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Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is an important beverage crop in the world and provides significant
contribution to Ethiopian economy. Sixty two coffee accessions with two standard checks, F-59 and
744 were evaluated from 2001 to 2012 cropping seasons at Agaro, Southwestern Ethiopia using 8x8
simple lattice design. The correlation coefficients and path coefficient analysis was estimated to
determine the association among yield and yield related traits and direct and indirect effects of yield
related traits on yield. Significant (P<0.05) to highly significant (P<0.01) differences among
accessions were obtained for all characters. The genotypic correlation coefficients were higher in
magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters.
Number of primary branch, canopy diameter, number of main stem nodes and main stem diameter
showed positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation with yield, while plant height,
internode length and length of first primary branch had positive but non-significant correlation.
Height up to first primary branch had negative and showed non-significant correlation with yield.
Path analysis showed that plant height (1.564) made the largest positive direct effects towards yield
followed by canopy diameter (1.555) and length of first primary branch (0.052) indicating that
selection using these characters would be effective in improving bean yield in Arabica coffee.
Whereas, internode length (-1.860), number of primary branch (-1.802), height up to first primary
branch (-0.609), main stem diameter (-0.444) and number of main stem nodes (-0.232) exerted
negative effect on coffee yield. High indirect effects of the characters were noticed through number
of primary branch indicating importance of the character as selection criteria in crop yield
improvement programs.
Key words: Coffea arabica, Coffee Berry Disease, Correlation, Path analysis.
INTRODUCTION
Coffee belongs to the genus Coffea in the Rubiaceae Pierre are the two most widely cultivated species in the
family. About124 species in this genus are known to be world.
predominantly grown in tropical and sub-tropical area of
the world (Davis et al., 2012).Arabica coffee (Coffea
arabica Linnaeus) is the only allotetraploid species
(2n=4x=44) (Lashermes et al., 1999), whereas the rest *Corresponding Author: Lemi Beksisa, Ethiopian
are diploid and self-incompatible with the exception of Institute of Agricultural Research, Jimma Agricultural
Coffea hetrocalyx and Coffea anthonyi (Nowak et al., Research Center, P.O.Box, 192, Jimma, Ethiopia. E:
2012). Coffea arabica Linnaeus and Coffea canephora mail: lbeksisa@gmail.com, Tel: +251910822464
Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield components in some Ethiopian accessions of Arabica Coffee
Beksisa et al. 179
Arabica coffee is an amphidiploid formed by hybridization genetic association among different characters (Bhatt,
between Coffea eugeniodes and Coffea canephora, or 1973).
ecotypes related to these diploid species (Lashermes et
al., 1999).Arabica coffee is believed to have originated in In Arabica coffee breeding programs, a lot of studies on
South Western montane rainforests of Ethiopia, the place characters associations have been conducted elsewhere
where it has its center of genetic diversity (Seyoum, but rarely in Ethiopian. For instance, Olika et al. (2011)
2003), while Robusta coffee originated from Central and on 49 Limmu coffee accessions, Ermias (2005) on 81
Western equatorial Africa (Ferwerda, 1976).Arabica West Welega coffee accessions, Yigzaw (2005) on 16
coffee (Coffea arabica Linnaeus) considered as a high Northwest and Southwest of Ethiopia coffee accessions
quality coffee and contributes more than 60% of the world have reported that characters such as number of primary
coffee production (Van der Vossen et al., 2015).Besides, branch, stem girth, canopy diameter and plant height are
about 25 million families in 51 countries make a living known to be related with and significantly influence yield
from it (Varangisetal et al., 2002). of Arabica coffee.
