, att I igga, att st, att hnga are used to describe the where-
abouts of all sorts of things in a place.
There is more logic in this usage than one might think at first. Things
with legs usually str, flat objects I igger, and so do buildings and places.
Practice G. BeZow are some intransitive and transitive verbs that we are
going to practice. Choose the appropriate verb from either column and
complete the sentences. Your choice consists of:
Intransitive Transitive
l i gger lgger
st r stller
sitter stter
hnger hnger
Be rt i I lampan p bordet.
stller (stter)
Gu n vo r bckerna bokhyllan.
stller (stter) __--w- _
Unit 7 201
lgger
Sjukskterskan vid nedgngen til I tunnelbanan.
st r
T~get p stationen.
st r
Jag kopparna p matsalsbordet.
stller <stter)
I i gger
Mi n mo rb ror I soffan.
sitter
I i gger
Lampan taket.
hnger
stter <stller)
Unit 7
1 frsta 11 e I f te 21 tjugofrsta
2 andra 12 to I f te 22 tjugoandra
3 tredje 13 trettonde 23 tjugotredje
4 fjrde 14 fjortonde 24 tjugofjrde
5 femte 15 femtonde 25 tjugofemte
6 sjtte 16 sextonde 26 tjugosjtte
7 sjunde 17 sjuttonde 27 tjugosjunde
8 ttonde 18 artonde 28 tjugottonde
9 nionde 19 nittonde 29 tjugonionde
10 tionde 20 tjugonde 30 trettionde
31 trettiofrsta
Unit 7
VI TALAR SVENSKA
Now your Swedish has expanded considerably and
is becoming more sophiBticated. Let's use it
in questions and answers, talking about things
in the room and outside . Example: L i gger den
stora boken p bordet? Ja, det gr den.
""
Unit ?
UNIT 8
SHOPPING FOR CLOTHES
Basio Sentenoes
where (where to) vart
to shop att handl/a -ar -ada -at
man's suit kostym -en -er
dress klnning -en -ar
don't you?, isn't it?, etc. el I er hur?
John: 1. Where are we going shopping? Vart ska vi g och handla? Jag be-
I need a suit and you want to hver en kostym och du vi I I titta p
look at a dress, don't you? en klnning, eller hur? >I
probably vl
ready frdig -t -a
to Bew att sy -r -dde -tt
BeWn sydd, sytt, sydda
ready made frdig/sydd -sytt -sydda
3. You are buying a ready made Ou tnker v I kpa en frd i gsydd
Buit, arBn't you? kostym? >I
Unit 8 205
Unit p
tailor skrddare -n -0
to alter, to change att ndr/a -ar -ade -at
length I ngd -en -er
pants byxor (plural)
Clel'k: 12. Our tailor can alter the length Vr skrddare kan ndra lngden p
of the pants. byxorna.
Unit 8 207
aoZd ka I I -t -a
summer sommar, -en, somrar
warm varm -t -a
sometimes ibland
size storlek -en -ar
Clerk: 17. No, you aan't. It's too aold. Nej, det kan man inte. Det r fr kallt.
But in the summer it gets warm Men p sommaren blir det varmt ibland.
sometimes . What size do you Vilken storlek har ni?
take?
beaause, [01' fr
number, size nummer, numret -0
the same densamma, detsamma, desamma
aB, like som
same as samma som
John: 18. I don't know, beaause the sizes Jag vet I nte, fr numren r v I
are pl'obably not the same here
as in the U.S.
inte desamma hr som i Amerika. "
Unit 8
shoe sko -n -r
John: 23. Yes, I would like to look at Ja, jag vi II grna se p ett par skor.
a pai1" of shoes.
Unit 8 ;,f O9
Unit 8
Unit 8
211
UNIT B
5. nog (see Nate 3) is used similarly in Swedish and has no exaet English equivalent,
although "probably" eomes elose. Nog indieates a slight reluetance in stating
some thing. In this case "I guess we can afford that".
9a. vi Iken frg. Here are the most common colors in Swedish:
gr, grtt, gra gray
svart, svart, svarta black
vit, vitt, vita white
g u I, g u I t, g u I a ye II ow
b I , b I t t, b I a b l ue
grn, grnt, grna green
rd, rtt, rda red
brun, brunt, bruna brown
beige, beiget, beigea beige
skr, skrt, skre pink
rosa, rosa, rosa pink, rose-colored
I i I a , I i I a, I i I a p u rp l e
ljusgrn, ljusgrnt, ljusgrna light greEn
mrkbl, mrkbl~tt, mrkbla dark blue
The ett-form of the adjective is used to make the adiective a noun.
Unit B
9b. hade ni tnkt er. The reflexive att tnka sig is here used in the sense of "to
have in mind". It sometimes means "to imagine" as in Basic Sentence 27.
10. det hnger ... You are familiar with the expression det finns (there is/are). In
Swedish a similar construction is used with many other intransitive verbs.
In these expressions, det finns, det str, det kommer, etc., det has only one
form, regardless of whether the no uns are en or ett words or plural. See Unit 4,
Points to Practice II.
18a. desamma. Note that the pronoun is declined in Swedish according to the noun i t
refers to.
18b. fr numren ... The direct translation of "because" is drfr att or emedan. The
latter is hardly ever used in the spoken language. Drfr att-rs of ten replaced
by fr which means "for." It will be useful for you to remember that fr intro-
~uces a main cZause, whereas drfr att and emedan, aB well as the English "because, "
~ntroduce Bubordinate cZauBeB.
Unit 8
26. Nej, men .. - an expression you often hear in Swedish. It expresses surprise
01'a mild protest. It corresponds to "How about that?". "Well. I'll be ... ".
"I declare ... ". "My gosh!".
31. ju - (see Note 3). Another Little fill.er word! Ju impZ-ies that the Z-istener
is already aware of the information given and that the speaker is confirming
it.
The wards vl, nog and ju are difficult to transl.ate since the English transla-
tion is usually much stronger. It is sometimes better not to try to trans late
these words at all.
Unit 8
UNIT 8
Points to ppactice
Unit 8 815
Unit 8
Unit 8
Ppactice B. In this ppactice you pead the sentenee and ask a question about
it using v i I ken, v i I ket, v i I ka as inteppogative pponouns (op vem, vad i f they
ape apppoppiate) instead of the undeplined wopd.
De kpte en ~.
Unit 8
NGONTING INGENTING
--
Ngon and ingen are used both as pronouns and as adjectives and are dec~ined
according to the en, ett or plura~ words they represent or modify.
Ngontjn~ and ingenting are used only as pronouns and are never declined.
Pronouns
Unit 8 219
Adjectives
A. As Subje cts:
All forms of the indefinite pronouns and adjectives listed above can be
used as subjects or as adjectives modifying subjects in independent and
dependent clauses.
Pronouns
Unit 8
Adjectives
Finns det ngot rum med bad? Inget hus hade hiss.
Is there a (any) room with bath? No house had an elevator.
Unit 8 221
Inte ngon, Inte ngot, inte ng roa, inte ngont i ng must be used instead
of i ngen, i nget, inga, ingenting in:
Bo s e r i n t e E! n g n a n n a n n U 1 I a
Bo doesn't Look at anyone eLse but ULLa.
Unit 8
Ingen (inget, inga) and ingenting in the objeet position may only be
used in main clauses with simple verb forms.
Peter hr ingenting.
Peter hears nothing.
However, inte ngon, inte ngot, Inte ngra, inte ngonting can always
substitute ingen, inget, inga, ingenting in the object position.
Lars hittade ingen bra bok. = Lars hittade inte ngon bra bok.
Unit 8 223
Unit 8
John kpte skjortor affren. John bought some shirts in the store.
Kpte de - - - - _ ?
ngonting (ngot)
ngon
Ngon
vningar r ljusa.
Ngra
Ngra
(sing.) flyttade In en trappa upp.
Ngon
Sa han - - - - ?
ngot (ngonting)
Unit 8
Inga
inget (ingenting)
Inga
ingen
Ingen
ingen
Unit 8
Inget (Inga)
i nge n
Ingen
CllE
Ulla har inte haft ngon tid. Ulla has had no time.
Unit 8 229
eVE
Unit 8
Practice G. UBB forms of V I LKEN, VEM, VAD in the blank spaces in the
questions on the lett and proper forms of I NGEN, INTE NAGON in the
answerB on the right.
Questions: Answers:
V i I ka Inga
Vem Ingen
Vi I ka inte ngra
sg honom? sg honom.
Vem Ingen
talade Lars med? Han talade med
Vem inte ngon.
pls tycker Mary om? Hon tycker om pls.
Vi I ken Inte ngon
Unit 8 231
Questions: Answers:
--
~-~-
--- - -- - -
Unit 8
In this Unit you meet a group of adverbs denoting place which have two
distinct forms in Swedish. One form, Group A, is used with verbs of rest
(indicating a stationary situation). The other, Group B, is used with
verbs of motion (indicating movement to or from a place).
VAR? VART?
Inne in in
ute out ut
framme there f ram
uppe up up p
nere down ner
h'r here hit
dr there dit
borta away bort
hemma at home hame hem
Unit 8
233
eUE
Karin r hemma.
Ro I f r bort, borta
borta
hr
inne
uppe
ute
Unit 8
eUE
ne re
Nr r vi f r a m, f r a mm e
---- ?
framme
Expediten str dr, dit
dr
hr
bra men bst. Swedish proverb: There's bort, borta; hem, hemma
no plaoe like home.
Borta hemma
Unit 8 235
eVE
ut
hem
upp
dit
ner
fram
hem
Unit 8
Bo gr upp p a nd ra vningen. va ra
Bo r uppe p a nd ra vningen.
Herr Borg var framme klockan 4. komma
Unit 8 237
eVE
Fru Berg tar en taxi dit och kper ett par skor. va ra
Vi r borta ikvll. g
Vi gr bort ikvll.
Bi len kr dit.
Unit 8
Let's give some special attention to the question words VAR, VART, where J
where to.
VAR (where) is used with verbs indicating rest.
VART (where to) is used with verbs indicating motion to or from a place.
Examples: Var r du? Where are you?
Vart gr du? Where are you going (to)?
Practice K. Add the proper adverb VAR, VART in the space. Keep the answer8
coveredl
ker Bo? Where is Bo going?
Vart ker Bo?
I igger slottet?
Var
Unit 8
239
gick Anna?
Va rt
str lampan?
Va r
vill du fara?
Va rt
Va r
sitter han?
Va r
Var
Vart
Var
Va r
Unit 8
2a 2b
P!'esent tense
Ve!'bs of the Second Conjugation add -er to the stem to fo~m the present tense.
Note: If the stem al~eady ends in -r the uBual present tense ending -er is
left out.
Past tense
In the past tense the ve!'bs of the Second Conjugation have t~o different forms,
-de (2a) and -te (2b).
Unit 8 241
2a. The stems of the verbs in 2a end in a voiced consonant~ such as -I, -m, -n,
-ng, -r, -v. The past tense is formed by adding -de.
2b. The stems of the verbs in 2b end in voiceless consonants~ such as -k, -p,
-s, -t. Here the past tense is formed by adding -te.
Supine
Verbs from both 2a and 2b form the supine by adding -t to the stem.
Unit 8
Kari n fy II de koppen med kaffe. Kar>in fi~~ed the cup with coffee.
stllde
fy I I de
tnde
behvde
ringde
knde
bestllde
Unit 8
243
behvde
hrde
Sekreteraren ri nger till UD.
ringde
011 e kr ofta mell an Stockhol m och Gteborg.
krde
Practice M. In this practice change the underlined verb from the present tense
to the present perfeet tense (har + supinej.
Bo s t I I e r b o k e n D b o k h Y I I a n
har stllt
har tnt
Han behver inga pengar.
Unit 8
har ringt
har hyrt
har knt
Anne-Marie fyller vinglaset.
har fyllt
Gustav bestller middagen.
har best I I t
Erik hr Ingenting.
Unit 8
245
kpte
rkte
tyckte om
Praotiae O. Change the undertined verb from the present tense to the present
perfeet tense (har + supine).
Lisa har lst om Sverige. Lisa has read (has been reading) about Sweden.
har tnkt
Pe I I e kper en f I n ny kostym.
ha r kpt
har du tnkt ta
Unit 8
Practice P. In this practice there are verbs from both 2a and 2b. Change
them from the present tense to the past tense.
kpte
knde
Tyckte
Unit 8 247
lste bestllde
hyrde tyckte om
f Y I I de stllde
ringde hrde
krde mtte
Praetiee Q. Let's vary the praetiee a bit. Fill in the empty spaces with
either the present perfeet or past perfeet form of the eue verb (har or hade
+ supine).
eVE
Vilken vning Lars Whieh apartment has/had
----? hy ra
Lars rented?
Vilken vning har/hade Lars hyrt?
Har/hade kpt
Vnit 8
eVE
Min sekreterare har/hade inte hrt telefonen.
har/hade lst
har/hade rest
Advokaten 1 nte sitt kontor. rInga
har/hade ringt
Unit 8
249
The verbs in this conjugation have no infinitive -a ending. They are usually
one-syllable words. The stem is identical with the infinitive form. The
present tense ending is -r, the past tense ending is -dde, and the supine
form ending is -tt. - --
There are very few verbs in this conjugation. We will only practice the
ones you know already.
Practice R. Change the tense of the underlined verb from the present to the
past tense. Remember the word order.
trodde tyckte om
Unit 8
bodde
bodde
Practice S. Let's practice the supine form. Change the verbs in the sentences
below from the past tense to the past perfeet tense (hade + supine).
Min mor sydde en klnning t mig. My mother sewed a dress for me.
Min mor hade sytt en klnning t mig. My mother had sewn a dress for me.
hade trott
hade mtt
Karin bodde i Uppsala.
hade bott
Unit 8 251
hade sytt
hade bott
Praetiee T. Complete the following story, filling in the blanks with the
appropriate forms of the verbs given in parenthesis. The verbs are from
both the second and third conjugations. You'll find the correet version
on the following page.
(sy) flera klnningar t sig sjlv. Hon (tycka om) att sy.
Hon (m) bra, nr hon satt vid symaskinen (the sewing maehine) och
Naturl igtvis (lsa) hon inte s mnga bcker nu fr tiden, och hennes
flera av flickorna, som hade (bo) lnge samma hus, och som hon
Unit 8
Nr Eva f yl Ide 14 r och bodde Stockholm hade hon redan sytt flera klnningar
t sig sjlv. Hon tyckte om att sy. Hon mdde bra, nr hon satt vid sy-
maskinen och sydde. Hon tnkte p trevliga vnner som hon knde. Naturligt-
vis lste hon inte s mnga bcker nu fr tiden, och hennes mamma tyckte inte,
att hon behvde s mnga klnningar. Men flera av flickorna, som hade bott
lnge j samma hus, och som hon knde vl, ringde p~ telefonen och bestllde
kl!3nningar hos Eva. De tnkte lnge p hur klnningarna skulle se ut, och s
sydde Eva fina kl!3nningar t dem. Ibland trodde hon nstan att hon var Frken
Dior sjlv.
Unit 8 253
UNI']' 9
EATING IN A RESTAURANT
Hasic Sentences
Unit 9
inc'l'edib ly otroligt
fast (adverb) fo rt
Bi'l'l : 8. Are we the'l'e already? That r vi redan framme? Det gick otrol igt
went incredibly fast. fort. *
Unit 9 255
Read
waiter: 10. A table for two? Ska det vara ett bord fr tv?
Unit 9
fried stekt -~ -a
veal, ealf kalv -en -ar
chop kotlett -en -er
boi Zed kokt -0 -Cj
Head vegetable grnsak -en -er
waiter: 15. The (pan-Jfried veal chops with De stekta kalvkotletterna med kokt
boiled potatoes and vegetables potatis och grns?ker r ocks mycket
are also very good. b ra. >I
usual vanlig-t-a
meat ktt -et 0
bun bull/e -en -ar
meat ball kttbull/e -en -ar
bean bn/a -an -or
baked beans bruna bnor
lingonberry I i ngon -et -0
jam, preserves sylt -en -er
16. Then we have, as usual, meat S har.vi, som vanligt, kttbullar
balls with baked beans and med bruna bnor och lingonsylt.
lingonberry jam.
fresh frsk - t -a
Bill: 18, It is fresh, isn't it? Den r vl frsk?
