Mechanics of Materials 7th Edition Beer Johnson Chapter 6

CHAPTER 6
s PROBLEM 6.1
s
50 mm Three full-size 50 100-mm boards are nailed together to form a
50 mm beam that is subjected to a vertical shear of 1500 N. Knowing that the
50 mm
allowable shearing force in each nail is 400 N, determine the largest
longitudinal spacing s that can be used between each pair of nails.
100 mm
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I bh (100)(150)3 28.125 106 mm 4
12 12
28.125 106 m 4
A (100)(50) 5000 mm2
y1 50 mm
Q A y1 250 103 mm3 250 106 m3
VQ (1500)(250 106 )
q 6
13.3333 103 N/m
I 28.125 10
2 Fnail (2)(400)
qs 2Fnail s 60.0 103 m
q 13.3333 103
s 60.0 mm
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893
s PROBLEM 6.2
s
50 mm For the built-up beam of Prob. 6.1, determine the allowable shear if
the spacing between each pair of nails is s 45 mm.
50 mm
50 mm PROBLEM 6.1 Three full-size 50 100-mm boards are nailed
together to form a beam that is subjected to a vertical shear of 1500 N.
Knowing that the allowable shearing force in each nail is 400 N,
100 mm determine the largest longitudinal spacing s that can be used between
each pair of nails.
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I bh (100)(150)3 28.125 106 mm 4
12 12
28.125 106 m 4
A (100)(50) 5000 mm 2
y1 50 mm
Q A y1 250 103 mm3 250 106 m3
VQ
q qs 2 Fnail
I
VQ 2 Fnail
Eliminating q,
I s
2IFnail (2)(28.125 106 )(400)
Solving for V, V 2.00 103 N
Qs (250 106 )(45 103 )
V 2.00 kN
894
s PROBLEM 6.3
s
s Three boards, each 2 in. thick, are nailed together to form a beam
2 in. that is subjected to a vertical shear. Knowing that the allowable
shearing force in each nail is 150 lb, determine the allowable shear
4 in. if the spacing s between the nails is 3 in.
2 in.
2 in.
6 in.
SOLUTION
1 3
I1 bh Ad 2
12
1
(6)(2)3 (6)(2)(3) 2 112 in 4
12
1 3 1
I2 bh (2)(4)3 10.6667 in 4
12 12
I 3 I1 112 in 4
I I1 I 2 I 3 234.67 in 4
Q A1 y1 (6)(2)(3) 36 in 3
qs Fnail (1)
VQ
q (2)
I
1 VQ
Dividing Eq. (2) by Eq. (1),
s Fnail I
Fnail I (150)(234.67)
V V 326 lb
Qs (36)(3)
895
s
s PROBLEM 6.4
s
20 mm A square box beam is made of two 20 80-mm planks and two
80 mm 20 120-mm planks nailed together as shown. Knowing that the
20 mm spacing between the nails is s 30 mm and that the vertical shear in
the beam is V 1200 N, determine (a) the shearing force in each nail,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam.
120 mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I b2 h23 b1h13
12 12
1 1
(120)(120)3 (80)(80)3 13.8667 106 mm 4
12 12
6 4
13.8667 10 m
(a) A1 (120)(20) 2400 mm 2

y1 50 mm
Q1 A1 y1 120 103 mm3 120 106 m3
VQ (1200)(120 106 )
q 6
10.3846 103 N/m
I 13.8667 10
qs 2 Fnail
qs (10.3846 103 )(30 103 )
Fnail Fnail 155.8 N
2 2
(b) Q Q1 (2)(20)(40)(20)
120 103 32 103 152 103 mm3
152 106 m3
VQ (1200)(152 106 )
max
It (13.8667 106 )(2 20 103 )
329 103 Pa max 329 kPa
896
16 200 mm PROBLEM 6.5
The American Standard rolled-steel beam shown has been reinforced by

S310 52
attaching to it two 16 200-mm plates, using 18-mm-diameter bolts
spaced longitudinally every 120 mm. Knowing that the average allowable
shearing stress in the bolts is 90 MPa, determine the largest permissible
vertical shearing force.
SOLUTION
Calculate moment of inertia:

Part A (mm 2 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )
Top plate 3200 * 82.43 0.07
160.5
S310 52 6650 0 95.3
*
Bot. plate 3200 160.5 82.43 0.07
164.86 95.44
*d 305 16
160.5 mm
2 2
I Ad 2 I 260.3 106 mm 4 260.3 106 m 4
Q Aplate d plate (3200)(160.5) 513.6 103 mm3 513.6 106 m3

Abolt 2
d bolt (18 103 )2 254.47 106 m 2
4 4
Fbolt all Abolt (90 106 )(254.47 106 ) 22.90 103 N
2Fbolt (2)(22.90 103 )
qs 2 Fbolt q 3
381.7 103 N/m
s 120 10
VQ Iq (260.3 106 )(381.7 103 )
q V 193.5 103 N
I Q 513.6 106
V 193.5 kN
897
y
16 in. 1
in.
PROBLEM 6.6
2
The beam shown is fabricated by connecting two channel shapes and two
plates, using bolts of 34 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 7.5 in.
C12 20.7 Determine the average shearing stress in the bolts caused by a shearing
z force of 25 kips parallel to the y axis.
C
SOLUTION
C12 20.7: d 12.00 in., I x 129 in 4
12.00 1 1
For top plate, y 6.25 in.
2 2 2
3
1 1 1
I t (16) (16) (6.25) 2 312.667 in 4
12 2 2
For bottom plate, I b 312.667 in 4