In addition, Ethiopia is the largest producer of coffee in Yield is among the main criteria for selection in coffee
Sub-Saharan Africa and is the fifth largest coffee trees, which usually has biennial bearing nature probably
producer in the world next to Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia due to lack of appropriate agronomic management and is
and Indonesia, contributing about 7 to 10% of total world influenced by different morphological characters (Ferro
coffee production (Gray et al., 2013). Being an important et al., 2008). Moreover, selections to improve yield
beverage crop in the world, coffee has a significant directly may be difficult and time consuming especially for
contribution to Ethiopias economy which provides about perennial tree crops with a long juvenile period such as
30% of the foreign exchange earnings (International coffee (Yigzaw, 2005). Therefore, the quantification and
Coffee organization, 2014). It is also important to the knowledge of the nature of the correlation between yield
Ethiopian economy as there are about 15 million people and morphological characters can be useful in the
whose livelihoods are directly or indirectly derived from selection of coffee (Dhaliwal, 1968). However in Ethiopia,
coffee (Gray et al., 2013). despite the demands of consumers, greater socio-
economic benefits of coffee cultivation and huge
The knowledge of certain genetic parameters is essential influence of other agronomic characters on coffee yield,
for proper understanding and their manipulation in any coffee breeding programs on the improvement of other
crop improvement program (Arshad et al., 2006). agronomic traits as well as the study on the nature of
Specifically, knowledge of correlation coefficient is associations among characters and the yield was limited.
invaluable in selecting the breeding materials for Therefore, the present study was conducted to
improving complex characters through indirect selection investigate the interrelationship among quantitative
(Teklewold et al., 2000). There are several reasons for characters and path coefficient analysis of Limmu coffee
using indirect selection. Sometimes the main character is accessions for a more efficient planning of the coffee
expressed late or measurement of the indirect character improvement program.
is much easier than for the direct character. As it is well
known, yield is complex character and is dependent on
many other morphological characters which are mostly MATERIALS AND METHODS
inherited quantitatively. Therefore, adequate knowledge
of association between yield and its contributing Site Description
characters has a great importance in plant breeding that
enables plant breeders to breed for high yielding The experiment was conducted at Agaro Agricultural
genotypes with desired combinations of characters (Khan Research Sub Center of the Jimma Agricultural Research
and Dar, 2010). Center located at the South-Western part of Ethiopia. It is
45 km from Jimma and 397 km from the capital city of the
The simple correlation analysis could not fully explain the country, Addis Ababa. Agaro is located at a latitudinal
relationship among the characters. Knowledge of gradient of 75035 75100N and a longitudinal
correlations, if accompanied by the understanding of the gradient of 363530E with an altitude of 1650 m above
path analysis (direct and indirect) of each component sea level. The mean annual rainfall of the area is about
character to the final makeup of the yield would be 1616 mm with an average maximum and minimum air
effective in selecting the genotypes and using them in the temperatures of 28.4C and 12.4C respectively (Elias,
crop improvement programme. Path analysis helpsin 2005). The major soil type is Mollic Nitisols with pH 6.2,
determining yield contributing characters and thus is 7.07% organic matter, 0.42% nitrogen, 11.9 ppm
useful in indirect selection. Thus, correlation and the path phosphorus and 39.40 cmol(+)/kg CEC (Zebene et al.,
coefficient analysis would provide a true picture of 2008).
Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield components in some Ethiopian accessions of Arabica Coffee
Int. J. Plant Breeding Crop Sci. 180
Table: 1. Passport data of coffee accessions collected from Limmu coffee growing areas in 2001
Plant Materials period. Four plants were taken at random from each plot
for data collection on different agronomic characters,
Sixty two accessions with two released whereas all plants per plot were considered for evaluation
coffee berry disease (CBD) resistant varieties, F-59 and of the accessions for yield.
744 as checks were included in this study (Table 1).
Data and data management
Implementation and Experimental Design
Data were collected for the following quantitative
The trial was carried out from 2001 to 2012 cropping characters:
seasons in 8x8 simple lattice design with two replications Height up to first primary (cm): The height from ground
and each replicate had border rows. The plot consisted of level up to first primary branch was measured in cm.
two rows with four trees per row, while the spacing was Plant height (cm): Measured in cm from the ground level
2mx2m between rows and plants. All field management to the tip of apical shoot using meter tape.
practices were done properly and timely as per the Number of primary branches: Total number of primary
recommendation for the area (EIAR/JARC, 1996; Endale branches was counted for each tree.
et al., 2008). Mean yield data from the last six years of Main stem diameter (mm): The diameter of the main
cropping seasons were used, while the other agronomic stem was measured at 5 cm above the ground level
characters were taken once throughout the experimental using digital caliper.
Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield components in some Ethiopian accessions of Arabica Coffee
Beksisa et al. 181
Table 2. Analysis of variances (mean square) and relative efficiency for different morphological characters of sixty four Arabica Coffee Accessions
Treatment Error
Characters Replication Adjusted Unadjusted Blocks within rep(adj) Intra block RCBD CV% RE
1
Degree of freedom 63 63 14 49 63
st 190.37*
Number of 1 primary branch 63.63** 80.09 59.71 21.21 29.76 8.84 122.75
Canopy diameter 17555.87** 282.98** 309.85 262.99 126.03 156.47 6.73 111.27
Internodes length 0.97** 0.46** 0.55 0.22 0.13 0.15 5.71 105.55
Number of main stem nodes 88.44** 16.86** 21.27 15.34 4.19 6.67 7.55 136.97
ns
st 104.53 97.70
Length of 1 primary branch 148.14* 161.26 70.18 78.31 76.5 10.29
ns
st 21.70 108.68
Height up to 1 primary branch 32.72** 39.27 24.68 12.94 15.55 10.48
ns
Stem diameter 0.06 0.26** 0.35 0.23 0.08 0.11 7.23 123.71
Total plant height 7658.76** 762.48* 1168.90 1050.21 400.99 545.26 9.62 119.55
ns
Yield 619634.95 265669.46** 293666 195330 118739 135760 18.99 105.17
*, **, ns indicates significance at 0.05, 0.01 probability levels and none significance respectively, CV=Coefficient of variation, RCBD=Randomized
complete block design and RE= Relative efficiency
Where, gxy is genotypic covariance between characters rij = Mutual association between the independent
x and y; gxis genotypic variance of character x; gyis
2 2
character (i) and dependent character (j) as measured by
genotypic variance of character y. the correlation coefficient.
Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield components in some Ethiopian accessions of Arabica Coffee
Int. J. Plant Breeding Crop Sci. 182
RESULT AND DISCUSSION 2). This indicates the presence of considerable diversity
among accessions which indicates immense opportunity
Simple lattice design was more efficient than for an effective selection and hybridization program. This
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) for almost is in agreement with Mesfin and Bayetta (2005) and
all characters (Table 2). Therefore, the use of simple Getachew et al. (2013) who also reported the presence of
lattice design was justified. The analysis of variance significant difference between Arabica Coffee accessions
revealed highly significance differences between for different characters.
accessions for most of the characters investigated (Table
Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients was significantly and negatively correlated with only
height up to first primary branch for both genotypic and
Genotypic and phenotypic correlations between yield and phenotypic levels. This implied that through shortness in
most of yield related characters were positive and height up to first primary branch, high yield of coffee
significant (Table 3). In general, genotypic correlation accessions could be achieved in efforts of variety
coefficients were higher in magnitude than the development in selection program. Therefore, it is
corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients for suggested that independent selection may have to be
almost all of the characters, indicating that there is a carried out for improvement of each character.
strong inherent association between the characters
studied. In addition, canopy diameter, plant height and main stem
diameter showed significant positive correlation with most
Coffee yield had positive genotypic and phenotypic of the characters. In this case, the breeding implication is
correlations coefficients levels with all characters except that selection of one of the characters will implicitly result
height up to first primary branch. Among the characters in the improvement of the other characters. In studies of
studied, the correlation was statistically significant with genetic divergence and the processes of evaluation and
number of primary branch, canopy diameter, number of selection, it is important to maintain traits that are
main stem nodes and main stem diameter, indicating correlated with the majority of traits (Ferro et al., 2008).
greater importance and reliability of these characters for On the other hand, number of primary branch showed
selection for improvement of yield in coffee. As one of positive and highly significant correlation with canopy
these characters is improved, an enhancement or diameter, number of main stem nodes and plant height.
improvement of coffee yield is also achieved. Thus, the The result indicated that, the greater the number of the
breeders should mainly be focused over these characters first primary branches, the larger will be the canopy
while planning for selection program of crop diameter and plant height and thus ultimately contributing
improvement. This finding is partly in agreement with directly and positively towards the yield. Similar results
(Yigzaw, 2005 and Olika et al., 2011) whose reported were reported by Olika et al. (2011) in Arabica coffee and
positive and significant correlation of most of the Marandu et al. (2004) in Robusta coffee. Likewise,
quantitative characters with yield. Srinivasan (1980) correlation of canopy diameter with internode length,
reported high positive correlation of stem girth and length number of main stems node, plant height, main stem
of primary branches with yield. Similarly, Walyaro and diameter and yield was positive and significant.