Erik: 20, Maybe we shouZd have a glass Vi skulle kanske ha ett glas vitt
of white wine with the fish. vin t i l l fisken.
Unit 9 257
Bill: 24. No thanks, not for me. Nej tack, i nte fr mig.
sure(ly) vIsst
inte lligen t i ntell igent -0 -a
to think, to be of the att anse -r, ansg. ansett
opinion
suggestion, proposition frslag -et -0
ehance chans -en -er
to sucoeed att lyck/as -as -ades -ats
Bi ll.: 26. Yes, sure he's intelligent. Ja, vi sst r han i ntell i gent. Men
But do you really think that anser du verkligen att hans frslag
his proposition has a chance har en chans att lyckas?
to sucaeed?
Unit 9
next nsta
dessert efterrtt -en -er
E1'ik: 29. Next time we/ll take our wivlZs Nsta gng ska vi ta med vra fruar.
a long.
Do you want dessert? VI I I du ha efterrtt?
waiter vaktmstare -n -0
check (in 1'estau1'antJ not/a -an -or
same samma
Erik: 31. Waiter, may we have two coffees Vaktmstaren, kan vi f tv kaffe och
and the check at the same time. s notan p samma gng? ,.
Unit 9 259
To the waiter:
even jmn -t -a
Erik: 37. Thank you very muah. Keep the Tack s mycket. Det r j mnt s. *
ahange (it is even).
~~
~- ~m ...... . ...
~
i.......t.~
"ni..
c."
$<t.......04
_~
- ... ,. _.el'
Unit 9
UNIT 9
2a. om att g ... Swedish uses the infinitive where English uses the -ing form of the
verb afte~ a preposition.
2b. g och ta The constI'uction using two verbs joined by och is very common in
Swedish.
ExampZes: att sitta och p rata to sit and chat
att st och vanta to (stand and) wait
att g ut och g to JO for a walk
6. Mitt tg gr ... Nate th~t "to leave" has several equivalents in Swedish.
8. o t 1"0 I i g t f o r t . Same adJactives take on the opposite me aning when the prefix 0-
is added.
Examples: t ro I 19 - ot ro I I g credible - incredible
vnlig - ovnlig friendly - unfriendly
trevl i9 - otrevl ig nice - unpleasant
mj I l g - omj I i g possible - impossible
Unit 9 261
9. ytterklderna. Swedes use the definite article instead of a possessive when de-
scribing parts of the body or clothing.
Example: Peter borstar tnderna varje kvl I. Peter brushes his teeth every night.
11. om det gAr.- idiomati~ expression meaning "if it is possible". Another example is:
Det gAr inte. It's not possible; it doesn't work.
Det gick inte. It wasn't possible; it didn't work.
13. Vad har ni fr ... See Unit 7, Basic Sentence Note 18.
The expression vad fr slags has the meaning "what kind of".
Example: Vad fr slags te tycker du om? What kind of tea do you tike?
15. potati s - can be used as a non-eount noun in Swedish, like "coffee", "fruit", eta.
31a. Vaktmstaren ... This is usually the word used to address a waiter. Another trans-
lation for "waiter" is kypare -n -0, but this word is never used in addressing him.
31b. p samma gAng. Nate that English uses the definite article "the" with the word
"same". The Swedish word samma is always without the definite artiele when samma
modifies a nOUr!. The noun is always in the indefinite form.
Examp1.es: Jag vi I l betala p samma gng. I want to pay at the Bame time.
Det r samma sak. It's the same thing.
Vi bor i samma hus som ni bodde I. We live in the same house as you lived
in.
(ef. Unit 8, Basic Sentenee Note 18)
Unit 9
37. Det r jmnt s. If a service charge of 12~% or 15% has been added to the bill
it is customary to round out the amount to the nearest crown (or even five crowns
i f it is a sizeable amountJ.
Unit 9 863
UNIT 9
Points to Praotiae
unit 9
Most Swedish adjeetives are compared like kal I. They add -are in the eomparative
form and -ast in the superlative form.
Note that Swedish superlatives usually do not take the definite article and
form unIess followed by a noun.
The regular comparative has only one form, ~ . whether it is used with en or
ett words, in the singular or plural, and in the indefinite or definite form.
The regular superlative has two forms. In the indefinite form the superlative
ends in m:!j. In the definite form the superlative ends in lastel.
Indefinite form Definite form
Vintern r kallast i Lappland. Den ka I I aste v i ntern r Lappland.
Det r dyrast a~flyga. Det dyraste flyget.
Nate: When the adjective ends in unstressed -el, -en, or -er the e is left
out as you add the -are for the comparative and the -ast in the super-
lative.
Examples: vacker, vackrare, vackrast
enkel, enklare, enklast (simple)
A very small group of adjp.ctives takes just -re in the comparative and -st in
the superlative. These adjectives (except hg) also change vowels in the com-
parative and superZative forms.
Examples: stor, st~rre, strst big
tung, tyng~, tyngst heavy
ung, yngre, yng~ young
lg, lgre, lgst low
lng, lngre,-Ingst long
hg, hgre-,-hgst- high
Unit 9
A few adjectives in this group are completely irregular, i.e. the aomparative
and superlative forms are related to each other but bear no resemblance to
the positive form.
Nate: The comparative and superlative forms of god are often godare. godast.
when they refer to food (onlyJ.
The camparatives of this group of adjectives have also only one form whether
they precede en-words, ett-words, or plurals in the definite or indefinite
form.
The irregular adjectives have two superlative forms just like the regular
adjective8. The indefinite form ends in -st. The definite form ends in -sta.
These irregular adjectives are extremely common~ so memorize them right away.
You know some of the m already.
Practice A. Complete the sentences by filling ~n the blank with the com-
parative form of the adjective given as cue.
CVE
snllare
dy ra re
frskare
h u ng r i g a re
roi igare
vnl igare
unit 9
eVE
enklare
f i na re
varmare
Britta r n Stina. st
stare
vanl igare
ljusare
dyrare
bekvmare
Ha I I en r _ p morgonen. so I l g
sol igare
269
Unit 9
Practice B. Now we'll use some adjectives with irregular comparative forms.
eVE
strre ty ng re
smre
Kalvkotletterna r n kttbullarna. b ra
bttre
I d re vack ra re
mindre
Stadshuset r n Kaknstornet. lg
lgre
yngre lngre
Unit 9
eVE
bttre
mer mindre
Practice C. Now Let's practice the superLative form of the adjective. Put
the aue adjective in the indefinite superLative form. First the reguLar
superLatives with the ending -ast.
eVE
Peter va r i klassen. Peter was the most inte Higent i nte I I i gent
in the aLass.
intell igentast
Stadshote I I et r f i n
finast
Unit 9 271
eVE
hungrigast
godast
Practice D. Now we'll practiae the regular superlative form in the definite
form. Remember -aste.
eVE
kortaste
rym I i gaste
finaste
Vnit 9
CUE
nyaste
staste
godaste
CUE
smst
Han hyrde huset som var stor
strst
Lena r och klassen. ung, liten
yngst mi nst
unit 9 273
eVE
bst
mest
Ppactice F. Now fop same ippegulap superlatives ~n the definite fopm. -sta.
eVE
Kaknstornet r den byggnaden Stockholm. The Kaknas Tower is the hg
tallest building ~n
hgsta stockholm.
minsta
bsta
lngsta ldsta
Unit 9
eVE
lgsta
flesta
Han visste det om Stockholm. mycket
mesta
Mer and mest are also used with the aomparative and superlative forms of
past partioiples used as adjeatives.
Unit 9 875
Eva r n UI I a. energisk
mer energisk
Bo och hans vnner r n ke. sympatisk
mer sympatiska
mer typiskt
Practice H. And now to the superLatives. Put the cue adjective in the
superLative form.
eUE
Eva r p morgonen energisk
mest energisk
Unit 9
CUE
mest energiska
mest sympatisk
mest fantastiska
Practice I. We'll now have a mixed praatiae on all the adjeatives, regular,
irregular, adjectives ending in - i sk, etc. Change the adjective (s) in the
cue to the comparative or superlative form as indicated.
CUE
sa var den sekreteraren p konsulatet. Asa Was the most energisk (superl.)
energetic secretary
mest energiska at the consulate.
Unit 9 277
eVE
dyrare
rjan hade aldrig lst en bok. dlig (comp.)
vrre (smre)
ro I Ig a re
B i I I s s Y s t e r var de n f I i c ka n I r umme t . st (superl.)
staste
minsta
Det huset lg p den gatan. lg, lng (super'l..)
lgsta lngsta
Det huset var siar, bra (supert.J
strsta bst
Unit 9
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives~ other adverbs o~ clauses --
never nouns. Many are not depived from other wopds (e.g. here~ now~ very~
etc. ).
1. Some adveI'bs are formed by adding [JJto the basic form of the adjeative.
(Campare the usage of adding -ly to form an adverb from an adjective in
English. )
Example: Tala lngsam:!:.! (Speak slowlyl)
As you can see from the examples, with some words both forms are acceptable.
(troligen - troligtvis; mjligen - mjligtvis; vanligen - vanligtvis)
eVE
Vnit 9
eVE
Karin r dlig. bo
Practice K. As you noted. in all the above examples the adverbs modified
verbs. Now we'll give you some examples of adverbs that modify adjectives.
Make an adverb of the aue adjective.
eVE
otroligt
Peter r s n I I vldig
vldigt
Bi I I va r hungrig. riktig
riktigt
ovanligt
UI f r st i I i g. fantastisk
fantastiskt
Unit 9 281
eVE
ot ro I i gt
typiskt
CVE
Maj r v n I I g. verkl19
verk I i gen
tydl igen
Naturl igtvis
troligen (troligtvis)
Unit 9
eVE
mjligen (mjligtvis)
Vanligtvis (vanligen)
Lyckl igtvis
verkl igen
Adverbs that have been formed by adding -t to an adjeative have the same
aomparative and superlative forms as the adjective. Note that the -t is
droppe d before the aomparative and superlative endings.
Two adverbs not derived from adjeatives alBo take the -are and -ast endings:
fort, fortare, fortast fast, faster, fastest
ofta, oftare, oftast often, more of ten, most often
Vnit 9 283
Like the adjectives a few adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative
forms. They are very frequent and you already know several of them.
Note that adverbs that end in -en and -tvis have no comparative or superlative
forms.
eVE
Stadshote l I et I i gger n ra
nrmare
lngre
Vnit 9
CUE
me r
Maten smakar alltid nr man Mr hungrig. b ra
bttre
n rma re
h e II re
CUE
Viveka sitter utgngen. Viveka is (sitting) the n ra
clasest to the exit.
n rmast
Jag kan komma klockan tolv. tidigt
tidigast
Unit 9 285
eVE
bst
fortast
mest
Bo v i I l e g hem. grna
helst
minst
Unit 9
If an adjective comes before a noun in Swedish, the word preceding and modi-
fying the adjective wiLL influenee the form of both the adjective and the noun.
There are three different patterns, depending on whether the modifying word is:
Unit 9 287
If i na husen l
J. Definite form of the adjective and indefinite form of the noun
Unit 9
Note: Den hr (det hr, de hr) and denna (detta, dessa) both mean "this"
("these~oenna (detta, dessa) is used more in the written language.
Den hr (det hr, de hr) is followed by the noun in the definite form while
denna (detta, dessa) is foZZowed by the noun in the indefinite form. If
an--Qdjective precedes the noun, the adjective takes the definite form in
both cases.
Examples:
Den hr nya boken. Denna nya bok.
This new book. This new book.
Det hr nya bordet Detta nya bord.
This new table. -- This new table.
De hr nya bckerna. Dessa nya bcker.
These new books-.--- These new book~
Unit 9 289
en dag
vacker
ett hus
vackert
ett ta I
vackert
en ingng
vacker
V i I ken utsikt!
vacker
ett sdant ba rn
vackert
ingen pojke
vacker
aJIa flickor
vackra
en annan sevrdhet
vacker
Unit 9
Practice P. This time we'tt practice adjectives + nouns in the definite form
from Group 2. Use the adjective ~.
eUE
den, b i I
Unit 9 291
PY'actice Q. Let's now look at Group 3. This is a pT'actice on the use of the
possessives followed by an adjective and a noun. Vsing the wOY'ds given in the
cue co lumn, make a phrase with the aPPY'opriate possessive and the correct
fOT'm of the adjective and noun.
eVE
v i, b r u n, s ko r
Unit 9
Practice R. Now for a really challenging mixed practice with the three groups
together so that you get used to their differences. Put the cue adjective and
the cue noun in their eorrect forms in the blank spaees in all three groups~
reading aeross the page. Work on this practice until you can do it automa-
ticaHy.
en den min f I n, bi I
--- ---
f i n bi I f i na b i I en fina b i I
de hr v ra
Vnit 9 293
tv de hr e ra I i ten, garderob
al I a de d r v ra duktig, man
---
duktiga m n duktiga mnnen duktiga mn
Unit 9
Practice s. No~ a mixed practice ~ith many examples from all three groups.
Where there is a personal pronoun or a name~ ohange it into a possessive.
eUE
Unit 9 295
CUE
Unit 9
UNIT 10
GETTING READY FOR AN EVENING OUT
Basic Sentences
Margi t: 3. But Johan! "Miss Julie" is Nej men Johan! De ger ju "Frken Jul ie".
being given. Don't you remem- Kommer du inte ihg det? *
ber that?
memory minne -t -n
Zately p sista tiden
Johan: 4. Of course. My memory has been Javisst ja. Mitt minne har varit lite
a bit poor Zate"Ly. dligt p sista tiden.
Unit 10 297
Unit 10
to forge t a tt g I mma, 2 a
forget (imperative) glm
before innan
late sen -t -a
Margit: 9. Yes~ that is close and con- Ja, det I igger ju nra och bra. Glm
venien t. Don't forge t to inte att ringa och bestlla bord innan
caZZ and reserve a table be- det bl ir fr sent.
fore it's too late.
comfortable skn -t -a
work arbete -t -n
Johan: 10. No~ I'lZ do that. How nice Nej, det ska jag gra. Vad sknt att
that tomorrow is Saturday det r lrdag imorgon och att jag inte
and that Idon't have to go behver g ti II arbetet. J\
to work.
wonderful underbar -t -a
re ady klar -t -a
Johan: 12. Yes~ darZing. You are wonder- Ja, lskl ing, du r underbar. r
ful. Is the coffee ready? kaffet klart?
Unit 10 299
hair hr -et Ql
beauty parLor (hair dresser) hrfrisrsk/a -an -or
15. I don't have time. I must go J a g h a r i nt e t i d J a g m s t e g t i I I
to the beauty parLor before hrfrisrskan fre teatern.
the theater.
past frbi
to aLose att stnga, 2a
to hurry att skynda sig, I
Johan: 16. Yes, I'U drive by. I hope Ja, jag ska kra frbi. Jag hoppas ~tt de
they don't aLose before Bix inte stnger fre klockan sex. Nu mste
o'aLoak. Now I've got to jag skynda mig. *
hurry.
Uni t 10
Unit 10 301
Margi t: 2:3. Mrs. OLsson. Is she free then? Fru Olsson. r hon ledig d?
Uni t 10
UNIT 10
la. From now on we will indicate which conjugation each new verb belongs to by placing
a number after the verb instead of giving the endings.
First aonjugation: I
Second aonjugation with -de ending: 2a
Seaond aonjugation with -te ending: 2b
Third conjugation: 3
Fourth aonjugation: 4
However, we will aontinue to aonjugate the irregular verbs of the fourth oon-
jugation.
lb. Dramaten refers to Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern, The Royal Dramatio Theater.
3b. De ger "Frken Julie". Att ge (to give) is often used in the sense "to show"
with regard to films, plays and other performanaes.