Moment of inertia of fabricated beam:
I (2)(129) 312.667 312.667
883.33 in 4
1
Q Aplate yplate (16) (6.25) 50 in 3
2
VQ (25)(50)
q 1.41510 kips/in.
I 883.33
1 1
Fbolt qs (1.41510)(7.5) 5.3066 kips
2 2
2
3
Abolt (d bolt ) 2 0.44179 in 2
4 4 4
F 5.3066
bolt bolt 12.01 ksi bolt 12.01 ksi
Abolt 0.44179
898
y PROBLEM 6.7
A columm is fabricated by connecting the rolled-steel members shown by

C8 13.7 bolts of 34 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 5 in. Determine the
average shearing stress in the bolts caused by a shearing force of 30 kips
parallel to the y axis.
z C
S10 25.4
SOLUTION
Geometry:
d
f (tw )C
2 s
10.0
0.303 5.303 in.
2
x 0.534 in.
y1 f x 5.303 0.534 4.769 in.
Determine moment of inertia.
Part A(in 2 ) d (in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )
C8 13.7 4.04 4.769 91.88 1.52
S10 25.4 7.45 0 0 123
C8 13.7 4.04 4.769 91.88 1.52
183.76 126.04
I Ad 2 I 183.76 126.04 309.8 in 4

Q A y1 (4.04)(4.769) 19.2668 in 3
VQ (30)(19.2668)
q 1.86573 kip/in.
I 309.8
1 1
Fbolt qs (1.86573)(5) 4.6643 kips
2 2
2
2 3 2
Abolt d bolt 0.44179 in
4 4 4
Fbolt 4.6643
bolt 10.56 ksi bolt 10.56 ksi
Abolt 0.44179
899
PROBLEM 6.8
The composite beam shown is fabricated by connecting two W6 20 rolled-steel

members, using bolts of 85 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 6 in. Knowing
that the average allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 10.5 ksi, determine the largest
allowable vertical shear in the beam.
SOLUTION
W6 20: A 5.87 in 2 , d 6.20 in., I x 41.4 in 4

1
y d 3.1 in.
2
Composite: I 2[41.4 (5.87)(3.1) 2 ]
195.621 in 4
Q A y (5.87)(3.1) 18.197 in 3
5
Bolts: d in., all 10.5 ksi, s 6 in.
8
2
5 2
Abolt 0.30680 in
4 8
Fbolt all Abolt (10.5)(0.30680) 3.2214 kips
2Fbolt (2)(3.2214)
q 1.07380 kips/in.
s 6
VQ Iq (195.621)(1.0780)
Shear: q V V 11.54 kips
I Q 18.197
900
15 15 30 15 15 PROBLEM 6.9
20 0.5 m 72 kN
For the beam and loading shown, consider
a section n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing
20
n stress in that section, (b) the shearing stress at
40
point a.
120
n
20
1.5 m
20 0.8 m
90
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
M B 0: 2.3 A (1.5)(72) 0
A 46.957 kN
At section n-n, V A 46.957 kN
Calculate moment of inertia:
1 1 1
I 2 (15)(40)3 2 (15)(80)3 (30)(1203 )
12 12 12
5.76 106 mm 4 5.76 106 m 4
At a, ta 30 mm 0.030 m
Qa (30 20)(50) 30 103 mm3
30 106 m3
VQa (46.957 103 )(30 106 )
a
Ita (5.76 106 )(0.030)
8.15 106 Pa = 8.15 MPa
At b, tb 60 mm 0.060 m
Qb Qa (60 20)(30) 30 103 36 103 66 103 mm3 66 106 m 4
VQb (46.957 103 )(66 106 )
b 8.97 106 Pa 8.97 MPa
Itb (5.76 106 )(0.060)
At NA, t NA 90 mm 0.090 m
QNA Qb (90 20)(10) 66 103 18 103 84 103 mm3 84 106 m3
VQNA (46.957 103 )(84 106 )
NA 7.61 106 Pa 7.61 MPa
It NA (5.76 106 )(0.090)
(a) max occurs at b. max 8.97 MPa

(b) a 8.15 MPa
901
0.3 m PROBLEM 6.10
n
10 kN 40 mm For the beam and loading
a
12 mm shown, consider section n-n
150 mm and determine (a) the largest
12 mm
100 mm shearing stress in that section,
n (b) the shearing stress at
1.5 m 200 mm
point a.
SOLUTION
At section n-n, V 10 kN.

I I1 4I 2
1 1
b1h13 4 b2h23 A2d 22
12 12
1 1
(100)(150)3 4 (50)(12)3 (50)(12)(69)2
12 12
28.125 106 4 0.0072 106 2.8566 106
39.58 106 mm 4 39.58 106 m 4
(a) Q A1 y1 2 A2 y2
(100)(75)(37.5) (2)(50)(12)(69)
364.05 103 mm3 364.05 106 m3
t 100 mm = 0.100 m
VQ (10 103 )(364.05 106 )
max 920 103 Pa max 920 kPa
It (39.58 106 )(0.100)
(b) Q A1 y1 2 A2 y2
(100)(40)(55) (2)(50)(12)(69)
302.8 103 mm3 302.8 106 m3
t 100 mm 0.100 m
VQ (10 103 )(302.8 106 )
a 765 103 Pa a 765 kPa
It (39.58 106 )(0.100)
902
t PROBLEM 6.11
18 in. 3 in.
a
t
For the beam and loading shown,
t consider section n-n and determine
n
3 in. (a) the largest shearing stress in that
25 kips
section, (b) the shearing stress at point a.
n
3 in. t = 0.25 in.
25 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
1 1 2
I (8 in.)(9 in.)3 (7.25 in.)(8.5 in.)3 (0.25 in.)(3 in.)3
12 12 12
I 113.8 in 4
V = 25 kips
M (25 kips)(18 in.) = 450 kip in.
(a) m: At neutral axis, thickness 0.25 in.
Q 2(3 in. 0.25 in.)(3 in.) (7.5 in.)(0.25 in.)(4.375 in.) (4.25 in.)(0.25 in.)(2.125 in.)
Q 4.5 in 3 8.203 in 3 2.258 in 3 14.96 in 3
t 0.25 in.
V (25 kips)(14.96 in 3 )
m Q m 13.15 ksi
It (113.8 in 4 )(0.25 in.)
903
PROBLEM 6.11 (Continued)
(b) a: At point a, t = 0.25 in.