Van der Vossen (1979) also reported significant and
positive genotypic correlations between yield and girth at In this study, interestingly most of the characters which
the base of the main stem. Walyaro (1983) and Marandu were negatively correlated with each other at both
et al. (2004) also reported that coffee yield is influenced genotypic and phenotypic correlations coefficients did not
by most important characters like number of primary significantly affect each other except, selection for
branches, canopy diameter, plant height and main stem internode length could negatively affect the improvement
diameter. of number of primary branch and number of main stem
nodes as these characters showed negative and
On the other hand, yield showed positive but statistically significant correlation both at genotypic and phenotypic
non-significant correlation with plant height, internode correlation coefficients. This implied that, the selection for
length and length of first primary branch. This indicated any one of these characters is not likely to result in
indirect selection based on any of these characters improvement of the others. In such a situation, it is
studied would not provide satisfactory gains for coffee suggested that independent selection may have to be
yield. The interrelationship of the characters may be due carried for improvement of each character.
to the genotype or environment influence in different
ways, thus making the selection and the improvement Path coefficient analysis
programs become unreliable. Similarly, Ermias (2005)
also reported weak and non-significant correlation of The main selection criterion in coffee is production
internode length with average yield. In this study, yield (Oliveira et al., 2011). Other agronomic characters
Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield components in some Ethiopian accessions of Arabica Coffee
Beksisa et al. 183
Table 3. Genotypic (above diagonal) and phenotype (below diagonal) correlation coefficient among 9characters
in 64 Arabica coffee
related to yield potential have been studied to increase should be given for longer primaries and shorter inter
the indirect selection efficiency (Petek et al., 2008; Pinto nodes in selection for yield, as they had direct positive
et al., 2012). In this study, the positive direct effect on effects.
coffee yield was exerted by plant height (1.564), canopy However, in this study, even though the length of first
diameter (1.555) and length of first primary branch primary branch was positively exerted in coffee yield,
(0.052). This indicates that, with other characters kept positive indirect effects of length of first primary branch
constant, direct selection on the basis of canopy through number of primary branch and canopy diameter
diameter, length of first primary branch and plant height were higher than its positive direct effect. In this case, the
would be much effective for the improvement of coffee indirect selection of this character via number of primary
yield. This is usually happens and they are well known as branch and canopy diameter will be more beneficial for
the most important characters that influence the coffee crop improvement.
yield directly. Ermias (2005) also revealed positive direct
effect of plant height but negative direct effects of canopy On the other hand, internode length (-1.860), number of
diameter and length of primary branch on yield. primary branch (-1.802), height up to first primary branch
Moreover, Srinivasan (1980) reported that greater weight (-0.609), main stem diameter (-0.444) and number of
Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield components in some Ethiopian accessions of Arabica Coffee
Int. J. Plant Breeding Crop Sci. 184
main stem nodes (-0.232) which had positive genotypic yield. In other words, residual effect measures the role of
and phenotypic correlation coefficient with yield except other independent variables which were not included in
height up to first primary branch exerted negative effect the study on the dependent variable. In this study, the
on yield. The miss match between correlation coefficient estimated residual effect was 0.33 indicating that about
and direct effects indicated that, the strong correlation of 67% of the variability in yield was contributed by the
these characters with yield was largely due to their characters studied in path analysis. This residual effect
indirect effects through the other characters. For towards yield in this study might be mainly due to the
instance, number of primary branch had positive indirect other characters which are not included in the
effect via canopy diameter, internode length, plant height investigation, environmental factor and sampling errors.
and height up to first primary branch and the indirect Therefore, the aspect of intensive germplasm exploration
effect of this character via the other characters was in the Limmu coffee considering additional characters
cumulatively 2.295 which was higher than that of direct was suggested in order to confirm the results. In general,
effect (-1.802). Therefore, the strong coefficient of the path analysis carried out in the present study
correlation of this character with yield was due to revealed that the main components of bean yield which
masking effects of the positive indirect effects via the had positive direct effect of bean yield should be given
other characters on negative direct effect. In this case, high priority for making selection for high yielding
the improvement of the bean yield can be achieved by accessions in Limmu coffee.
indirect selection via other characters.
Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield components in some Ethiopian accessions of Arabica Coffee
Beksisa et al. 185
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Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield components in some Ethiopian accessions of Arabica Coffee