Example: De ger en bra f i Im p teve ikvll.
They are showing a good movie on TV tonight.
Unit 10 303
lOb. ... att man inte behver. In a subo~dinate clause same adve~bs p~ecede the ve~b .
The most common ones a~e: Inte, alltid, aldrig, kanske. We will p~actice this
usage late~ on.
17. kl om. When om is a ve~b pa~ticle and is st~essed the verb takes on the meaning
of changing or ~epeating.
21. tvttning. Shampoo used fo~ washing you~ hai~ is called schampo.
22. fru Larsson. The haird~esser addresses her custome~ in the third person. This
used to be a standard fo~m of add~ess in Sweden until a few years ago. You still
hea~ it. especially in impersonal ~elation8hip8.
Unit 10
UNIT 10
Points to Praatiae
Unit 10 305
Uni t 10
Here is a list of some of the most common Swedish verbs that are often reflexive.
As you notice, same of them occur in our Basic Sentences.
Practice A. Insert the correct form of the reflexive verb given in the cue.
Vse the past tense.
eVE
J ag innan jag tvtta sig, kl sig
knde sig
Vnit 10 307
eVE
gifte oss
satte sig
brydde dig om
frlovade dig
rakade sig
Vnit 10
eVE
Hunden J ga rde rob en. gmma sig
gmde sig
lade sig
skyndade sig
satte sig
Practice B. This is a translation practice. Cover the leJt part of the page
and check your answers as you go. Think of the verb tenses.
eVE
Alan is getting married tomorrow.
eVE
vnit 10
You have already learned about and practiced some auxiliary (helping) verbs
in the previous Units. In this unit we are expanding the list of helping
verbs. These verbs are followed by an infinitive without att. The auxiliary
verb is conjugated, the infinitive remains the same.
Uni t 10 311
Nate that the helping vepb mste is not conjugated. It is uH~d only in the
ppesent and past tenses and pemains the same. The supine fopm mst is papely
used. lr is used only in the ppesent tense.
In this Unit we ape also intpoducing sevepal fpequently used vepbs that behave
like helping vepbs without peally being tpue auxiliapies. They also ppecede
an infinitive without att. Repe is a list of some of these vepbs:
Unit 10
Att komma att + infinitive is a way of expressing future time. See Unit 2,
paragraph 2? This expression always takes att in front of the infinitive.
Practice C. Now we'll practice the use of the auxiliary verbs and verbs that
hehave similarly. Put the verbs given in the aue in the rast tense. Remember
that all verbs following the helping verb are in the infinitive form. Be sure
to read aloud so that you beaome aaaustomed to the way it sounds.
CUE
brukade
vi t le
Unit 10 313
eVE
borde
Karin visste inte att Bo komma s snart. ska
s ku I I e
De ta klockan elva. br j a
brjade
frskte
brukade
s ku I I e mste
slapp
hann
Johan kra frbi kemtvtten p hemvgen. tnka
tnkte
Unit 10
Remember that adverbs in a main clause come af ter the verb. In the case of a
helping verb plus a main verb J the adverb comes right after the helping verb J
that is bet~een the helping verb and the main verb. This is not an exception:
the pule is that the adverb comes after the conjugated verb.
Practice D. This is a mixed practice using auxiliary verbs J verbs that be have
similarlyJ and ordinary verbs ~hich keep att in front of the infinitive. Fill
in the spaces with the cue verbs in the proper form. Vse the present tense.
eVE
Johan ti" Lund imorgon. tnka, kra
tnker kra
vi I I ta p sig
frsker lsa
Uni t 10 315
eVE
Pojken en leksak. b e, f
ber att f
behver pminna
brukar best I I a
br ta
CUE
tycker om att g
Det b ra. k o mm a a t t, b I I
kommer att b I l
vgar flyga
Man inte bi I stockholm. behva, kunna, kra
behver kunna kra
Unit 10 31 ?
As you see in the ohart, the imperative form of the verbs of the firat conju-
gation is identiaal to the infinitive.
In all the other oonjugations (2a and 2b, 3rd and 4th) the stem is used for the
imperative fOl'm.
Unit 10
Nate: In the third conjugation and also in the case of some of the fourth
conjugation verbs, the stem and the infinitive form are identical.
Practice E. This praotioe deals with the imperative forms of all four conju-
gations. Put the cue verbs in the imperative form.
eVE
Vnta
med en lkare! tala
Tala
s god och vara, sItta
Va r sitt
Hmta
Frga
Bo
Sy
Unit 10 319
eVE
mi g ! AI I t k o mm e r a t t b I i b r a . tro
Tro
inte n! g
G
snll och svenska! vara, tala
Va r tala
Ring
mig boken! ge
Ge
Glm
Stng
Unit 10
eUE
Kp
i nte s mycket! rka
Rk
p det! tnka
Tnk
med oss ti I I Mysinge! fa ra
Fa r
Kom
Stt dig
plats innan tget gr! ta<gaJ
Ta<gJ
Unit 10 321
English speaking students sometimes confuse d and sedan be cause both of these
words transl-ate into the Engl-ish "then." What you must remember is that seda~
means "afterwards," "after that."
Example: Frst tvttade han sig och sen rakade han sig.
~
~l .
First he washed and then he-shaved. ~"
,I -o
, ,
D means "at that time, /I "in that case." 1'f~ .
Exampl-es: Vi trffades fr tv r sen. D bodde han i Rom.
We met two years ago. Then hewaB l-iving in Rome.
r klockan redan sex? D mste vi g.
Is it six o'clock al-ready? Then we 'Il have to go.
Johan och Margit satt och t frukost kket. ringde det p telefonen.
Sverige.
Unit 10
Answer to Fractice F.
Johan och Margit satt och t frukost i kket. D ringde det p telefonen.
Sedan flyttade han och Margit ti II New York och sedan for de ti Ilbaka tl II
Sverige.
Unit 10 323
Fre I n na n
Hon kpte en ny klnning fre resan. Hon kpte en ny klnning innan hon reste.
She bought a new dress before the trip. She bought a new dress before she left.
Det var nstan mrkt fre regnet. Det var nstan mrkt innan dei brjade regna.
It was almost dark before the rain. It was almost dark before it started to rain.
Pressattachen hade lst om Sverige fre sin Pressattachen hade lst om Sverige innan han
resa ti II Stockholm. for ti II Stockholm.
The press attache had read about Sweden before The press attache had read about Sweden before
his trip to Stockholm. he left for Stockholm.
Han gick ut med hunden fre frukost. Han gick ut med hunden innan han t frukost.
He took the dog out before breakfast. He took the dog out before he had breakfast.
Unit 10
Practice G. This is a mixed praatice on fre and innan. Insert the coprect
word in the blank spaces.
innan
fre
ni gr mste ni skriva era namn I boken.
Innan
fre
innan
fre
i nna n
K p e n t i d n i n g r d u s n I I , de stnger.
innan
Huset mste bl frdigt den frsta jul j.
fre
Unit 10 325
innan
fre
fre
Uni t 10
UNIT 11
Basic Sentences
Bengt: 1. Hi. Thanks for an exception- Hej p dig. Tack fr sist. Det
ally nice evening last Monday. var en ovanl igt trevl ig kvll
mndags. *
succes8 fu l Iycka/d -t -de
nervous ne rvs -t -a
each other, one another varandra ~varann)
Fred: 2. Yes, it turned out all right. Ja, det blev ganska lyckat. Man
You are always a little ner- r ju alltid lite nervs nr gsterna
VOU8 when the guests don't inte knner varann.
know each other.
Uni t 11 327
Uni t 11
India I n d Ie n
united fren/ad -at -ade
nation nation -en -er
united Nations (U. N.) Frenta Nationerna (F.N.)
9. Now they are going to India in Nu ska de fara ti II I ndi en om ett
a coup le of months. Bill is par mnader. B i II ska arbeta fr
going to work for the United Frenta Nationerna (F.N.). *
Nations (U. N.).
Unit 11 329
apparently tydligen
foreigner utlnning -en -ar
Fred: 14. Yes, I noticed that. There Ja, jag mrkte det. Det finns tyd-
are apparently many foreign- ligen mnga utlnningar hr I SverIge.
ers here in Sweden.
Uni t 11
Fred: 18. How oan you find work i f you Hur kan man f arbete om man r ut-
are a foreigner and don't lnning och inte kan sprket? *
know the language?
Unit 11 331
Scandinavia Skandinavien
thousands tusentals
Bengt: 22. WeLL, they have Lived in Scan- Ja, men de har bott I Skandinavien
dinavia for thousands of years. i tusentals r.
Fred: 23. How many Lapps are there in Hur mnga lappar finns det I
Swe den? Sverige?
Fred: 25. Can you Bay Bomething in Kan du sga ngot p lapska?
LappiBh?
difficult svr -t -a
Bengt: 26. No, it's a very difficuLt NeJ, det r ett mycket svrt sprk.
language.
village by -n -ar
Lapp vi Zlage lappby -n -ar
Fred: 2? I'd like to see a Lapp Jag skulle grna vilja se en lappby
village 80me time. ngon gng.
Uni t 11
while medan
29. Listen, are you going to Hr du, tnker du resa mycket medan
travel a lot while you are du r hr?
here.
Uni t 11 333
Unit 11
VNIT 11
Nates on Hasia Sentences
1b. Tack fr sist (also: tack fr senast). S~edes have a number of special phrases
to expreBS gratitude.
Example s: Tack fr maten (af ter a meal).
Tack fr ikv\ I (af ter a nice evening).
Tack fr igr (for yeBterdaY'B party).
Tack fr hjlpen (for the aBBiBtanae).
Tack detsamma (thank you~ the same to you).
6. Hon r fdd. Notice that S~ediBh useB present tenBe where English uses past tense
(she was born). As long as a person is still living you have to say r fdd.
9. Frenta Nationerna. In some names containing the word frenade. the ending
-ade has been contraated to -ta.
Example: Frenta Staterna {the United Statesj.
Uni t 11 JJ5
11. Fyrtio grader varmt. Only the oentigrade scale is used in Sweden. When talking
about the temperature outside the words varmt or kallt are used to indicate
whether the temperature is above zero or below zero Celsius or centigrade.
Examples: Det r tv grader varmt. (It's two degreea above zero.)
Det r tio grader kallt. (It's ten degrees below zero.)
13. Brytning is a person's foreign accent. (The Swedish word accent mean8 8tre88 or
stress marker.) Note that the indefinite article is left out.
18a. UtlnnIng. The indefinite article is dropped before nouns denoting profe8sions~
occupations. nationalities J religious and philosophical affiliations. Utlnning
(foreigner) is included in this rule. Gf. Unit 3 J Note 6a.
l8b. Kan sprket. Att kunna ett sprk means to know a language. Att kunna + a noun
means "to know"J "to have learned" .
Examptes: Kan du lxan? (Do you know your homework?)
Kan du multipl ikationstabellen? (Do you know your multiplication tables?)
Jag kan reglerna. (I know the rules.)
Unit 11
20. En mi nori tet ti II. Ti I I following a noun has the meaning of "another," "more, "
"addi tiona L "
Examples: Han kan lsa en bok tl I I. Be can read one more book.
Behver du en dollar till? Do you need another dollar?
Vi II du ha en kopp kaffe ti II? Would you like another cup of coffee?
24. Sitt eget sprk. The adjective egen, eget, egna is an exception to the rule
of using the definite form of the adjective af ter a possessive adjective. Egen
(eget, egna) is used in the indefinite form after a possessive adjective.
25. P lapska. In Swedish the preposition p is used before a language name where
English uses the preposition "in"
32. Vart som helst. Som helst added to certain words has the meaning "any" ("it doesn't
matter") .
Unit 11 337
UNIT 11
Points to Practice
Point I: Man
Unit 11
Swedish uses the indefinite pronoun man very frequently where English uses
a personal pronoun or a noun, such as "you, we, they, people, one."
Example: Man fr inte rka var som helst. (You may not smoke just anywhere.J
Try to get into the habit of using man by doing the folZowing translation
practice.
Practice A. Translation.
Uni t 11 339
Man has an objective form~ en, as well as two possessive forms~ ens, sin
(sitt, sina). The same rule applies in this case as in the use of~ns----sin,
hennes - sin, deras - sin. (See Unit 5, Point Ic.)
We will only give you a few examples of en, ens, sin (sitt, sina)~ since
the objective and possessive forms of man are not used very often.
Unit 11
The adverbial time expressions in Swedish need some extra attention. Let's
first look at some expressions which you are already familiar with:
In all these examples the preposition ( is used. However, the re are other
expressions where you use the preposit7on~. To make i t easier for you to
sort out these different uses we are giving you a table of time expressions.
The expressions in the table all answer the question Nr? (when?).
When you look at the table you will notice that the names of the seasons,
the holidays. the days of the week and the months are not capitalized in
Swedish.
WHEN?
Unit 11 341
WHEN?
Arstider (seasons)
vinter (winter) vintras vinter vinter p vintern
p vintrarna
Helger (hoLidays)
Unit 11
WHEN?
Unit 11 343
Mnader (months)
o o o IJ o
unit 11
Practice B. Dur first practice will cover only time expressions dealing with
the seasons and the holidays. Remember that your choice of expressian depends
on whether you are speaking about the past, the present, the future, or some-
thing habitual. Use the proper form of the aue word and fill in the blank.
eVE
for vi ti II en lappby. Last winter we went to vinter
a Lapp vi Llage.
I vintras
sommar
p sommaren (p somrarna)
p hsten (p hstarna)
pskas
p pingsten
for vi till Dalarna. j uI
I julas
p julen
UnU 11 345
Practice e. This practice will deal with expressions concerning the days of
the week. Vse the proper form of the cue words and fill in the blanks.
eVE
p sndagarna
Unit 11
Ohi
Paketet kom fr en timme sedan. The package arrived one hour ago.
Practice D. This is a practice on Q0 and fr ... sedan. Note the verb tense
and choose the right preposition.
eVE
Han gick Re lejt an hour ago. en timme
tr en timme sedan
Unit 11 34 ?
eVE
tr mnga r sedan
om tv dagar
fr en vecka sedan
Vi ska tara hem en halvtimme
om en halvtimme
Nate: In time expressions the preposition etter is used when EngLish uses
the preposition Hafter, H that is to indicate eLapsed time.
Unit 11
HOW OFTEN?
3. All the time expressions we have dealt with 80 fa~ answe~ the question
"when?" Now we will look at the time exp~essions used in answel' to the
question "How often?" In anSWe~ to "how often?" the p~epositions l and
om are used.
sekunden
l
minuten
timmen
veckan
m~naden
----
Example8: ett ord i sekunden one word aseeond
sextio ord i minuten sixty words aminute
ttio ki lometer l timmen eighty kilometers an hour
en g ng i veckan onee a week
tv gnger i m~naden twiee a month
om
{ ~t
~ ret
Uni t 11 349
Fractice E. This is a practice with mixed time expressions using i and om.
Fill in the blank with the correct preposition and the right form of the-Cue
word.
eUE
Patienten tog medicinen fyra gnger The patient took the dag
medicine four times
om dagen a day.
veckan
i timmen
mnaden
om ret
Unit 11
eUE
om dagen
om ret
minuten
HOW LONG?
4. We have talked about time exppessions answeping the questions "when?" and
"how o[ten?" Now let's look at time exppessions answeping the question
"how long?" In English the time ppeposition in this case is "[op." In
Swedish I is used in an a[[ipmative statement. ~ top a negative one.
Exa mp l e s : Vi ha r var i t i St o c k h o I m I f e m da g a r
We have been in Stockholm-for five days.
Jag har inte sett henne ~ tre r.
I have not seen hep fop thpee yeaps.
Uni t 11 351
VI bodde Skvde t i o r.
Unit 11
HOW FAST?
5. When the time expression answers the question "how fast (can something be
done)?" Swedish uses the preposition ~.
Unit 11 353
Uni t 11
J. The word for the female is often the same as for the language.
4. The nationality nouns and adjectives are declined according to the rules
that are applicable to other nouns and adjectives.