See sketch above.
Qa 4.5 in 3 8.203 in 3 12.70 in 3
VQa (25 kips)(12.70 in 3 )
a a 11.16 ksi
It (113.8 in 4 )(0.25 in.)
904
1
2
in. PROBLEM 6.12
10 kips 10 kips
8 in.
a For the beam and loading shown, consider
n 4 in.
1
2
in. section n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing
stress in that section, (b) the shearing stress at
n point a.
4 in.
16 in. 12 in. 16 in.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, RA RB .
Fy 0: RA RB 10 10 0
RA RB 10 kips
From the shear diagram, V 10 kips at n-n.

1 1
I b2h23 b1h13
12 12
1 1
(4)(4)3 (3)(3)3 14.5833 in 4
12 12
1 1
(a) Q A1 y1 A2 y2 (3) (1.75) (2) (2)(1) 4.625 in 3
2 2
1 1
t 1 in.
2 2
VQ (10)(4.625)
max max 3.17 ksi
It (14.5833)(1)
1
(b) Q Ay (4) (1.75) 3.5 in 3
2
1 1
t 1 in.
2 2
VQ (10)(3.5)
a 2.40 ksi
It (14.5833)(1)
905
10
30
10 PROBLEM 6.13
For a beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest
40 allowable vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed 60 MPa.
Dimensions in mm 40
40
SOLUTION
Calculate moment of inertia.
1 1
I 2 (10 mm)(120 mm)3 (30 mm)(40 mm)3
12 12
2[1.440 106 mm 4 ] 0.160 106 mm 4
3.04 106 mm 4
I 3.04 106 m 4
Assume that m occurs at point a.

t 10 mm 0.01 m
Q (10 mm 40 mm)(40 mm)
16 103 mm3 Q 16 106 m3
VQ
For all 60 MPa, m all
It
V (16 106 m3 )
60 106 Pa V 114.0 kN
(3.04 106 m 4 )(0.01m)
Check at neutral axis:

t 50 mm 0.05 m
Q 2[(10 60)(30)] (30 20)(10) 42 103 m3 42 106 m3
VQ (114.0 kN)(42 106 m3 )

NA 31.5 MPa 60 MPa OK
It (3.04 106 m 4 )(0.05 m)
906
10
30
10 PROBLEM 6.14
10 For a beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest
allowable vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed 60 MPa.
30
Dimensions in mm 40
30
10
SOLUTION

1 1
I (50 mm)(120 mm)3 2 (30 mm)4 (30 mm 30 mm)(35 mm)2
12 12
I 7.2 106 mm 4 2[1.170 106 mm 4 ] 4.86 106 mm 4
4.86 106 m 4
Assume that m occurs at point a.
t 2(10 mm) 0.02 m

Q (10 mm 50 mm)(55 mm) 2[(10 mm 30 mm)(35 mm)]
48.5 103 mm3 48.5 106 m3
907
VQ
For all 60 MPa, m all
It
V (48.5 106 m3 )
60 106 Pa V 120.3 kN
(4.86 106 m 4 )(0.02 m)
Check at neutral axis: t 50 mm 0.05 m
Q (50 60)(30) (30 30)(35) 58.5 103 mm3
VQ (120.3 kN)(58.5 106 m3 )
29.0 MPa 60 MPa OK
It (4.86 106 m 4 )(0.05 m)
908
1.5 in. PROBLEM 6.15
2 in. For a timber beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest allowable
vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed 150 psi.
4 in.
w = 2.5 in.
2 in.
1.5 in.
SOLUTION
1
I (1.5 83 2(0.5)(4)3 )
12
I 69.333 in 4
all 150 psi
At point a: Q (1.5 in.)(2 in.)(3 in.) 9 in 3; t 1.5 in.

VQ V (9 in 3 )
m ; 150 psi ; V 1733 lb
It (69.333 in 4 )(1.5 in.)
At neutral axis:
Q (1.5 in.)(2 in.)(3 in.) (2.5 in.)(2 in.)(1 in.) 14 in 3, t 2.6 in.
VQ V (14 in 3 )
m ; 150 psi ; V 1857 lb
It (69.333 in 4 )(2.5 in.)
We choose smaller shear. V 1733 lb
909
220 mm PROBLEM 6.16
12 mm
Two steel plates of 12 220-mm rectangular cross section are welded to the
W250 58 beam as shown. Determine the largest allowable vertical shear if
W250 3 58
the shearing stress in the beam is not to exceed 90 MPa.
252 mm
12 mm
SOLUTION

Part A(mm 2 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )
Top plate 2640 *132 45.999 0.032
W250 58 7420 0 0 87.3
Bot. plate 2640 *132 45.999 0.032
91.999 87.364
252 12
*d
2 2
I Ad 2 I 179.363 106 mm 4 179.363 106 m 4

max occurs at neutral axis. t 8.0 mm 8.0 103 m
Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3 )

Top plate 2640 132 348.48
Top flange 2740.5 119.25 326.805
Half web 900 56.25 50.625
725.91
Dimensions in mm: 12 220 ; 13.5 203 ; 8.0 112.5
Q A y 725.91 103 mm3 725.91 106 m3