Examples: (nouns) fransysk/a -an -or; svensk -en -ar; fransman -neo, fransmn
Unit 11 355
l tysk
ry s k
tysk
~
tyska
rys ka
tyska
rys ka
If you study this ehart earefully you will notiee that eertain patterns emerge.
Note: The plural of the maseuline noun is used for people in general of that partieular
nationality .
Examples: Svenskarna dricker mycket kaffe. The Swedes drink a lot of eoffee.
Engelsmnnen kr p vnster sida. The English drive on the left.
Unit 11
polacker
Lars talar I ta Il en
i tal i enska
Louise r Frankrike
fransyska
svenska
spanjorskor
Vi trffade en trevlig Norge
no rrman
Det r inte svrt att lsa Danmark
danska
Uni t 11 3ti7
eVE
engelsmnnen tyska
finlndare svenska
spanjor italienska
eVE
franska
Han krde en bi I I ta I I en
italiensk
Unit 11
eVE
engelska
no rs k t
amerikanska
spansk
Practice r. The cue in this practice gives you the nationa~ity. You have to
give the appropriate country (sometimes in the possessive form).
eVE
Kpenhamn r huvudstad. eopenhagen is the capital da ns k
of Denmal'k.
Danmarks
Grekland
Unit 11 359
CUE
Frankrike
huvudstad heter Oslo. norrman
No rg es
Now you can talk about all the trips you have
taken and plan to take and all the interesting
people you have met.
Uni t 11
UNIT 12
SOCIAL GATHERINGS
Basic Sentences
Jane: 3. Yes, speaking. Hi Asa. How Ja, det r det. Hej Asa. Hur har
are things with you? (plur.J n i d et?
first frst
foremost frmst
first of aH frst och fr~mst
to thank att tacka,
late sen -t -a
latest senast
Asa: 4. Fine, thanks. First of all I Tack bra. Frst och fr~mst vi I I jag
want to thank you for the tacka dig fr senast.
(very) enjoyable) evening at
your house.
Unit 12 361
Jane: 5. It was so nice to have you Tack sjlv. Det var s trevligt att
here. ha er hr. *
afraid rdd 11 -a
too fr
to get (Bomeone) to leave att f Ivag; fr, fick, ftt, 4
8. I' m afraid we stayed too langs Jag r rdd att vi stannade fr lnge,
but I couldn't get Johan to men jag kunde inte f ivg Johan.
leave.
fun roi ig -t -a
to enjoy att tycka att ngot r roi 19t; 2b
to discUSB Jto have a dis- att d i skutera , I
cussion
9. Be enjoys having a discuBsion Han tycker att det r s roi Igt att
with Mike. diskutera med Mike. *
Uni t 12
terrible hemsk -t -a
terribly hemskt
I'd love to hemskt grna
Jane: 13. I'd love to. You know how I Hemskt grna, Asa. Du vet hur roligt
enjoy meeting Swedish people. ~ag tycker det r att trffa svenskar.
Are they old friends of yours? Ar det gamla vnner ti I I dig? "
Unit 12 363
Jane: 17. What time should I come? Hur dags ska jag komma?
Unit 12
yet nnu
husband 3 man man, mannen, mn
Karin: 24. Hello J MT's. White. This is Goddag, Mrs. White. Det hr r Karin
Karin Lindgren. We haven't Lindgren. VI har inte trffats nnu,
met yet 3 but OUT' husbands men vra mn knner varandra.
know each other.
Unit 12 365
25. I'm calling to ask if you Jag ringer fr att frga om ni skulle
could come for dinner at kunna komma p middag ti I loss den
our house on September 18th. 18:de september.
as faT' as svitt
of course frsts
to cheok att kolla, l
27. Yes, that's fine. as faT' aB I Ja, det passar utmrkt, svitt jag
can see. But I must, of kan se. Men jag mste frsts kolla
cOUY'se. check with Bill. med B i I I.
majaT' ma j o r - e n - e r
30. Major BeT'ggT'en and his wife Major Berggren och hans fru kommer
are also coming. They live ocks. De bor p Banergatan 14.
on BaneT'gatan, number 14.
Unit 12
Karin: 33. I hore it's all right with him Jag hoppas att det passar honom
too. so that we will see both ocks, s att vi tfJr se er bda
of you on the 18th. Goodbye. den 18:de. Adj d och vl komna.
We're looking forward to see-
ing you.
Unit 12 367
You may be invited by aard (in which case you accept or regret by card. unless otherwise
indicated). or by a telephone call from the host or hostess. A reminder card then
usually follows.
At this point we will describe a typical formal dinner party, in Swedish with an accom-
panying word list. This will be reading/ listening practice only. It is not intended
for memorization.
Bordet r dukat t i l l fest med blommor och ljus. Placeringskort visar var gsterna ska
sitta. Det ligger ocks en plan ver bordsplaceringen i hallen. Vrden och vrdinnan
Unit 12
tar emot i vardagsrummet. Alla anlnder punkt! igt, mnga med en blombukett, en choklad-
ask eller ngon I iten present. Det gller srski It om de r gster i hemmet fr frsta
gngen. Under hgst en halvtimme dricker gsterna en cocktai I. Sedan kommer serverings-
hjlpen och talar om att middagen r serverad. Vrden gr frst i n ti II bordet med den
in sist med den manliga hedersgsten, som sitter t i l l vnster om henne (till skillnad
mot seden i mnga lnder). Vrden hlsar gsterna vlkomna med det frsta glaset vin.
Unit 12 :569
(Ingen dricker vin dessfrinnan.) En manlig gst sklar under middagen med sin bordsdam
ti II hger, senare med damen ti Il vnster och damen mitt emot. Han sklar ocks med
sin hustru. Vrdinnan sklar med alla gsterna. Dremot sklar ingen med henne utom
vid tacktalet (eller om det r frre n tta personer vid bordet). Man kan frsts ocks
dricka utan att skla med ngon. Vid slutet av mltiden hller den manliga hedersgsten
ett I i tet tackta I Vrdinnan och hedersgsten lmnar bordet frst. Vrden och hans bords-
dam gr ut sist. vardagsrummet gr gsterna fram ti I I vrdinnan, tar i hand och tackar
fr maten. I Sverige sger gsterna adj ti I J vrdfolket innan de tar p sig ytterkl-
derna.
Unit 12
Dagen efter bjudningen r det uppskattat om man ringer och "tackar fr igr," eller skriver
och tackar. Man kan ocks skicka blommor med ett tackkort dagen efter bjudningen Istllet
fr att ta med blommorna ti II middagen. Det artigaste och mest formella r att skicka
blommor ti I I vrdinnan p frmiddagen samma dag som bjudningen. Svenskarna sger dess-
att uppskatta,
to appreeiate
tackkort -et -0
thank you note
artig -t -a
polite
formel I -t -a
formal
Unit 12 3?1
Karin &
Lars: 34. Hello. How nice that you Goddag. Vlkomna! S trevligt
could come together. att ni kunde gra sllskap.
Karin: 35. Thank you. What beautiful Tack. Vilka vackra blommor!
f towers !
Bi ll: 37. No~ I don't believe we have Nej, jag tror inte vi har trffats.
met.
press attache~
information pressattache -n -er
officer
Lars: 38. Mr. and Mrs. White~ Dr. Muller. Mr. och Mrs. White. Det hdr r
He is the press attache at the Dr. Muller. Han r pressattach
German Embass y. p tyska ambassaden.
Uni t 12
Later'
cheers skl
44. We hope that you will like it Vi hoppas att ni kommer att trivas
in Sweden and that we will see i Sverige och att vi kan f se er
you many times her'e at our mnga gnger hr hemma hos oss. --
house. -- Cheers! S k I !
Uni t 12 373
Later
Karin: 47. Dr. Muller, may I toast you? Dr. MUller, fr jag skla med er?
49. And now I'm going to try to Och nu ska jag sjlv frska flja
follow one of them myself for en av dem fr frsta gngen.
the first time.
unit 12
honor dra -n 0
to turn att vnda, 2a
lovely, charming frtjusande -0 -0
50. As you see J I' m the one who Jag dr ju den som har ran att f
has the honor of giving the h I I a t a c kt a I e t . F r s t v i I I j a g
thank you speech. First I vnda mig ti I I vr frtjusande
want to turn to our lovely vrdinna.
hostess.
Unit 12 375
Upon Ieaving
Mary: 54. Good-night and thank you fo~ Godnatt och tack fr en mycket trev-
a ve~y nice evening. I i g kv I I .
Karin: 55. Don't mentian it. It was so Tack sjlv. Det var s roi igt att
nice mee ting you. I hope we' Il trffa er. Jag hoppas vi ses snart
see you again, soon. igen.
Unit 12
UNIT 12
You have to try to judge for yourself which phrase is the most appropriat~
one in a given situation.
7. Jttetrevlig -t -a. Jtte- (giant) is a prefix used with adjeatives and adverbs
in colloquial speech to express the meaning of uvery , u or Uextremely. u It is
also used with nouns to give the same kind of meaning.
Examples: jttebra super
jttedi Ig extremely bad
ett jttefretag a giant corporation
The clasest English equivaZent is usuper, u but note that jtte- is used to
emphasize something negative as weZl as positive.
Examples: Trtan r jttegod.
The eake is super.
Unit; 12 377
9. Han tycker det r s roi igt (he enjoys). There are many ways of expressing
"to enjoy" in Swedish.
Tyckte du om fi Imen
Did you enjoy the movie?
Trivs ni i Sverige?
Are you enjoying your stay in Sweden?
12. Stycken. Swedish often adds stycken when a numeral (higher than one)
stands alone~ without a noun.
13. Hemskt grna conveys the same meaning as the English expression "I'd love to."
Att lska (to love) is usually reserved for romance.
18. VId halv ett-tiden (around 12:3J). Idiomatic way of expressing approximate time.
21. Mr. och Mrs. Swedes often use Mr. and Mrs. (instead of herr och fru) in front
of an English name.
41a. Varsgoda (here plur.) means "please~" when you offer a person something (to eat
or to go ahead of you through a door~ etc.)~ or "here you are~ n when you hand
something to someone.
Unit 12
41b. TIll bords. This is an ord form which is still in use in certain e:cpressions,
meaning "to the table," or "at the table." There are other Bimilazo e:cpzoessionB:
t i I I havs at sea
t i l l sjss at sea
tl I I sngs in bed
ti I I fots on foot
t i II skogs to the woods
42. Hjrtl igt. Swedes often use ofrms of the word hJrtlig (heazotyJ to give certain
expressions a little more emphasis.
Examples: Hjrtl igt vlkommen Welcome
Hjrtl iga gratulationer Congratulations
Hjrtl igt tack Many thanks
52. Now we 'll give you a few more examples of the Swedish "thank you speech. "
As you'll see there are many forms, from the very formal to the most informal.
It can be flowery, eloquent, slightly silly, long or brief and to the point.
A personal nate or anecdote is always very nice. Hut most appreciated is the
fact that you know about this custom and that you follow it even if it only
means that you stand up, turn to your hostess and say: Tack fr en underbar
middag. Skl fr vrdinnan. You may want to use our examples 01' borrow portions
of them or, better yet, make up your own speeeh.
Unit 12 379
Herr Z: (knows the host and hostess well and has an anecdote to tell, which you
will supply yoursetf)
Herr : (wants to express his thanks to the host and hostess as a team)
Ni har vl alla sett den dr vl- You have probably all seen that
knda rekl amen fr danskt l. Den famous ad for Danish beer. One
ena dansken sger ti I I den andra: Dane says to the other: "Tell
"Hr du, nr smakar det hr let me, when does this beer taste the
bst?" Och den andra dansken best?" And the other Dane anSWers:
svarar: "Alltid." Jag sger "Always." I ask the same about
detsamma om Lindgrens fester: Nr the Lindgrens' parties: When
r det trevligast att g pA kalas is the best time to go to a party
ti II Karin och Lars; r det p at Karin and Lars'; is it at
midsommaren, krftkalaset, jul- Midsummer, at the crayfish party,
festen eli er den I i Ila torsdags- Christmas party or the little Thurs-
middagen? Svaret bl ir frsts: day dinner. The answer is, of course:
Alltid. Jag r sker p att ni Always. I' m sure that you
Unit 12
alla hller med mig om det. Karin aLL agree ~ith me. Karin and
och Lars, ni har lyckats igen. Lars Jyou did it again. Thanks
Tack fr en underbart god middag. for a marveLous dinner. A toast
Skl fr Karin och Lars. to Karin and Lars.
Herr : (doesn't want to repeat what he said last time and oan't think of
anything new so he jokes a little)
Ja, har man haft det s trevl igt Well, i f you have had an evening
som jag har haft det ikvll, tit as marvelous as the one I've had,
s god mat och haft en s frtju- eaten food as good, and had a table
sande bordsdam som jag har haft, partner as charming as mine, namely
nmligen vrdinnan sjlv, ja d the hostess, well, then you 're
r man p ett snt strlande gott in such a good mood that such a
humr att en sdan lIten olycka little mishap doesn't matter at
inte spelar ngon roll alls. Kra all. Dear hostess, thanks for a
vcirdinna, tack fr en strlande splendid and delightful dinner.
god och trev I i g m i ddag. Lt oss Let's toast the hostess. Cheers!
skla fr vrdinnan. Skl! Tack! Thank you!
Unit 12
UNIT 12
Points to ppactice
Uni t 12
383
Framfr (in front of), Bakom (behind), Bredvid (beside~ next to)
are- also used simi larly ---:rnthe two languages .
Unit 12
Unit 12 385
ver
under
De s to d trdet (the tree) nr det regnade.
under
ve r
Unit 12
387
framfr
framfr
bakom
Bakom
t ramfr
Det sitter alltid en dam med en stor hatt mig p bio (the movies).
framfr
bredvid
framfr
Unit 12
Sam r Amerika.
Uni t 12
389
Boken lg ldan.
Unit 12
Th e p r e p o s i t i o n p (i n t h e s e n s e o f 1/ t o, 1/ 1/ i n, 1/ or 1/ at 1/) is U8 e d wi t h p ub l i c
buildings.
Examples: att g p bio (to go to the movies)
att g p teatern
att studera p unlversltet(et)
att arbeta p amerikanska ambassaden
att jobba (aolloq. to work) p kontor
att ta p restaurang
att I igga p sjukhus (to be in the hospital)
Examples: p bio
p teatern
p operan (at the opera)
p konsert
p nattkl ubb
p museum
p restaurang
p kurs
p universitet(et)
p kontor
p ambassaden
p middag
p sjukhus(et)
p college
l kyrkan
i skolan
Unit 12 391
p universitetet
Gr ni ofta - - - - - - -? teater
p teatern
Unit 12
eVE
p museum
p restaurang
p konsert
p kontor{etl
p middag
Unit 12 393
Pra~ti~e E. In this mixed pra~ti~e you will have a chance to see i f you can
use all the prepositions of place the way the Swedes do. Use the prepositions
p, i, hos, till, mellan, bredvid, framfr, bakom, under, ver.
G r d u kyrkan?
me I I an
hos
t II I
Unit 12
<p} under
framfr
t III
Damen med den stora hatten satte sig mig, s jag sg ingenting.
framfr
varje stor man finns en kvinna.
Bakom
Unit 12
395
You have already been introduced, in Unit 3, to the most genera~ ru~e concern-
ing the p~acement of the adverb -- af ter the verb. However, some Swedish ad-
verbs move around, depending on the type of clause they are in and the type
of verb they function with. They are ca~~ed vandrande adverb (roaming
adverbs). We wi~l concentrate on three of the most common of these "roaming
adverbs," inte, alltid, and aldrig.
Nain Clauses
In main clauses the adverb comes immediate~y after the conjugated verb.
(Cf. unit 3, Points to Practice III.)
Du fr aldrig rka.
You may never smoke.
In main clauses where the subject and verb are reversed the adverb come s
immediately af ter the subject. (Cf. Unit 3, Points to Practice III.)
Hr fr du inte rka.
Here you may not smoke.
Uni t 12
Unit 12
397
Subordinate ctauses
In subordinate ctauses the "roaming" adverb comes belore the conjugated verb.
INr Evas man inte r hemm3, lagar hon lnte sA mycket mat.
When Eva's hus band is not at home she doesn't cook so much.
Uni t 12
Note: You can distinguish a subordinate clause from a main alause by the aon-
junation that introduaes the clause.
fr for, because
men but
och and
s so
uta n but (af ter a negative statementJ
att that
d when
d since
drfr att beaause
eftersom since
fast(n) although
fr att in order to
frrn before, until.
innan before
medan while
n r when
om if
sedan af ter
s att so tha t
t i I Is until
trots att in spite (of the faet thatJ
Unit 12
399
With the exception of inte, "roaming adverbs" usuaZZy pZace no specific Zimit
on the duration or kind of action expressed by the verb. Here is a partiaZ
Zist of other "roaming adverbs:"
ofta knappast (hardZy)
redan mj I i g en
s na rt s ke rt
sllan (seZdom) troligtvis
antag I i gen (probabZy) van I i gtv i s
b a ra verkl igen
grna tminstone (at least)
kanske
Gr du p teatern? aldrig
Gr du aldrig p teatern?
L e nn a r t v i I I j n t e k p a e n n y b i I
Unit 12
eVE
Uni t 12
401
Uni t 12
CUE
Johan, som brukar vara punktl 19, kom tio minuter fr sent. a I It i d
Jag frstr, att du har hft tid att lsa tidningen knappast
J ag frstr, att du knappast har haft tid att lsa tidningen.
Unit 12
403
Praotioe H. This is a mixed practioe. You will have to determine whether the
adverb given in the oue is a "roaming adverb" or not. Plaoe the adverbs given
in the oue in the sentenoe on the left. If the sentenee consists of two clauses
there will be an adverb for each one.
eUE
Jag tror, att Perssons ska resa ti II Uppsala. inte, Idag
Gsta, som tycker om att resa, mste fara ti II USA. i nte, kanske
Gsta, som i nte tycker om att resa, mste kanske fara tl II USA.
Jag har velat tala om fr dig, att vi ska flytta. inte, antagligen
Jag har inte velat tala om fr dig, att vi antagligen ska flytta.
Jag kan knappast hra, fr han talar inte s hgt. (See Unit 8, Nate 18b.)
eVE
Tror du, att han hller med sin vn? verkl igen, alltid
Unit 12
405
Point III. Praatiae r. As we mentioned in the introduation to this Unit we will now
praatice some of the idiomatia or useful expressions that have been underlined
in the text. This is a multiple ahoice exeraise. Only one of the three answers
is appropriate in the given situation. The aorreat answers will be listed at
the end of the praatiae.
a. J us t en minut.
b. Ett gonb I i ck.
a. Hur har ni det?
a. Tack bra.
b. Tack hemskt grna.
c. Tack, det gr detsamma.
4. Situation: You are raising your glass wetaoming your guests at the
dinner tab le.
5. Situation: You are leaving a party, thanking the host and hostess.
a. Tack fr igr.
b. Tack fr maten.
c. Tack fr en mycket trev I i 9 kv II.
Unit 12
7. Situation: You meet your dinner host or hostess a few days after their
party and say:
a. Tack fr senast.
b. D hr jag av mig.
c. Det passar utmrkt.
8. Situation: You are the guest of honor sitting to the left of your hostess.
You might begin a toast in the foZZowing typiaaZ way:
9. Situation: Af ter getting up from the dinner tabZe each guest comes up
to the hostess to say:
a. Tack fr sllskapet.
b. Tack fr en mycket trevl ig kvll.
e. Tack tr maten.
1. b 6. b
2. e 7. a
:5 b 8. b
4. a 9. e
5. e
Uni t 12
407
VI TALAR SVENSKA
Now it's time for some role-playing. Imagine
yourself in various roles, such as friend on
the telephone extending an invitation, friend
accepting an invitation, guest of honor, host
or hos tess.
Uni t 12
UNIT 13
Here we introduae a change from the dialog format of our text to a combination
descriptive text and dialog. We hope you will find it fun and useful. We
also want you to become more ear oriented and see how much you can understand
even when new vocabulary that you have never had is introduced. Try listening
to the tape before looki~ the text. See i f you can get the gist of what
is going on even with the unfamiliar words. Some of the new words may bear
so much resemblanae to English (or another language whiah you may know) that
you can guess at the meaning. Examples: generationer - generations; konduktr -
conductor. Others you may guess at from already knowing one part of a two-
part word. Examples: tidtabell - timetable; platsbi Ijett - reserved seat
ticket. Most probably you will also recognize words that you have learned
from sources other than this book during your weeks of studying Swedish.
Af ter having listened to the tape several times, read the text. All the new
vocabulary is underlined and translated at the end of the text.
You are not expected to memorize the text. however. just to be very familiar
with it.
Note alsa that in this new format asterisks referring to Nates on Basic Sen-
tenaes appeal' next ta the line numbers in which the items explained oacur.
Uni t 13
409
UNIT 13
P vg t i l l landet
2. Lvgrens bor p somrarna i en gammal stuga, som Svante Lvgren har rvt av
4. I i gger p Ut i St o c k ho I ms s k r g r d De t r t I d i gt P I r d a g s mo r g o n e n
7. h I I er p att packa.
11. George: Du r inte klok. Hur ska vi f med alla vra tunga grejer p tunnel-
12. banan?
13. Jl
Anne: Ja, det har du rtt I. Det bl jr nog Inte s ltt. Varfr tar vi
16. Anne: Ha r vi t n kt P a I I t i n 9? G I m i n t e g u mm i s t v I a r n a
18. Anne: Du har v I kpt v i net som v i lovade att ta med oss?
19. George: Ja, det har jag. Tycker du att vi ska ta med ngon present t
20. barnen?
21. Anne: Nej. Pojken kte p lger hromdagen och fl ickan r inte hel ler
22. hemma.
23. George: Vi mste lsa ordentligt och lmna nyckeln hos grannarna.
24. Anne och George tar en taxi ti II Centralen, dr George kper bi Ijetter.
26. George: Tv tur och retur t i II rsta Havsbad. Mste v i kpa p I atsb i I jetter?
27. >\ Mannen: Nej, det r inte ndvndigt p det tget. Men tget gr bara tl l I
Uni t 1J 411
29. Anne: Skynda dig George. Det blir svrt att fi'l plats annars. Tget
37. Havsbad".
38. >l
D vaknar Anne som har somnat. Alla passagerarna stiger av. Framfr sta-
39. >l
tionen vntar en SJ-buss med Arsta Havsbad p skylten. Anne och George stl ler
40. sig kn och brjar leta efter biljetterna som George hittar i rockfickan.
41. Det r fullt med folk p bussen. Den kr genom ett typiskt svenskt landskap
42. med skogar och sjar. Anne tycker att Sverige r vackert. Vid ndhllplatsen
43. tar alla sitt bagage och stiger av. Hr finns bara en kiosk, dr man kan
44. kpa varm korv, glass, tidningar och choklad. Frn Arsta Havsbad ska Browns
Unit 13
UNIT 13
Glossary
a I I t I ng everything
ankomst -en -er arrival
annars otherwise
avgng -en 0 departure
bagage -t 0 baggage, luggage
bjud/en -et -na invit ed (past part.)
(att) byta, 2b to change
byte -t -n change
Centralen (C) Central station
dr where (relative adverb)
fick/a -an -or pocket
(att) fort/stta, -stter, -satte, -satt, 4 to con tinue
full -t-a full
fu I I satt -0 -a filled, all seats taken
generation -en -er f!eneration
glass -en (Il 'l-ce cream
grann/e -en -ar neighbor
grej -en -er thing, gadget
gummi -t 0 rubber
(att) h I I a p (att gra ngot); to be busy (doing something), to be in the
hl ler, hll, hllit, 4 process of (doing something)
hromdagen the other day
icke not (formal; used mainly in public notices)
i n te h e I I e r not ... either
k i os k kiosk
klok -t -a wise
du r inte klok you are crazy
konduktr -en -er conductor
korv -en -ar sausage
varm korv hot doges)
kupe -n -er compartment
k -n -er line, queue
land -et 0 countroyside
landskap -et -0 countroyside, scenery, landscape
Unit 13 413
Unit 13
Uni t 13
415
UNIT 13
13. Ltt has two meanings: "easy" and "light" (not heavyJ.
Examples: Peter tycker det r ltt att lra sig svenska, men Ann tycker det r
svrt.
Peter thinks it's easy to learn Swedish, but Ann thinks it's difficult.
Lars kpte en mycket ltt vska, fr han tycker inte om att resa med
tungt bagage.
Lars bought a very light suitcase, because he doesn't like to travel
with heavy luggage.
27. Det tget. Here det functions as a demonstrative adjective, meaning "that train."
Note that the defini-te form of the noun is used.
31. ver helgen. Helg today has the meaning of any legal holiday or weekend.
Earlier helg meant only religious holidays.
33. Var god ... This idiomatic expression meaning "please" is used only in format
directives. We have brie fly mentioned the translation of "ptease" in Unit 1,
Note 29, and would like to add some useful clues with regard to expressing
"please" in Swedish. It is quite simple if we divide the "pleases" into
four categories:
Unit 13
38. Att vakna is the intransitive verb "to wake up," whereas the transitive verb
"to wake up (someone)" is att vcka (Zbl.
Unit 13 417
Note the difference between att sova and att somna. Att sova means "to sleep"
and att somna "to fall asleep. /I
45. Att ta bt. Swedish usually does not use the article befope general means of
tY'anspoY'tation.
Uni t 13
UNIT 13
Points to Praatiae
Unit 13 419
The fourth conjugation contains all the verbs that don't follow the patterns
of the other three conjugations. We call the verbs of the fourth conjugation
irregular because they don't all follow the same distinct pattern. However,
many of them are conjugated according to certain predictable patterns of
vowel changes.
Examples: finna, fann, funnit (find); springa, sprang, sprungit (run);
skriva, skrev, skrivit (wl'ite); bli(va), blev, blivit (become).
These verbs end in - i t in the supine. The present tense ending is -er,
except when the stem ends in a vowel or in -r. In those cases the same
rule applies as in the other conjugations: If the stem ends in a vowel
the present tense ending is just -r (b I i, b I i r); if the stem ends in -r
the stem serves also as present tense (fara, far).
The fourth conjugation verbs which don't follow the predictable vowel
patterns are very irl'egular. They may take on both a vowel change and
an ending to form the past tense and the supine.
Examples: gra, gjorde, gjort (do, make); I igga, lg, legat (lie, be looated);
se, sg, sett (see).
The present tense is formed the same way as for the verbs with the predict-
able vowel changes.
Note also that some of the auxiliaries have irregular present tense forms.
Examples: kan, mste, ska, vill.
Unit 13
The foLLowing is a comprehensive List of the fourth oonjugation verbs. (The past participLe
form wiLL be expLained in Unit 14):
Present Past Past
Infinitive Tense Tense Supine "JiCirti o i.JZ.1!!.. TransLation
be ber bad bett -bedd ask, pray
binda binder band bundit bunden bind, tie
bita biter bet bitit biten bite
bj uda bjuder bjd bjudit bjuden offer, invite
b I l (va) bI i r blev bI i \I it -bliven become
brinna brinner b ra nn b r' u n n i t -brunnen burn
brista brister b ra st brustit brusten burst
bryta bryter brt brutit bruten break
b ra br bar burit buren carry, wear
br bo rdu bo rt ought to
dra(ga) d ra r drog d ra g i t dragen
d r i c ka dricker drac!~ druckit d ruc ken drink
dr i va driver drev drivit driven drive (not vehicLe)
duga duger dg dugit do, serve, be suit-
d dr
abLe
dog dtt dd die
dlja dljer dolde dolt dold conceaL
Unit 13
421
f a I Ia f a I I er fI I faIIit f a I Ie n fall
fara far fo r far i t -faren go, travel
Unit 13
Unit 13
423
s k ra s k r s ka r s ku r i t skuren cut
Unit 13 425
Unit 13
vi Ij a vi II v i II e velat want to
Note 1: This list does not inolude any of the ir>regular verbs that are made up of a pr>efix
(of ten a preposition) and a verb, fOr> example: frst, ~skrlva, fortstta.
These compound verbs are always oonjugated aocor>ding to the pattern that the simple
verb folloUJs.
Nate 2: A dash befor>e the par>tioiple for>m in the verb list means that the partiaiple form
is used only with a pr>efix.
Examples: verb I i vlen -et -na (Zeft ove:r>J
besvlk/en -et -na (disappointed)
Ihopkrup/en -et -na (curled up)
Unit 13 427
To make it a little easier we'll list together some of the most common fourth conjugation
verbs that follow the same vowel pattern:
Unit 13
Unit 13
429
Unit 13
Uni t 1J
431
BeloLJ is a Hs t of the auxiliary verbs. (Nate that they have no past particip le form) :
PJ"e8ent Past
Infinitive Tense Tense Supin~ TJ"anslation
br bo rd e bort ought to
Unit 13
Practice A. This practice uses verbs from the fourth conjugation that have
occurred in this Unit. Put the cue verb in the present tense.
eUE
Stugan p Ut. att ligga
I i gger
Unit 13
433
eVE
bj ud er
bI ir
Ppactice B. This time put the aue verbs in the past tense.
eVE
George vskan med sig? att ta
Tog
Unit 13
eVE
bj d
hann
h I I p
steg av
lt
lg
B i I en p gatan. att st
stod
Unit 13
435
Practice e. This time put the cue verb ~n the present perfeet form ( har + supinej.
eVE
ha r va r i t
ha r gj ort
Tget p stationen en timme. att st
ha r sttt
har fortsatt
Vnit 13
eVE
har bjudit
Unit 13
437
Practice D. This is another practice on the fourth conjugation. Change the present
tense of the verbs in the story to past tense.
Anne och George far ut p landet ver helgen. Medan George hller p att packa
to r h I I
ser Anne efter i tidtabellen nr tget gr. Anne vi II ta tunnelbanan, men George
sg gick v i I Ie
sger att de inte kan hinna med tget, om de inte tar en taxi. George br vskorna
och tar hand om biljetterna. Och s tar de med tget som gr frn Centralen.
Unit 1;;
Practice E. Put the cue verbs in the present tense. Most of the verbs used in these
sentences have occurred in previous Units.
eUE
fa r
Vad du om att hans eftertrdare Bob Smith? att sga, att bl i
sger bI ir
Unit 13 439
eVE
gjorde
frstod sa (d e)
Journa I i sten att det trkigt. att h I I a med om, att vara
hll med om va r
Kaptenen hela resan. att beskriva
beskrev
unit 13
Att tyc ka }
Att tnka can all be translated "to think."
Att tro
Unit 13
441
Nate: Remembe~ that att tnka is also uBed as an auxilia~y to indicate futu~e
time.
P~actice G. Now we 'll give you a p~actice on tycka, tnka, tro. Inse~t the
p~ope~ wo~d in the sentence and check you~ answe~s as uBual. Use the p~esent
tense.
Tycker
Tror
tnker
tnker
tror
Unit 13
Tror
tnker
George att det r svrt att I~ra sig svenska?
Tyc ker
Unit 1 J 443
va rt?
Var r han?
You are already familiar with the translation of the interrogative "where?"
as var? - vart? depending on whether the verb in the clause indicates rest
or motion. (Cf. Unit 8, Point III)
Unit 13
dr
dr
I ett I i tet rum, man kom genom en lng korridor, hngde en underbar tavla.
dit
dr
dit
Jag knner ti II (know) ett trevl igt hotell, man fr ha sin hund med sig.
dr
dit
Uni t 13
445
UNrT 14
P n
1. Dei var en strlande sommardag. Bten var full med .8.~~ mnniskor, bland dem
2. Anne och George. Hundratals btar seglade ut mot det pp~ havet. Efter en halv-
3. timme var de framme vid Ut, och George och Anne hoppade ~~. Pltsligt
4. '* ~ de syn p Svante Lvgren. De knde knappast igen honom. Den vant igtvis
6. Svante: Hej och vlkomna. r ni trtta efter resan? r det i nte vackert
8. Nr de kom fram ti II stugan ppnades drren och Brita Lvgren kom ut, glatt
9. leende.