VQ It (179.363 106 )(8.0 103 )(90 106 )
V
It Q 725.91 106
177.9 103 N V 177.9 kN
910
PROBLEM 6.17
Two W8 31 rolled-steel sections may be welded at A and B in either

of the two ways shown in order to form a composite beam. Knowing
A B A B that for each weld the allowable shearing force is 3000 lb per inch of
weld, determine for each arrangement the maximum allowable vertical
shear in the composite beam.
(a) (b)
SOLUTION
A 9.12 in 2
W8 31 I x 110 in 4
I y 37.1 in 4
(a) I 2[ I x Ad 2 ]
2[110 in 4 (9.12 in 2 )(4 in.)2 ]
I 511.84 in 4
Q Ay (9.12 in 2 )(4 in.) 36.4 in 3
For two welds each with allowable shearing force of 3 kips/in.,

q 2(3 kips/in.) 6 kips/in.
VQ V (36.4 in 3 )
q ; 6 kips/in. V 84.2 kips
I (511.84 in 4 )
(b)
I 2[ I y Ad 2 ]
2[37.1 in 4 (9.12 in 2 )(4 in.) 2 ]
I 366.04 in 4
Q Ay (9.12 in 2 )(4 in.) 36.4 in 3
q 6 kips/in. (same as in part a)
VQ V (36.4 in 3 )
q ; 6 kips/in. V 60.2 kips
I (366.04 in 4 )
911
2.4 kN 4.8 kN 7.2 kN
PROBLEM 6.18
b
For the beam and loading shown, determine the
B C D
A E 150 mm minimum required width b, knowing that for the
grade of timber used, all 12 MPa and
all 825 kPa.
1m 1m 1m 0.5 m
SOLUTION
M D 0: 3 A (2)(2.4) (1)(4.8) (0.5)(7.2) 0

A 2 kN
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams.
|V |max 7.2 kN 7.2 103 N

|M |max 3.6 kN m 3.6 103 N m
M
Bending:
S
|M |max
S min

3.6 103

12 106
300 106 m3
300 103 mm3
1
For a rectangular section, S bh 2
6
6 S (6)(300 103 )
b 2 80 mm
h (150)2
Shear: Maximum shearing stress occurs at the neutral axis of bending for a rectangular section.
1 1 1
A bh, y h, Q Ay bh 2
2 4 8
1 3
I bh t b
12
VQ V ( 18 bh 2 ) 3V
3

It ( 12 bh )(b) 2 bh
1
3V (3)(7.2 103 )
b 87.3 103 m
2h (2)(150 103 )(825 103 )
The required value of b is the larger one. b 87.3 mm
912
PROBLEM 6.19
P A timber beam AB of length L and rectangular cross section carries a
L/2 L/2 b single concentrated load P at its midpoint C. (a) Show that the ratio
A
C
B h
m / m of the maximum values of the shearing and normal stresses in
the beam is equal to 2h/L, where h and L are, respectively, the depth and
the length of the beam. (b) Determine the depth h and the width b of the
beam, knowing that L 2 m, P 40 kN, m 960 kPa, and
m 12 MPa.
SOLUTION
Reactions: RA RB P/2
P
(1) Vmax RA
2
(2) A bh for rectangular section.
3 Vmax 3P
(3) m for rectangular section.
2 A 4bh
PL
(4) M max
4
1 2
(5) S bh for rectangular section.
6
M max 3PL
(6) m
S 2bh 2
m h
(a)
m 2L
2 L m (2)(2)(960 103 )
(b) Solving for h, h 320 103 m h 320 mm
m 12 10 6
Solving Eq. (3) for b,

3P (3)(40 103 )
b 97.7 103 m b 97.7 mm
4h m (4)(320 103 )(960 103 )
913
PROBLEM 6.20
w
b A timber beam AB of length L and rectangular cross section carries a
A B h uniformly distributed load w and is supported as shown. (a) Show that
the ratio m / m of the maximum values of the shearing and normal
C D
stresses in the beam is equal to 2h/L, where h and L are, respectively,
L/2 the depth and the length of the beam. (b) Determine the depth h and
L/4 L/4
the width b of the beam, knowing that L 5 m, w 8 kN/m,
m 1.08 MPa, and m 12 MPa.
SOLUTION
wL
RA RB
2
wL
From shear diagram, |V |m (1)
4
For rectangular section, A bh (2)
3 Vm 3wL
m (3)
2 A 8bh
wL2
From bending moment diagram, |M |m (4)
32
For a rectangular cross section,
1 2
S bh (5)
6
|M |m 3wL2
m (6)
S 16 bh 2
m 2h
(a) Dividing Eq. (3) by Eq. (6),
m L
(b) Solving for h,

L m (5)(1.08 106 )
h 225 103 m h 225 mm
2 m 6
(2)(12 10 )
Solving Eq. (3) for b,

3wL (3)(8 103 )(5)
b
8h m (8)(225 103 )(1.08 106 )
61.7 103 m b 61.7 mm
914
25 kips 25 kips
PROBLEM 6.21
n
7.25 in.
3
4
in. For the beam and loading shown,
A B
b
1.5 in. consider section n-n and determine the
n
a
1.5 in. shearing stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
3 3
20 in. 20 in. 4
in. 4
in.
10 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
RA RB 25 kips
At section n-n, V 25 kips
Locate centroid and calculate moment of inertia.
Part A(in 2 ) y (in.) A y (in 3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )
4.875 6.875 33.52 2.244 24.55 0.23
10.875 3.625 39.42 1.006 11.01 47.68
15.75 72.94 35.56 47.91
Ay 72.94
Y 4.631 in.
A 15.75
I Ad 2 I 35.56 47.91 83.47 in 4
3
(a) Qa Ay (1.5)(4.631 0.75) 4.366 in 3
4
3
t 0.75 in.
4
VQ (25)(4.366)
a a 1.744 ksi
It (83.47)(0.75)
3
(b) Qb Ay (3)(4.631 1.5) 7.045 in 3
4
t 0.75 in.
VQ (25)(7.045)
b b 2.81 ksi
It (83.47)(0.75)
915
180 kN 160 mm PROBLEM 6.22
n a 20 mm
For the beam and loading
A B 100 mm shown, consider section n-n
b and determine the shearing
n 30 mm
stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
500 mm 500 mm
30 mm 30 mm
20 mm
SOLUTION
Draw the shear diagram. |V |max 90 kN
Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) A y (103 mm3 ) d(mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