10. Brita: Hej. s roligt att ni kunde komma. Varsgoda och stig in. Nu skulle
16. Svante: Nej, det r inte s fa.r=..!.iB!. Men isen kan vara besvrlig. Posten
l? fungerar i alla fall och mnniskorna hr u1-e r vana vid kalla vintrar.
21. Br i ta: Det r en gammal tradition som innebr att alla har rtt att rra sl---9-
22. fritt i naturen. Att ~cka br och svamp r ti Iltet var som helst.
23. Man kan g ildnd p en , tlta och bada utan srskilt tillstnd.
24. Svante: Naturl igtvis br allemansrtten anvndas med ansvar. Det r klart
25. att man inte kan g in i ngons trdgrd och plocka blommor, eller
27. Fljande morgon vi I le George och Anne g och bada. Svante fre~ att de
28. skulle segla till en annan , dr det fanns en fin sandstrand.
29. Sagt och gjort. Det var en ovanl igt varm dag. ~~ sken, och alla njt.
Uni t 14 447
30. Pltsl igt kom en lske~y~sflaska flytande p vnttnet och strax eftert en
3l. kartong. "Titta s folk br sig t," sa Svante, och hll ett kort fredrag
33. " Besket p n blev lyckat. Det var kallt i vattnet s ingen hade lust att
34. simma lngt ut. Men de lg lnge och solade sig p stranden och pratade och
35. skrattade. Sen seglade de tillbaka till Ut, trtta och glada.
Unit 14
UNIT 14
Glossaroy
Unit 14
Unit 14
451
UNIT 14
4. Den vanl igtvis s prydl ige ... This type of construC!tion, den (det, de) + an
adjectivaL phrase before a noun is very common in written Swedish. The adjeciival
phrase C!an sometimes be quite long and usually trans lates into a relative clause
in English.
5. Prydl ige. In written Swedish the definite form of an adjective sometimes takes
an -e rather than an ~ ending when the adjeetive modifies a noun whieh refers
to a male person.
Again, this is a form that you may eome aeross in written Swedish, so you shouLd
be able to reeognize it. However, it is seldom used in spaken Swedish.
Unit 14
19. Vad r det fr ngot? (What's that?J As you know from Unit 4, Nate 17, and
Unit 7,~~8, spaken Swedish of ten uses this construction in questions using
the question wopd vad.
32. Det var kall t i vattnet. Swedish of ten uses det as a formal (grammaticalJ
subJect as in Det var kallt i vattnet,meaning-:-The water was cold. This usage
is espeeiaLLy prevalent with intransitive verbs, and is sometimes equivalent
to the English grammatieal subject "there. "
Examples:
Det sitter en man p trappan.= En man sitter p trappan.
There's a man sitting on the steps. = A man is sitting on the steps.
Det kom ett brev med p0~ten. Ett brev kom med posten.
There was a Letter (tha~ came) in the mail. = A letter came ~n the mail.
Det vxte ett stort traj vid huset. Ett stort trd vxte vid huset.
There was a big tree grJwing by the house. = A big tree was growing by the house.
unit 14 453
UNIT 14
Points to Practice
Unit 14
Conju-
gation Supine Fast Papticiple
As Fredicate Adjeetive As Modifying Adjective
lJnit 14 455
Conju-
gation Past Paptiaip1-e
AB Ppedicate Adjective As Modifying Adjeative
2b (har, hade) stekt korven r (b I i r) stekt en stekt korv
kttet r (b II r) stekt (ett) stekt ktt Indef
kttbullarna r (bil rT stekta stekta kttbu I I ar
Vnit 14
Indefinite forms
It is only the past particip le of the first conjugation that gets the -e
ending in the plural and definite forms. The rest have the familiar -a
ending.
unit 14 457
Definite forms
Like the adjectives, the definite forms J singular and plural, of the past
particip les are always the same as the plural indefinite forms.
The Swedish past participle can be used both as a modifying adjective
(en stngd drr) or as a predicate adjective (drren r stngd). As a
modifying adjective it is used both in the indefinite and definite forms.
Examples: en tvttad skjorta
den tvttade skjorta~
Uni t 14
eUE
en stngd drr
Unit 14
459
ppactice B. In this ppactice we'll give you the infinitive fopm of the vepb
and you'll have to fopm the past papticiple in its indefinite fopms.
eVE
Fnstren r stnga
stngda
Kttet r ste ka
stekt
Kakorna r ba ka
ba kad e
Rummen r mblera
mblerade
Tackkorten r skriva
skrivna
bjuden
t i I lten
Kttet r rka
rkt
Unit 14
eVE
Huset r s I j a
slt
Ljusen r tnda
tnda
Hyran r betala
betalad (betald)
n~~n~~~
t~~6j(}de"
Unit 14
4,"61
a. The compound passive fo~m corresponds to the way English forms passive
constructions (be + past participle). In Swedish the auxiliary att bl i
is used + the past particip leJ which has to agree with the grammatical subject.
Bo k e n b I j r k p t .
Huset bTfl= kpt.
Bckerna bl ir kp~.
Unit 14
Skjortan r tvttad.
The shirt--;s washed. (The shirt is cLean.)
Practice C. Change the active sentences inta passive sentences. The correct
passive sentenee wiLL appear beLow each active sentence, so be sure to cover
up the answers before you try to come up with the correct sentenee yourseLf.
Note that when man is the subject in the active sentence there is no agent
(by ... ; av .. ) in the passive sentence.
Ka ka n b I e v b a ka d a v U I I a
Unit 14
463
Unit 14
The follo~ing chart ~ill sho~ you the -s passive forms in all four conjugations.
Note that an -e is inserted ~n the present tense in second and fourth conjuga-
tion verbs i f the stem ends in an -s.
Unit 14
465
Ppaatiae D. In this ppaatiae we'LL give you the aative infinitive fopm of
a vepb in the Cue aoLumn. Use the tense that is indiaated and put the vepb
into the sentenae on the Left.
CVE
kptes
krs
mrktes
lstes
grs
har beskrivits
talas
Unit 14
eUE
Det att hon kom frn Tyskland. att hra (past)
hrdes
hade betalats
Praotioe E. This is another praotioe where you form a passive sentenoe out
of an active sentence~ hut this time you'll use the -s form of the verb.
Remember that when man is the subjeot in the aotive sentenoe there is no
agent (by .. /av ... J in the passive sentenoe. The correct passive sentenee
follows under the aotive sentence, so be sure to cover it up before you try
to give your answer.
Vrdinnan serverade middagen.
Middagen serverades av vrdinnan.
Unit 14 467
unit 14
2. It is important that you remember that the English progressive form can
not be translated into Swedish using the present participle of the verb.
As we pointed out in Unit 53 the English progressive forms aorrespond to the
present 3 past 3 present perfect 3 and past perfect tenses.
Unit 14 469
When English verbs like "go." "sit." "stand." etc. are followed by a present
particip le. two co-ordinated verbs are used in Swedish.
Some Swedish nouns are derived from the present participle. These nouns betong
either to the fourth or the fifth declension and are declined accordingly.
En-nouns that end in -ande (usually signifying people) belong to the fifth
declension.
lJnit 14
UNIT 15
~o
~~r och Traditioner
Midsommar
8. >t skulle hjlpa till med att kl majstngen. Sjlv tnkte hon ta hand om kaffe-
9. serveringen. Ett par sommargst~ hl I p att stta upp bord och stolar och
10. Svante och George gick genast dit och hjlpte ti I I.
11. Efter ngra timmar var allt klart och den frdigkldda stngen c-est~ under
12. stort ~.
13. Klockan fyra brjade dansen omkri~9.. majstngen. Alla deltog, stora och sm,
14. en del i jeans och ~orts, andra l vackra fol kdrkter. Under ~ern~ serverades
Unit 15 471
16. domar lekar fr de smil. Alla hade roligt. George och Anne riktigt knde att
18. Senare p kvllen gick de fyra vnnerna ner ti II bryggan, dr dansen fortsatte
19. fr de vuxna. Eftert satt de p bryggan i den ljusa sommarnatten och beundrade
20. so I uPP9~.
Julen
26. "Julen brjar med Lucia-dagen den trettonde december. Enligt traditionen brukar
27. den ldsta dottern i fami Ijen vcka far och mor tidigt p morgonen med Lucia-
28. sng, kaffe och lussekatter. Hon r kldd i vitt och har en krans av lingonris
29. med levande ljus p huvudet. Hon r om~ av sina sm syskon som r trnor
30. och stjrngossar. Varje skola och arbetsplats har sin egen Lucia."
Unit 15
31. * "Tror du att det kommer ngon Luc i a t i I loss december?" frgade Anne. "Vi
32. kiinner ju redan flera sta svenska flickor."
34. "Efter Lucia-dagen brjar svenskarna gra det julfint i huset. Man stiidar och
35. putsar, bakar och lagar julmat. Alla juldekorationer tas fram och dagen fre
37. "Det dr med storstdningen tycker jag mindre om," sade Anne.
38. "Julen har inte brjat n," sade George och lste vidare:
39. "Julafton, den tjugofjrde december, r den viktigaste dagen, srskilt fr barnen.
41. jultomten med en sck p ryggen, full med julklappar. Han knackar p drren och
42. frgar om det finns ngra snlla barn i huset, och det finns det alltid, frsts.
44. julottan, och sen trffas slkt och vnner och ter julmat och dricker glgg. Det
45. finns mnga traditionella julrtter, t.ex. (till exempel) sIllsallad, julskinka
46. med rdkl, lutfisk och risgrynsgrt. Under hela helgen dricker man kaffe och
47. ter pepparkakor och saffransbrd. Man dansar kring granen och firandet fort-
Vnit 15 473
48. stter med nyret och trettondagen, den 6 januari, nda ti I I 'tjugondag Knut,'
49. d julen dansas ut. Det r nstan som i juivisan att 'julen varar n t l I I
Fastan
52. "I samma visa str det ocks att 'dremellan kommer fastan.' D dekoreras huset
53. med frggranna pskris och man ter semlor med mandelmassa och vispgrdde.
54. Under den hr tiden mrker man att dagarna brjar bl i lngre. De frsta vr-
55. blommorna tittar fram ven om det fortfarande r ganska kallt ute."
.~
56. "s lustigt att svenskarna firar fastan fastn de Inte r katoliker," utbrast
57. Anne.
58. "Ja, men det lter Inte som om de ter mindre," sade George. "Nu ska vi se hur
Unit 15
Psken
60. "Lt mig lsa nu, snlla du," sade Anne. Hon tog boken Ifd3n George och brjade
61. lsa:
62. "Psken firas i Sverige~. (bland annat) med att man mlar och ter psk~.
63. Barnen brukar ocks f vackra ~gg, som r fyllda med godsaker. Pskbordet
65. * kvarleva frn den tid d man trodde p hxor. Sm flickor utkldda t i l l psk-
67. Psken har I iksom julen tv helgdagar, pskdagen och annandag psk. Skolbarnen
68. har psklov och det har blivit populrt att resa norrut och ka skidor."
69. "Nu kommer vi ti II ngot nytt," sade Anne. "Hr hur svenskarna firar vren. 1I
Unit 15 475
Valborgsmssoafton
70. "Vxl ingarna mellan de 01 ika rstiderna betyder mycket fr svenskarna. Vrens
7l. ankomst firas ocks med en speciel I hgtid. P valborgsmssoafton, den sista
72. april, samlas man runt stora eldar i alla stder och byar i Sverige. Man
73. sjunger snger och hller vlkomsttal till vren. Vid universiteten firas
75. " Det lter vl roligt?" Anne lt entusiastisk. "Jag hoppas att vi kan mer
76. svenska nsta r och att vi blir bjudna p ngra trevliga vrbaler." Anne lste
77. vidare.
Frsta maj
78. "Den frsta maj r en helgdag i Sverige. D firas arbetarnas dag med demonstra-
8l. Anne sg att George hade somnat medan hon lste, s hon fortsatte inte beskrIv-
83. pingsten.
unit 15
UNIT 15
GLossary
afton -en, aftnar evening, eve
annandag -en -ar seaond day (of Christmas, Easter, PentecostJ
arbetare -n -0 worker
ba I -en -er ban (danae)
beskrivning -en -ar desal'iption
(att) betyda, 2a (to) mean
(att) beundra, I (to) admire
bland annat (bl.a.) among other things
bland andra (bl.a.) among others
dans -en -er danae, danaing
(att) dansa, I (to) dance
dekoration -en -er decoration
(att) dekorera, I (to) deaoT'ate
en de I some, a few
(att) del/taga, -tar, -tog, -tagit, 4 (to) partiaipate
demonstration -en -er demonstration
dremellan in between
eld -en -ar fire, bonfire
entusiastisk -t -a enthusiastia
exempe l, exemp I et, -0 exampLe
till exempel (L ex.) for example
fackfreninQ -en -ar labor union
fast/a -an :'or fast, Lent
(att) fira, I (to) aelebrate
folkdrkt -en -er nationaL aostume
(att) fylla, 2a (to) fill
frggrann -t -a aoLoT'fuL
(att) frbereda, 2a (to) prepare
frberedelse -n -r preparation
glgg -en 0 hot spiced wine served at Christmas
godsak -en -er sweets, "goo dies II
goss/e -en -ar young boy
gran -en -ar spT'uae
grupp -en -er gT'OUP
Unit 15
477
Unit 15
Unit 15 479
Unit 15
UNIT 15
8. Att kl majst~ngen. The verb att kl (to dress) also has the meaning "to trim"
or "to decorate" when you talk about trimming the Christmas tree or decorating the
maypoZe -- att kl julgranen, att kl majstngen.
Examples: Jag tittade p~ klnningar och valde mellan en grn och en bl~.
I was looking at dresses and chose between a green (one) and a blue (one).
Lena hade tv~ vskor och Johan hjlpte henne att bra den tyngsta.
Lena had two suitcases and Johan helped her carry the heaviest (one).
15. De vuxna (the adults, grown-ups). Vux/en -et -na is an irregular past particip le
of att vxa (to grow), which can be conjugated either according to the second con-
jugation (vxa, vxer, vxte, vxt) or as an irregular verb, vxa, vxer, vxte,
vuxit. The irregular past particip le is of ten used as a noun.
31. Att det kommer ngon Lucia. See Unit 14, Nate #32.
Unit 15 481
65. Den tid d . Den (det, de) can be used as a detepminative adjective op pponoun,
which means that it refers to a following phpase, usually a necessapy pelative
clause. When den (det, de) functions as a detepminative adjective the following
noun does not take the definite ending.
Unit 15
UNIT 15
Points to Practice
Unit 15
483
Examples:
The Swedish compound noun is an en word or an ett word depending on the last
noun in the compound.
Examples: en barnvakt
ett somma rst I I e
Examples: barnvakt
julafton
matsal
Unit 15
2. An extra letter may be added between the different words. This letter may
be:
3. Many words that end in an unstressed -a OY' -e lose that unstY'essed vowel
when pombined with another word.
Examples: (f I i eka + s ko I a )
f I i c ks ko I a girls' school
blombukett (blomma + bukett) bouquet of flowers
lampskr"m (lampa + skrm) lamp shade
There are many rulcs (with many exception~) for how compound nouns are formed.
We therefore suggest that you just try to learn each compound noun as it comes
along. It is more important that you learn to recogni2e and distinguish the
words that make up a compound noun so you can understand the meaning. Som e
compound nouns aY'~ made up of several words and are very long, for example,
Arbetsmarknads~~~lsen (AMS), Labor Market Board; Justitieombudsmannambetet
(JO), Office of the National Ombudsman. No wonder Swedes are fond of abbre-
viations!