3200 90 288 25 2.000 0.1067
1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
6400 416 4.000 1.8133
Ay 416 103
Y 65 mm
A 6400
I Ad 2 I (4.000 1.8133) 106 mm 4
5.8133 106 mm 4 5.8133 106 m 4
(a) A (80)(20) 1600 mm 2

y 25 mm
Qa Ay 40 103 mm3 40 106 m3
VQa (90 103 )(40 106 )
a 31.0 106 Pa
It (5.8133 106 )(20 103 )
a 31.0 MPa
(b) A (30)(20) 600 mm 2 y 65 15 50 mm

Qb Ay 30 103 mm3 30 106 m3
VQb (90 103 )(30 106 )

b 23.2 106 Pa
It (5.8133 106 )(20 103 )
b 23.2 MPa
916
25 kips 25 kips
PROBLEM 6.23
n
7.25 in.
3
4
in. For the beam and loading shown,
A B
b
1.5 in. determine the largest shearing stress
n
a
1.5 in. in section n-n.
3 3
20 in. 20 in. 4
in. 4
in.
10 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
RA RB 25 kips
At section n-n, V 25 kips
Locate centroid and calculate moment of inertia.
Part A(in 2 ) y (in.) Ay (in 3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )

4.875 6.875 33.52 2.244 24.55 0.23
10.875 3.625 39.42 1.006 11.01 47.68
15.75 72.94 35.56 47.91
A y 72.94
Y 4.631 in.
A 15.75
I Ad 2 I 35.56 47.91 83.47 in 4
Largest shearing stress occurs on section through centroid of entire cross section.
3 4.631
Q Ay (4.631) 8.042 in 3
4 2
3
t 0.75 in.
4
VQ (25)(8.042)
m 3.21 ksi
It (83.47)(0.75)
917
180 kN 160 mm PROBLEM 6.24
n a 20 mm
For the beam and loading
A B 100 mm shown, determine the largest
n
b
30 mm
shearing stress in section n-n.
500 mm 500 mm
30 mm 30 mm
20 mm
SOLUTION
Draw the shear diagram. |V |max 90 kN
Part A (mm 2 ) x Ay (103 mm3 ) d(mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

3200 90 288 25 2.000 0.1067
1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
6400 416 4.000 1.8133
Ay 416 103
Y 65 mm
A 6400
I Ad 2 I (4.000 1.8133) 106 mm 4
5.8133 106 mm 4 5.8133 106 m 4
Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3 )

3200 25 80
300 7.5 2.25
300 7.5 2.25
84.5
Q Ay 84.5 103 mm3 84.5 106 m3

t (2)(20) 40 mm 40 103 m
VQ (90 103 )(84.5 106 )
max
It (5.8133 106 )(40 103 )
32.7 106 Pa m 32.7 MPa
918
PROBLEM 6.25
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine (a) the
horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in the following
expression for the maximum shearing stress
c
V
max k
A
where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.
SOLUTION

I c4 and A c2
4
4c
For semicircle, As c2 y
2 3
4c 2
Q As y c2 c3
2 3 3
(a) max occurs at center where t 2c
VQ V 2 c3 4V 4V 4
(b) max 43 2
k 1.333
It 4
c 2c 3 c 3A 3
919
PROBLEM 6.26
tm A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine (a) the
horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in the
following expression for the maximum shearing stress
rm
V
max k
A
SOLUTION
For a thin-walled circular section, A 2 rmtm
1
J Arm2 2 rm3tm , I J rm3tm
2
2rm
For a semicircular arc, y

As rmtm
2rm
Q As y rmtm 2rm2tm

(a) t 2tm at neutral axis where maximum occurs.
VQ V (2rm2tm ) V 2V
(b) max k 2.00
It ( rmtm )(2tm ) rmtm
3
A
920
PROBLEM 6.27
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine (a) the
h horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in the
following expression for the maximum shearing stress
h
V
max k
A
b
SOLUTION
1 1 1
A 2 bh bh I 2 bh3 bh3
2 12 6
For a cut at location y, where y h,
1 by by 2
A( y) y
2 h 2h
2
y ( y) h y
3
by 2 by 3
Q( y) Ay
2 3h
by
t ( y)
h
V y y
2
VQ 6 h by 2 by 3
( y) V 3 3 2
It bh by 2 3h bh h h
d
(a) To find location of maximum of , set 0.
dy
d V y ym 3 1
2 [3 4 m ] 0 , i.e., h from neutral axis.
dy bh h h 4 4
V 3 3 9 V
2
V
(b) ( ym ) 3 2 1.125 k 1.125
bh 4 4 8 bh A
921
PROBLEM 6.28
b A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine
(a) the horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in
the following expression for the maximum shearing stress
h
V
max k
A
SOLUTION
1 1 3
A bh I bh
2 36
For a cut at location y,
1 by by 2
A( y) y
2 h 2h
2 2
y ( y) h y
3 3
by 2
Q( y) Ay (h y )
3
by
t ( y)
h
2
by
VQ V 3 (h y) 12Vy(h y) 12V
( y) (hy y 2 )
It 1 bh3 ) by
( 36 bh 3
bh 3
h
d
(a) To find location of maximum of , set 0.
dy
d 12V 1
( h 2 ym ) 0 ym h, i.e., at mid-height
dy bh3 2
12V 1 2 1 3V
2
12V 3V 3
(b) m 3
2
(hym ym ) 3
h h k 1.500
bh bh 2 2 bh 2A 2
922
2 in. PROBLEM 6.29
The built-up timber beam shown is subjected to a vertical shear of