Unit 15 485
a. Some compound verbs are inseparable (i.e. particle and verb always stay together
as one word). Verbs ~ith the follo~ing prefixes are inseparable:
an-, be-, er-, fr-, hr-, miss-, sam-, um-, und-, van-, ~_.
Examples: att anvnda to use
att betala to pay
att frklara to explain
att samarbeta to eooperate
Unit 15
b. Some compoHnd verbs are separable, i.e. the particle is separated from
the verb except in the present pariiciple and past participle forms.
Practice A. This is a practice on separable compound verbs. Using the verb forms
indicated by the cues, complete the sentences on the left.
eVE
att knna igen
Min kusin vrt hus. past tense
knde igen
Unit 15 487
eUE
att knna ~
att hyra ut
Ib tn ker s I n v i I I a. infinitive
hyra ut
att tycka om
Eva sin bror. pl'esent tense
tycker om
Unit 15
eVE eVE
att~~~
att ~~
Ulla tyckte det var _________ tid att se p TV. past participle
bortkastad
Johan visste inte att Al ice _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t i d n i nge n past perfeet
hade kastat bort
Unit 15 489
Note: when the tense of the separable compound verb is a compound tense
(i.e. present per[eet, past per[ect. or future) and the verb occurs with
a roaming adverb. the adverb has to follow the first verb (the conjugated
verb). The separated verb (verb + particle) [ollows.
Unit 15
Praatiae B. This is a praatiae using separable aompound verbs in sentenaes ~ith adverbs
("roaming" and "non-poaming"). We ~ill use simple and aompound tenses. Vse the verb
att tycka om throughout. We ~ill indiaate in the aue aolumn ~hat tense and ~hat adverb
to use.
eVE
att tycka om
Karin honom. past tense + aldrig
tyckte aldrig om
Kar i n honom. present perf. + aldrig
har aldrig tyckt om
Varfr Karin honom? present tense + inte
tycker inte om
Unit 15 491
Some verbs can be both separable and inseparable. These two forms usually
indicate different meanings. The separable form is used to express some-
thing eonerete; the inseparable form expresses something abstract.
Unit 15
UNIT 16
There are no practices in Unit 16. Instead we suggest the following work
projects:
2. Initiate a olassroom discussion based on one of the essays and any addi-
tional reading on the same subjeot.
3. Seleet one essay and make a comparison between its con tent and a corre-
sponding aspeot of the United States; prepare a short briefing on this
comparison.
As you begin, let us point out a few charaoteristics of Swedish newspaper style:
c. The use of supine verb forms without the auxiliaries har, hade.
Unit 16 493
Uni t 16
UNI'l' 16
Geograt"i
10. * S sent som 15.000 r f.Kr. (fre Kristusl var hela Sverige fortfarande tckt
11. av i s . Isen efterlmnade 96.000 sjar, ett rikt varierande landskap och stora
12. skrgrdar utanfr de lnga kusterna. Enbart i Stockholms skrgrd finns det
13. cirka 26.000 ar.
14. * Sverige har 8,3 miljoner invnare. Folkttheten r dock mycket ojmn. Ungefr
Uni t 16
495
16. * sett var Sverige lnge ett av Europas mest enhetl iga lnder. Den situationen
18. * p 1960-talet tog Sverige emot ett stort antal Invandrare. Idag utgr de
~
20. * till tredje barn som fds invandrare.
Glossary (Geografi)
Unit 16 497
21. Sverige har rika naturtillgngar. Skog, jrnmalm och vatten har i alla tider
22. varit grunden i den svenska ekonomin och r det fortfarande. Exporten r av
25. Man exporterar bl.a. maskiner, flygplan, bilar, instrument, elektriska och
26. kemiska produkter och tekniskt kunnande. Sveriges strsta kunder r Norden
27. och EG-Inderna (EG - europagemenskapen) . Sverige har varken olja eller kol
3l. krnkraften 1980 beslt regeringen, att programmet inte skall utbyggas vidare,
35. vata sektorn. Staten Ingriper r form av lagstiftning, krediter och stdt-
36. grder.
Unit 16
39. .. speciellt sedan lgkonjunktur och oljekriser skapat problem fr den svenska
40. industrin. Man hller nere arb.etslsheten med 01 ika metoder: genom statl iga
41. beredskapsarbeten, genom att omskola eller vidareutbi Ida anstl Ida eller genom
42. std t i II fretag med ekonomiska problem. Staten blandar sig dremot inte l
43. lnefrhandi ingarna p arbetsmarknaden mel lan arbetstagare och arbetsgivare.
45. ma n d e I a g e n) -a n t o 9 s r I977
aktiv -t -a active
(att) anstlla, 2a (to) emptoy
en anstlld, tv anstllda empLoyee
(att) an/ta, -tar, -tog, -tagit, 4 (to) adopt; a88ume
arbetsgivare -n -~ empLoyer
arbetslshet -en 0 unempLoyment
arbetsmarknad -en -er Labor market
arbetsplats -en -er plaoe of work
arbetstagare -n -0 employee
(att) avveckla, I (to) disoontinue, ~ind do~n
balans -en -er balance
beredskapsarbete -t -n relief work
(att) be/sluta, -sluter, -slt, (to) decide
-slutit, 4
Unit 16 499
Vnit 16
Vnit 16
46. Sverige har ett parlamentariskt och representativt statsskick med ett enkammar-
48. '" Allmnna val ger rum vart tredje r. ledaren fr majoritetspartiet blir
52. mbetsverk.
5J. Typiskt fr svensk pol itik r att svenskarna rstar p ett pol itiskt parti,
55. frn den privata sektorn. Partierna fr statliga bidrag j form aven bassumma
56. fr varje parti, ~ ett tillgg fr varje mandat partiet har i riksdagen.
57. Sverige har idag fem pol itiska partier representerade riksdagen:
Vnit 16 f>OJ
IJnit 16
Uni t 18 505
63. Kort fre frsta vrldskriget proklamerade Sverige sin neutralitet. Sverige
64. hade d inte deltagit i ngot krig sedan Napoleonkrigen 1814 och hllit sig
65. utanfr ~amtl iga all ianser med andra lnder. Denna " a ll iansfrihet i fred med
68. Sveriges neutral itetspol itik har traditionellt varit frbunden med ett starkt
69. frsvar. Landet har allmn vrnpl ikt och hg beredskap. krigstid skulle
70. * armen kunna mobil isera 700.000 man och clvi Ifrsvaret 200.000. Ar 1980 gick
72. * Strsta delen av den mi I (tra utrustningen ti liverkas i Sverige, men den alltmer
73. avancerade vapenteknologin brjar stlla nstan omjl iga krav p landets ekonomi.
75. deltar mycket aktivt i internationella organisationer, Lex. FN, ven i frgor
76. som inte direkt berr svenska intressen. Nedrustning, koloniernas frigrelse,
Unit 16
79. Svenska trupper har flera gnger deltagit FN:s fredsbevarande uppgifter,
Unit 16
Socialpol itik
82. .. lite skmtsamt om "folkhemmet." Vad man n kallar det, r det uppenbart att
83. Sverige p al la stt frsker att ge trygghet t sina medborgare och strvar
84. mo t en soc i a I u t j mn i n g
85. Det svenska fol ket betalar hga skatter, speciellt kommunalskatt och mervrdes-
91. studiebidrag, o.s.v. (och s vidare). Ar 1978 gick 33,1% av BNP t i l l social-
92. programmet.
Glossary (Socialpolitik)
Uni t 16
Rel igion
93. Sverige har en luthersk statskyrka. Alla medborgare fds och registreras inom
95. kyrkan men deltar sllan aktivt i det kyrkl iga livet.
96. Det finns naturligtvis andra kyrkliga samfund i Sverige, de s.k. (s kallade)
Unit 16 511
Unit 18
99. I Sverige r det riksdagen och regeringen som utformar skol- och hgskole-
100. politiken. p 1950-talet antogs en omfattande skolreform, som inte bara med-
101. frde frndringar inom skolans struktur utan ocks demokratiserade ett tidi-
102. >I gare elitistiskt inriktat skolsystem. Sedan dess har det fljt en rad vidare
103. reformer.
105. >I r g r a t i s o c h s t u d e nt e r na ka n f r I i g a s t a t I i g a s t ud i e I n
Vnit 16
Massmedia
106. I en statistisk underskning som fretogs r 1979 visade det~ att svenskarna
107. var vrldens mest tidningslsande folk. Det finns 150 dagstidningar med en
109. till de mindre tidningarna p en ort gr det mjligt fr dem att klara kon-
111. anknutna men flera representerar en viss pol itisk inriktning, de flesta en
113. Sveriges Radio AB (pktiebolag) har monopol p radio och TV-sndingar. Detta
115. halva styrelsen utses dock av regeringen. Alla TV- och radiogare mste betala
117. TV har han bara tv kanaler att vlja p, men i gengld slipper han reklam!
Glossary (Massmedia)
ltit 1.6
UNIT 16
10. 15.000. For numbers Swedish uses a period when English uses a comma, and a
comma when English uses a period.
Examples: Det finns ungefr 15.000 <femton tusen) samer i norra Sverige.
There are approximately 15,000 Lapps in northern Sweden.
14b. Dock. The translation of dock is IIhowever, II but like emellertid it is used
almost exclusively in lL1Y'itten language. The closest spoken Swedish equi-
valents to English IIhowever, but" are men, i alla fall, i vilket fall som helst.
Examples: Drren var lst s vi kunde frst inte komma in. Men George hittade
en nycke l t i! l kksdrren s v i kom i n p det v i set.
The door was locked so we couldn't get in at first. llowever (but),
George found a key to the back door so we got in that way.
Jag tycker inte att det r ndvndigt att du kommer. I vilket fall
som helst be~ver du inte vara dr frrn klockan tta.
I don't think it's necessary for you to come. However (anyway),
you don't have to be there until eight o'clock.
16. Den situationen. In written Swedish, the demonstrative adjectives den {det, de}
and denna {detta, dessa} are more commonly used than den dr <det dr, de dr} and
den hr <det hr, de hr}. The meaning of den (det, de) as a demonstrative adjeo-
tive is the same as den dr (det dr, de dr) -- "that." The meaning of denna
{detta, dessa} is the same as den hr (det hr, de hr) -- "this."
vnit 16 517
Notice that when den (det, de) funations as a demonstrative adjective the definite
ending is added to the noun. (Cf. Unit 13, Note 27.)
P 50-talet.
In (during) the fifties.
Notice the use of the preposition .E! for "in" or "during." (Cf. Unit 11, Point II. J
20. Vart tredje barn. The word varje (every) may not be used before an ordinal
number. Instead var' (vart) is used.
Notice that the English "every + cardinal number + noun in the plural has to
be expressed in Swedish with varet) + ordinal number + noun in the singular.
Unit 16
34. I ndustr ianst lida. Anst I I d is a past particip le used as a noun and therefore
takes the same endings as an adjective:
Singular Plural
Indef. form en anstlld (tv> anstllda
Def. form den an st I I da de anst I I da
39. Skapat problem. In a subordinate clause, written Swedish often leaves out the
auxiliaries har and hade in the present perfeet and past perfeet tenses, using
only the supine form of the main verb. This is a usage that you should become
familiar with since it may otherwise ereate difficulty in translations. Note,
however, that har and hade may not be left out in a main cZause.
45. Ar 1977. Written Swedish often uses the word r before numbers indieating a
year. In spoken Swedish years are usualZy expressed without the word r and
aZways without a preposition.
70. 700.000 man. The plupal fopm of man is mn in most cases. However, the plupal
fopm man is found in the context of militapy manpower, or labor force.
72. A I I tmer. The wopd a I I t is some times used befope the compapative form of an
adjective op an advepb with the meaning "mope and mope. "
Allt is sepapated fPom the compapative fopm of the adjective OP adverb except
fop in the combination with the advepb mer.
77 De f r g o r s o m .. S e e Un i t 1 5, No t e 65
82. Vad man n kallar det. Vad n has the meaning "whatevep, no mattep what," and
should not be confused with vad som helst (anything at all).
Vem n no mattep who, whoevep Vem som helst anyone (at all)
Vad n no mattep what, whatevep Vad som helst anything (at all)
Var n no mattep whepe, whepevep Var som helst anywhepe (at all)
ZJn.it 16
Note that inte before vem (vad, var) som helst conveys the meaning "not just
anybody (anything, anywhereJ."
98a. De rel igisa frsami ingar som See Unit 15, Note 65.
105. Studenterna. The Swedish word student usually refers to one studying at a
university. More general ly a person pursuing some kind of non-university study
is referred to as elev -en -er.
110. Vilket innebr. The relative pronoun vi Iket must be used when it refers to
a whole clause. The relative pronoun som can only refer to nouns, proper names,
and pronouns.
116a. Med vi Ika. In this relative claus e vi Ika has replaced som, because a preposition
precedes the relative pronoun and som can never be preaeded by a preposition.
Som must always introduce the relative olause. When a preposition preoedes the
relative pronoun, vi Iket <vi Ike T , vi Ika) must be used. However, in spoken
Swedish it is much more common to use som with the preposition at the end of
the clause.
Unit 16 521
116b. Vi II svensken titta p TV (Om svensken viii titta p TV - If the Swede wants to
watch TV). In this conditional clause the conjunction om {if} has been left
out and the subject-vepb opdep is pevepsed. This is a sentence stpuotupe you
should try to beoome familiar with sinoe it is used to a gpeat extent in news-
paper wpiting and since it may present some difficulty in the translation unless
you are aWare of it.
lJnit 16
WORD l-IST
Swedish
A
absolut absoZuteZy 8
adj good-bye 1
Afrika Afriaa 11
aktiv -t -a aative 16
aldrig never 3
alldeles completely 5
a I Is at all 1
a I It id always 3
a I I t i ng everything 13
annars otherwise
ap r i I April 5
arbetare -n -0 worker 15
arbete -t -n wOr'k 10
arbetsgivare -n -0 employer 16
arbetstagare -n -0 employee 16
Word List
artig -t -a polite 12
arton eighteen 1
artonde eighteenth 7
augusti August 5
av of 2
Word List
bakom behind 12
bastu -n -r sauna 12
(att) bada bastu; (to) take a sauna 12
beige -t -a beige 8
bekvm -t -a comfortable 5
beroende -0 -0 dependent
besvrl ig -t -a troublesome 14
biljon-en-er 1
bio -n 0 movies 12
bland among 14
Word List
block-et-0 bloc 16
Word List
brutto gross 16
brnsle -t -n fuel 16
by -n -ar vi llage 11
byte -t -n change 13
bda both 8
br -et -0 berT'Y 14
Word List
Celsius centigY'ade 11
central -t -a centY'al
charter chaY'teY' 11
WOY'd List
college -t -0 college 12
Cypern Cyprus 16
Danmark Denmark 11
december December 5
Word Lis t
delvis partially 5
dem them 2
dessutom besides 5
direkt -0 -a direct 2
dock however 16
dramatisk -t -a dY'amatic 10
Word List
du you (sing.) 1
dyr -t -a expensive 5
dr whepe (pel.) 13
dremellan in between 15
Word List
efter af ter 10
eftersom since B
eftertrdare -n -0 successor ?
eftert afterwards 14
ekonomisk -t -a economic 16
elektricitet - en QJ electricity 5
elektrisk -t -a etectric 16
e I f te eZeventh 7
or ;)
e I I er
elva eleven 1
emedan because 8
en a, an, one 1
energi -n 0 eneT'gy 16
energisk -t -a eneT'getic 9
England England 11
Word List
en I i gt aaaording to 11
enorm - t -a enormous 16
entusiastisk -t -a enthusiastia 15
etnisk -t -a ethnia 16
Europa Europe 11
flord List
fall-et-0 case 14
i a I Ia f a I I in any case 14
i s fall in such a case~ i f so 15
fantastisk -t -a fantastic 9
f a r I i g -t -a dangerous 14
det r inte s farligt it's not too bad 14
fast(n) although 12
(att) fatta, (to) grasp, understand 11
Swedish lin i t
februari FebruaY'Y 5
fem five 1
f emt e fifth 7
femtio fifty 1
femton fifteen 1
femtonde fifteenth 7
fin -t -a fine 4
Finland Finland 11
finlndare -n -0 Finn 11
fjorton fouY'teen 1
fjortonde fourteenth ?