10 in. 1200 lb. Knowing that the allowable shearing force in the nails is 75 lb,
determine the largest permissible spacing s of the nails.
2 in.
s
s
s
2 in.
SOLUTION
1
I1 b1h13 A1d12
12
1
(2)(2)3 (2)(2)(4)2 65.333 in 4
12
1 1
I2 b2h23 (2)(10)3 166.67 in 4
12 12
I 4 I1 I 2 428 in 4
Q Q1 A1 y1 (2)(2)(4) 16 in 3
VQ (1200)(16)
q 44.86 lb/in.
I 428
Fnail qs
Fnail 75
s 1.672 in.
q 44.86
923
50 mm PROBLEM 6.30
The built-up beam shown is made by gluing together two 20 250-mm

150 mm plywood strips and two 50 100-mm planks. Knowing that the allowable
average shearing stress in the glued joints is 350 kPa, determine the largest
permissible vertical shear in the beam.
50 mm
20 mm 20 mm
100 mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I (140)(250)3 (100)(150)3 154.167 106 mm 4
12 12
154.167 106 m 4
Q Ay (100)(50)(100) 500 103 mm3
500 106 m3
t 50 mm 50 mm 100 mm 100 103 m
VQ

It
It (154.167 106 )(100 103 )(350 103 )
V
Q 500 106
10.79 103 N V 10.79 kN
924
1.5
0.8 0.8
1.5
PROBLEM 6.31
4
0.8
The built-up beam was made by gluing together several wooden planks.
A B Knowing that the beam is subjected to a 1200-lb vertical shear, determine
3.2 the average shearing stress in the glued joint (a) at A, (b) at B.
0.8
Dimensions in inches
SOLUTION
1 1
I 2 (0.8)(4.8)3 (7)(0.8)3 (7)(0.8)(2.0) 2
12 12
60.143 in 4
(a) Aa (1.5)(0.8) 1.2 in 2 ya 2.0 in.
3
Qa Aa ya 2.4 in
ta 0.8 in.
VQa (1200)(2.4)
a a 59.9 psi
Ita (60.143)(0.8)
(b) Ab (4)(0.8) 3.2 in 2 yb 2.0 in.
Qb Ab yb (3.2)(2.0) 6.4 in 3
tb (2)(0.8) 1.6 in.
VQb (1200)(6.4)
b b 79.8 psi
Itb (60.143)(1.6)
925
20 mm 60 mm 20 mm PROBLEM 6.32
A
Several wooden planks are glued together to form the box beam shown.
20 mm
Knowing that the beam is subjected to a vertical shear of 3 kN, determine the
B
30 mm average shearing stress in the glued joint (a) at A, (b) at B.
20 mm
30 mm
20 mm
SOLUTION
1 3 1
IA bh Ad 2 (60)(20)3 (60)(20)(50)2
12 12
3.04 106 mm 4
1 3 1
IB bh (60)(20)3 0.04 106 mm 4
12 12
1 3 1
IC bh (20)(120)3 2.88 106 mm 4
12 12
I 2 I A I B 2 I C 11.88 106 mm 4 11.88 106 m 4
QA Ay (60)(20)(50) 60 103 mm3 60 106 m3
t 20 mm 20 mm 40 mm 40 103 m
VQA (3 103 )(60 106 )
(a) A 379 103 Pa
It (11.88 10 6 )(40 103 )
QB 0 A 379 kPa
VQB
(b) B 0 B 0
It
926
50 300 50 PROBLEM 6.33
B
A A 100 The built-up wooden beam shown is subjected to a vertical shear of
8 kN. Knowing that the nails are spaced longitudinally every 60 mm
50 at A and every 25 mm at B, determine the shearing force in the nails
400
C
x
(a) at A, (b) at B. (Given: I x 1.504 109 mm 4.)
50
200
A A
B
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
I x 1.504 109 mm 4 1504 106 m 4

s A 60 mm 0.060 m
sB 25 mm 0.025 m
(a) QA Q1 A1 y1 (50)(100)(150) 750 103 mm3

750 106 m3
FA q As A
VQ1s A (8 103 )(750 106 )(0.060)

I 1504 106
FA 239 N
(b) Q2 A2 y2 (300)(50)(175) 2625 103 mm3

QB 2Q1 Q2 4125 103 mm3
4125 106 m3
VQB sB (8 103 )(4125 106 )(0.025)

FB qB sB FB 549 N
I 1504 106
927
105 mm PROBLEM 6.34
A Knowing that a W360 122 rolled-steel beam is subjected to a 250-kN vertical shear,
determine the shearing stress (a) at point A, (b) at the centroid C of the section.
C
SOLUTION
For W360 122, d 363 mm, bF 257 mm, t F 21.70 mm, tw 13.0 mm
I 367 106 mm 4 367 106 m 4
(a) Aa (105)(21.70) 2278.5 mm 2
d tF 363 21.70
ya 170.65 mm
2 2 2 2
Qa Aa ya 388.8 103 mm3 388.8 106 m3
ta t F 21.70 mm 21.7 103 m
VQa (250 103 )(388.8 106 )
a 12.21 106 Pa a 12.21 MPa
Ita (367 106 )(21.7 103 )
(b) A1 bF t F (257)(21.70) 5577 mm 2
d tF 363 21.70
y1 170.65 mm
2 2 2 2
d
A2 tw t F (13.0)(159.8) 2077 mm 2
2
1d
y2 t F 79.9 mm
2 2
Qc Ay (5577)(170.65) (2077)(79.9) 1117.7 103 mm3
1117.7 106 m3
tc t w 13.0 mm 13 103 m
VQc (250 103 )(1117.7 106 )
c 6 3
58.6 106 Pa c 58.6 MPa
Itc (367 10 )(13 10 )
928
b PROBLEM 6.35
12 12
6 An extruded aluminum beam has the cross section shown.
80 a
Knowing that the vertical shear in the beam is 150 kN, determine
6 40 the shearing stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
150
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I (150)(80)3 (126)(68)3
12 12
3.098 106 mm 4 3.0985 106 m 4
(a) Qa A1 y1 2 A2 y2
(126)(6)(37) (2)(12)(40)(20)
47.172 103 mm3 47.172 106 m3
ta (2)(12) 24 mm 0.024 m
VQa (150 103 )(47.172 106 )
a 6
95.2 106 Pa
Ita (3.0985 10 )(0.024)
a 95.2 MPa
(b) Qb A1 y1 (126)(6)(37) 27.972 103 mm3
27.972 106 m3
tb (2)(6) 12 mm 0.012 m
VQb (150 103 )(27.972 106 )
b 112.8 106 Pa
Itb (3.0985 106 )(0.012)
b 112.8 MPa
929
6
b
PROBLEM 6.36
An extruded aluminum beam has the cross section shown. Knowing that the
12 12 vertical shear in the beam is 150 kN, determine the shearing stress at
80 a
(a) point a, (b) point b.
6 40
80
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I (80)(80)3 (56)(68)3 1.9460 106 mm 4
12 12
1.946 106 m 4
(a) Qa A1 y1 2 A2 y2
(56)(6)(37) (2)(12)(40)(20) 31.632 103 mm3
31.632 106 m3
ta (2)(12) 24 mm 0.024 m
VQa (150 103 )(31.632 106 )

a 6
101.6 106 Pa
Ita (1.946 10 )(0.024)
a 101.6 MPa
(b) Qb A1 y1 (56)(6)(37) 12.432 103 mm3
12.432 106 m3
tb (2)(6) 12 mm 0.012 m
VQb (150 103 )(12.432 106 )
b 79.9 106 Pa
Itb (1.946 106 )(0.012)
b 79.9 MPa
930
120 PROBLEM 6.37
50 50
10
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing stress of
c 75 MPa in an extruded beam having the cross section shown, determine the
40
b shearing stress at the three points indicated.
30
a 160
30
40
10
20 20
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
VQ
is proportional to Q/t.
It
Point c: Qc (30)(10)(75)
22.5 103 mm3
tc 10 mm
Qc /tc 2250 mm 2
Point b: Qb Qc (20)(50)(55)
77.5 103 mm3
tb 20 mm
Qb /tb 3875 mm 2
Point a: Qa 2Qb (120)(30)(15)
209 103 mm3
ta 120 mm
Qa /ta 1741.67 mm 2
(Q/t )m occurs at b. m b 75 MPa
a b c

Qa /ta Qb /tb Qc /tc
a 75 MPa a
2
2

1741.67 mm 3875 mm 2250 mm 2
a 33.7 MPa
b 75.0 MPa
c 43.5 MPa
931
0.5 in. d 5 in. d PROBLEM 6.38
b The vertical shear is 1200 lb in a beam having the cross section
shown. Knowing that d 4 in., determine the shearing stress at
8 in. a
(a) point a, (b) point b.
4 in.
0.5 in.
SOLUTION
1
I1 (4)(0.5)3 (4)(0.5)(3.75) 2 28.167 in 4
12
1
I 2 (5)(4)3 106.67 in 4
3
I 4 I1 2I 2 326 in 4
(a) Qa 2 A1 y1 A2 y2
(2)(4)(0.5)(3.75) (5)(4)(2) 55 in 3
ta 5 in.
VQa (1200)(55)
a 40.5 psi
Ita (326)(5)
(b) Qb A1 y1 (4)(0.5)(3.75) 7.5 in 4
tb 0.5 in.
VQb (1200)(7.5)
b 55.2 psi
Itb (326)(0.5)
932
0.5 in. d 5 in. d PROBLEM 6.39
b The vertical shear is 1200 lb in a beam having the cross section
shown. Determine (a) the distance d for which a b, (b) the
8 in. a
corresponding shearing stress at points a and b.
4 in.
0.5 in.
SOLUTION
A1 0.5d in 2 , y1 3.75 in., tb 0.5 in.

A2 (5)(4) 20 in 2 , y2 2 in., ta 5 in.
Qb A1 y1 1.875d in 3
VQb V 1.875d Vd
b 3.75
Itb I 0.5 I
Qa A2 y2 2Qb (20)(2) (2)(1.875d )
40 3.75d
ta 5 in.
VQa V (40 3.75d ) V Vd Vd

(a) a 8 0.75 b 3.75
Ita I (5) I I I
8
8 0.75d 3.75d d 2.6667 in.
3
d 2.67 in .
1
(b) I1 (2.6667)(0.5)3 (2.6667)(0.5)(3.75) 2 18.780 in 4
12
1
I 2 (0.5)(4)3 106.667 in 4
3
I 4 I1 2 I 2 288.46 in 4
Vd (3.75)(1200)(2.6667)
a b 3.75 a 41.6 psi
I 288.46
933
c b PROBLEM 6.40
d
1.25 in.
The extruded aluminum beam has a uniform wall thickness of 18 in. Knowing
a
e that the vertical shear in the beam is 2 kips, determine the corresponding shearing
stress at each of the five points indicated.
1.25 in.
1.25 in. 1.25 in.
SOLUTION
1 1
I (2.50)(2.50)3 (2.125)(2.25)3 1.23812 in 4
12 12
t 0.125 in.at all sections.
V 2 kips
VQa
Qa 0 a a 0
It
1.25 3
Qb (0.125)(1.25) 0.097656 in
2
VQb (2)(0.097656)
b b 1.262 ksi
It (1.23812)(0.125)
Qc Qb (1.0625)(0.125)(1.1875) 0.25537 in.2
VQc (2)(0.25537)
c c 3.30 ksi
It (1.23812)(0.125)
Qd 2Qc (0.125)2 (1.1875) 0.52929