fjrde fouY'th ?
flera several 3
f I i c k/ a - a n - o r girl 2
forme II -t -a formal 12
fortfarande still 3
Word List
framfr in front of
framt forward 16
Frankrike France 11
fredag F'l'iday 3
frigrelse -n -r liberation 16
frn from 2
frmst foremost 12
frst och frmst first of alL 12
full-t-a fu l-l 13
fyra four 1
fyrtio fort y 1
f, frre 9
Word List
frdig -t -a ready 8, 10
frggrann -t -a colorful 15
frsk -t -a fresh 9
fr .. , sedan aga J
frberedelse -n -r preparation 15
(att) frbi/g, -gr, -gick, -gtt, (to) pass over, skip, neglect 15
-gng/en -et -nai 4
Word List
frra last
frst first 4
frsts of cours e 12
frtjust -0 -a delighted 15
Word List
genom att by 16
Word List
geograf i -n 0 geography 16
Swedish Urti t
goddag hello 1
grdde -n 0 cream 15
grn -t -a green 8
Grnland Greenland 16
gul -t -a yellow 8
gummi -t 0 rubber 13
Swedish Un1: t
Word List
hall-en-ar hall 5
halv - t -a half 9
han he 2
hande I -n 0 16
(att) handla, (to) shop 8
hej hi 1
hel -t -a whole 3
h em s k - t -a teY'Y'ible 12
herr MY'. 1
Word List
hjrtl ig -t -a heart y 12
Swed-ish Lrz i t
hon she 2
lionom him 2
hovmstare -n -0 headwaitel' 9
hundratals hundreds 14
hungrig - t -a hungry 4
hur how 1
eller hur don't you, isn't it, etc. 8
hustru -n -r wife 2
Word List
hger right 1
t i I I hger om to the right of 1
Word List
h r listen (imperative) 8
in 1
r this year 11
ibland sometimes 8
idag today 5
i f j or last year 11
ifrn from 15
igen again 3
igr yesterday 5
i Ian d ashore 14
Word List
imorgon tomol'l'ow 3
Indien India 11
ingenting nothing 8
inom within 16
inte not 1
intensiv -t -a intensive 15
internationell -t -a international 16
intressant -0 -a 'interesting 3
intresse -t -n interest 16
invnare -n -0 inhabitant 16
is -en 0 ice 14
Word List
istllet fr instead of 10
I ta I i en Italy 11
ja yes 1
jag I 1
jaha yes 5
januari January 5
Japan Japan 11
jas oh 2
Word List
j u I -e'n - a r Christmas 11
i julas last Christmas 11
j uI i July 5
juni June 5
jmn -t -a even 9, 16
WOl'd List
kaffe -t 0 eoffee 1
kemisk -t -a chemicaZ 16
Kina China 11
klok -t -a wise 13
du r inte klok you are crazy 13
ko kt -0 - a boiled 9
ko I - e n (- e t) 0 coal 16
komma -t -n comma 16
WO!'d List
kring around 15
Kristus Chris t 16
kungl ig - t -a royal 10
(att) kunna, kan, kunde, kunnat, 4 (to) be able to, oan; know 1, 15
(have learned)
kunnande -t 0 know-how 16
Word List
kvick - t -a quick
kvicktnkt -0 -a sharp 12
kypare -n -0 lJaiter 9
kl -en 0 cabbage 15
kllare -n -0 basement 5
kk -et -0 kitchen 5
Kpenhamn Copenhagen 11
leende -t -n smiLe 14
leende -0 -0 smiLing 14
I i ksom Like 15
I i Ia -0 -0 purpLe 8
Il te a little, 80me 1
I I v -et -0 life 11
Swedish Vnit
I uthersk -t -a Lutheran 16
lycklig - t -a happy 9
lyckligtvis fOY'tunately 9
ls -et -0 lock
(att) lta, lter, lt, ltit, 4 (to) sound; to Zet, make (some- 5, 10
one do something)
I ra re -n -0 teacher 11
lrdag Saturday 3
WOl'd List
maj May 5
medan while 11
medborgare -n -0 citizen 16
meddelande -t -n message 7
WOY'd List
me II an between 3
men but 2
mi Ij -n -er environment 14
mi nne -t -n memory 10
modern -t -a modern
mndag Monday :3
Word List
mj I i 9 -t -a possible 9
a I I -t -a mj I i g -t -a all pos8ibZe~ all kinds of 11
mj I igen possibly 9
mj I i gtv i s passibly 9
mrk -t -a dark 7
Swedish Vnit
naturl ig -t -a natural 9
nej no 1
nervs -t -a nervous 11
neutra I i tet -en 0 neutraZity 16
Word List
nio nine 1
nionde ninth 7
nittio ninety 1
nitton nineteen 1
nittonde nineteenth 7
no I I zero
nord i sk -t -a Nordia 16
Norge Norway 11
norr north 5
november November 5
nu now 1
numera nowadays 16
ngonsin ever 3
ngonstans somewhere 10
flord List
nr when 2
nsta next 9
nstan almost B
ndvndig -t -a neeessary 12
nje -t -n pleasure 11
o
oberoende -0 -0 independent 16
och and 1
ofta often 3
oj mn -t -a uneven 16
oktober October 5
WOl'd List
omrde -t -n area 15
onsdag Wednesday ;5
ordfrande -n -0 chairman ;5
otrevlig - t -a unpleasant 9
ot ro I i g -t -a incY'edible 9
ovanlig -t -a unusual
ovanligt unusually 9
ovnlig - t -a unfY'iendly 9
Word List
parlamentarisk -t -a parliamentary 16
peppar -n 0 pepper 9, 15
perfekt -0 -a perfect 11
persisk -t -a Persian 5
Word List
plus plus 16
pltsl ig -t -a sudden 14
Polen Poland 11
populr -t -a popular 15
praktisk -t -a practical 15
privat -0 -a pY'ivate 14
WOl'd List
prydllg-t-a neat 14
punktlig -t -a punctual 10
p on~ at~ in 1~ 11
ra kt straight (adv. ) 1
redan already :5
flord List
relativt re lative ly 16
rel ig is -t -a religious 16
(- i kt i g - t -a cOY'Y'ect, Y'eal
rym I i g -t -a spacious 5
Ryssland Russia
rdd 0 -a afraid 12
(att) rkna, (to) count
Word List
s
saffran -en 0 saffran 15
same -n -r Lapp
samma same 9
schampo -t -n shampoo 10
Schweiz Swit2erland 11
sekreterare -n -~ secretary
sen -t -a late 10
senast latest 12
tack fr senast thanks for an enjoyable time 12
september September 5
sex six 1
sextio sixty 1
sexton sixteen l
sextonde sixteenth 7
sherry - n Q\ sherry 12
s h o r t s - e n (p l ur>. ) shorts 15
Sibirien Siberia 11
Wor>d List
sj u seven 1
sjunde seventh 7
sjuttio seventy 1
sjutton seventeen 1
sjuttonde seventeenth 7
sjlv self 1
sjlvbestmmandertt -en 0 l'ight to selfdete~mination 16
sjtte sixth 7
sj -n -ar lake 12, 13
till sjss at sea 12
sjman -nen, sjmn sailor 3
s ko - n - r shoe 8
skr -t -a pink 8
(att) slippa, slipper, slapp, sluppit, 4 (to) not have to (do some- 10
thing)
slips-en-ar tie 8
Word List
slutlig -t -a final 9
slutligen finaZZy 9
sm r - et 0 butter 1
smrgs -en -ar sandwich (open faced) 1
smrgsbord -et -0 smorgasbord 9
snart soon 2
s snart som as Boan as 12
snygg -t -a good-Iooking 8
snll-t-a kind 1
var sn I I och please 1
sn -n 0 snow 14
Word List
Spanien Spain 11
speciell -t -a speoial 15
(att) spinna, spinner, spann, spunnit, (to) spin 13
spunn/en -et -a; 4
Swedish
- ---
EngZish Unit
stark -t -a strong 16
statistisk -t -a statistical 16
strlande -0 -0 glorious 14
Worod List
Swedish Unit
Sver-ige Sweden 2
svr -t -a difficu lt 11
Word List
sympatisk -t -a likeable 9
s att so that 12
s h r like this 9
svitt as far as 12
s I I an seldom 12 J 16
srski It espeaially 5
Word List
sder south 5
sndag Sunday J
Word List
tandlkare -n -0 dentist 3
taxi -n -0 taxi 2
te - et 0 tea 1
teknisk -t -a technical 16
teknologi -n 0 technology 16
telefon -en -er telephone 1
telefon/nummer -numret -0 telephone number 12
tennis -en 0 tennis 15
teve -n, teveapparater (TV) television (set) 5, 10
Swedish Unit
tidig -t -a early 7
t i II to (prep.) 1
en (ett) ti II ano ther 11
tillbaka back 2
ti II flle -t -n opportunity 9
t I I I rck I i gt enough 8
t i II s until J till 12
t l I I sammans together 3
t i I I stnd -et -(/; permit J permission 14
(att) tillverka, (to) manufacture 16
Word List
tio ten 1
tionde tenth ?
tisdag Tuesday 3
to I f te twetfth 7
tolv twetve 1
torktumlare -n -0 dpyep 5
torsdag Thupsday 3
tredje thipd 7
Wopd Lis t
trettio thil'ty 1
tretton thil'teen 1
trettonde thil'teenth ?
troligen pl'obably 9
troligtvis pl'obably 9
trots in Brite of 16
tusentals thousands 11
tv two 1
Word Lis t
tyd I i g -t -a obvious 9
typisk -t -a typical 9
Tyskland Germany 11
tyvrr unfortunately 2
tt -t -a tight, dense 16
Word List
u
uggl/a -an -or owl P1'on. Guide
underbar - t -a wonderful 10
underhllande -0 -0 ente1'taining 12
(to) wondel' 11
usch ugh 7
utanfr outside 16
Word List
(att) ut/g (g ut), -gr, -gick, -gtt; 4 (to) originate, prooeed, emanate 16
utlandet ab road 11
utmrkt -0 -a exoellent 4
Word List
vad what 1
vaktmstare -n -0 waitep 9
van I i g -t -a usual 9
vanligtvis usually 9
va r - t 13 eaah, every 16
va r god please 13
varfr why 13
Word List
varje every 5
varm -t -a warm 8
vem who 2
verkligen really 9
(att) veta, vet, visste, vetat, 4 (to) know (have the knowledge 4
about)
vetenskap -en -er science 16
vetenskaplig -t -a scientific 16
vi we 2
vid by 7
vidare further 15
viktig -t -a important 15
vis -t -a wise 14
viss -t -a certain 16
visst surely 9
vr -t -a OUT' 2
Word List
vnster Zett 1
ti II vnster to the lett 1
Wo!'d List
r -et -0 year 2
i r this year 11
s hr rs at this time of the year ?
rlig -t -a yearly 16
Word List
gare -n -0 ownel" 16
gg -et -0 egg 15
ldre; ldst oldel"; oldest; See gammal 9
ven also 16
ven om even if 11
Word List
-n -ar island 12
Grammar Index
Adjeotives, 124
indefinite form, 124
definite form, 189
predicate adjective, 126, 132
comparison of the adjective, 265, 275, 520
irregular adjectives~ 124~ 194~ 267
liten~ 193
egen, 337
e-form of adjective~ 452
adjectives before nouns (three different patterns), 287
demonstrative adjectives. 416~ 517; see also "demonstratives"
determinative adjective, 482
indefinite adjectives~ 219
ngon (ngot, ngra)~ 219
ingen (inget, inga), 219
ngon (ngot, ngra) instead of indefinite article~ 224
varje, var(t)~ 518
interrogative adjectives, 216
vad .. fr, 122, 184, 262
vilken (vilket, vilka), 184, 216
possessive adjectives~ 64~ 148, 151
adjectives as nouns~ 481
adjectival phrases~ 452
Adverbs~ 279
oomparison of adverbs, 283
placement of adverbs, 112, 114~ 304, 396
adverbs indicating location and motion, 65, 233
Grammar Index
Adverbs (cont.)
time adverbials, 341
place adverbials, 384
roaming adverbs, 396, 400
relative adverbs dr-dit, 444
d-sedan, 322
Cardinal numbers, 38
Colors, 212
Conditional, 522
Conjugation of verbs, 157.. 241 .. 250 .. 420
Conjunctions, 399
that - att, 110
fr - because, 213
innan, 324
dock, emellertid, 517
Grammar> Index
Deletion of preposition, 40
D-Sedan, 322
Dr-Dit, 444
Egen, 337
Formation of questions, 47
Fr - because, 213
Fre, 324
Fre-Innan, 324
Impepative, 318
Indefinite apticles, 42
Grammap Index
Infinitives~ 313
Innan, 324
Ju, 214
Liten, 193
Nog, 212
Nouns
en and ett nouns, 42
deelensions, 99-102
first, 99
seeond, 100
third, 101
fourth, 102
fifth, 102
indefinite form, 42, 288
indefinite plural forms, 98
artiele omitted, 93, 146
definite form, 69, 74, 416
definite plural forms, 186
definite form of no uns preaeded by adjeativeB~ 189, 288
possessive form, 93, 148
irregular nouns, 104
aolleetive nouns, 262
aompound nouns, 484
Numbers
eardinal numbers, 38
ordinal numbers, 203
stycken added to numerals, 378
Grammar Index
0- , 261
Objeative pronouns, 76
Om, 304
Particles, 490
om, 304
Personal pronouns, 76
Prefixes, 486
0-, 261
Prepositions
time, 64, 342
plaae, 384
p, 96, 337, 391
fre, 324
deletion of preposition, 40
till bords, eta., 379
Grammar Index
Pronouns (cont.)
interrogative vad ... tr, 122, 184, 453
vad followed by adjective, JOJ
densamma (detsamma, desamma), 213
Punctuation, 517
Questions
forming questions, 47
question words, 135, 216, 239
Sedan-D, 322
Ska, 53
Som, 109
Spe L l.ing
capitalization, 94, 96, 146
punctuation, 517
Straight word order, 47
TeLLing time, 80
Tha t - a tt , 11 O
TI d-Gng, 94
Grammar Inde:x:
Time
----telling time, 80
"time" (translation tid-gng), 94
Verbs
conjugations
first, 157
second, 241
third, 250
fourth, 420
infinitive, 313
present tense, 46, 158
future tense, 53, 66
supine, 158
imperative, 318
use of present tense, 40, 46, 65, 335
use of past tense, 95, 145
use of future tense, 66
translatian of English -ing forms, 46, 158, 261
irregular verbs, 93, 420
-s forms with reaiproaal meaning, 96
deponent (finns, hoppas, trivas), 40, 45, 66, 128
Grammar Index 673
Verbs (cont.)
----r;eflexive, 213, 306
compound verbs (verb + particle), 304, 335, 427, 486
participles
past participle, 158, 275, 455
comparision of past particip le, 458
present participle, 469
passive voice, 462
compound passive, 462
5- form, 465
(to) leave (translation) , 261
tycka, tnka, tro, 441
Vill, 40, 53
Vl, 212
Word Order
straight, 47
questions, 47
reversed, 65, 122, 166
placement of particle in separable compound verbs, 490
placement of adverbs, 112, 114, 304, 396
Grammar Index
Bi b I iography
Belte, A.-M., and G. Englund, S. Higelin, N.-G. Hlldarnan, Baslc Swedish Grammar,
A.W. Lromedel, Stockholm, 1975;
Engbrant, E., and G. Hlntz, M. Wohlert, Svenska fr Nybrjare, Del I, Del II,
Svenska Institutet, 1976;
Frank M., Modern English - A Practical Referen.ce Guide, Prentlce-Hall, Inc. 1972;
Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork, Dictionary of Language and LIngulstics, John Wiley
& Sons, New York-Toronto, 1972;
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BibUography 675
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