VQd (2)(0.52929)
d d 6.84 ksi
It (1.23812)(0.125)
1.125
Qe Qd (0.125)(1.125) 0.60839
2
VQ (2)(0.60839)
e e 7.86 ksi
It (1.23812)(0.125)
934
c b PROBLEM 6.41
d
1.25 in.
The extruded aluminum beam has a uniform wall thickness of 18 in. Knowing
e a that the vertical shear in the beam is 2 kips, determine the corresponding shearing
stress at each of the five points indicated.
1.25 in.
1.25 in. 1.25 in.
SOLUTION
1 1
I (2.50)(2.50)3 (2.125)(2.25)3 1.23812 in 4
12 12
Add symmetric points c, b, and a.
Qe 0
1.125 3
Qd (0.125)(1.125) 0.079102 in td 0.125 in.
2
Qc Qd (0.125)2 (1.1875) 0.097657 in 4 tc 0.25 in.
Qb Qc (2)(1.0625)(0.125)(1.1875) 0.41309 in 3 tb 0.25 in.
1.25 3
Qa Qb (2)(0.125)(1.25) 0.60840 in ta 0.25 in.
2
VQa (2)(0.60840)
a a 3.93 ksi
Ita (1.23812)(0.25)
VQb (2)(0.41309)
b b 2.67 ksi
Itb (1.23812)(0.25)
VQc (2)(0.097657)
c c 0.631 ksi
Itc (1.23812)(0.25)
VQd (2)(0.079102)
d d 1.02 ksi
Itd (1.23812)(0.125)
VQe
e e 0
Ite
935
40 mm 12 mm 40 mm PROBLEM 6.42
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing stress of

30 mm
a 50 MPa in a thin-walled member having the cross section shown, determine
b 10 mm the corresponding shearing stress (a) at point a, (b) at point b, (c) at point c.
c
50 mm
10 mm
30 mm
SOLUTION
Qa (12)(30)(25 10 15) 18 103 mm3

Qb (40)(10)(25 5) 12 103 mm3
Qc Qa 2Qb (12)(10)(25 5) 45.6 103 mm3
25
Qm Qc (12)(25) 49.35 103 mm3
2
ta tc tm 12 mm
tb 10 mm
m 50 MPa
a Qa tm 18 12
(a) 0.36474 a 18.23 MPa
m Qm ta 49.35 12
b Qb tm 12 12
(b) 0.29179 b 14.59 MPa
m Qm tb 49.35 10
c Q t 45.6 12
(c) c m 0.92401 c 46.2 MPa
m Qm tc 49.35 12
936
2 in. 2 in. PROBLEM 6.43
10 in.
Three planks are connected as shown by bolts of 83 -in. diameter spaced every
4 in. 6 in. along the longitudinal axis of the beam. For a vertical shear of 2.5 kips,
10 in.
determine the average shearing stress in the bolts.
SOLUTION
Locate neutral axis.

A (2)(2)(10) (10)(4) 80 in 2
Ay (2)(2)(10)(5) (10)(4)(8) 520 in 3
Ay 520
Y 6.5 in.
A 80
1
I 2 (2)(10)3 (2)(10)(1.5) 2
12
1
(10)(4)3 (10)(4)(1.5) 2 566.67 in 4
12
Q (2)(10)(1.5) 30 in 3
VQs (2.5)(30)(6)
F qs 0.79411 kips
I 566.67
2
2 3 2
Abolt d bolt 0.110447 in
4 4 8
F 0.79411
bolt 7.19 ksi
Abolt 0.110447
937
PROBLEM 6.44
100 mm
A beam consists of three planks connected as shown by steel bolts with a
25 mm longitudinal spacing of 225 mm. Knowing that the shear in the beam is
25 mm vertical and equal to 6 kN and that the allowable average shearing stress in
each bolt is 60 MPa, determine the smallest permissible bolt diameter that
100 mm
can be used.
50 mm 100 mm 50 mm
SOLUTION
Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

7500 50 18.75 14.06
7500 50 18.75 14.06
15,000 50 37.50 28.12
75.00 56.24
I Ay 2 I 131.25 106 mm 4 131.25 106 m 4

Q A1 y1 (7500)(50) 375 103 mm3
375 106 m3
VQs
Fbolt bolt Abolt qs
I
VQs (6 103 )(375 106 )(0.225)
Abolt 64.286 106 m 2
bolt I (6 106 )(131.25 106 )
64.286 mm 2
4 Abolt (4)(64.286)
d bolt d bolt 9.05 mm

938
PROBLEM 6.45
6 in.
A beam consists of five planks of 1.5 6-in. cross section connected by steel
bolts with a longitudinal spacing of 9 in. Knowing that the shear in the beam is
1 in. vertical and equal to 2000 lb and that the allowable average shearing stress in
1 in. each bolt is 7500 psi, determine the smallest permissible bolt diameter that can be
used.
SOLUTION
Part A(in 2 ) y0 (in.) Ay0 (in 3 ) y (in.) Ay 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )
9 5 45 0.8 5.76 27
9 4 36 0.2 0.36 27
9 3 27 1.2 12.96 27
9 4 36 0.2 0.36 27
9 5 45 0.8 5.76 27
45 189 25.20 135
Ay 189
Y0 4.2 in.
A 45
I Ad 2 I 160.2 in 4
Between and : Q12 Q1 Ay1 (9)(0.8) 7.2 in 3
Between and : Q23 Q1 Ay2 7.2 (9)(0.2) 5.4 in 3
VQ
q
I
Maximum q is based on Q12 7.2 in 3.

(2000)(7.2)
q 89.888 lb/in.
160.2
Fbolt qs (89.888)(9) 809 lb
Fbolt Fbolt 809
bolt Abolt 0.1079 in 2
Abolt bolt 7500
2 4 Abolt (4)(0.1079)
Abolt d bolt d bolt d bolt 0.371 in.
4
939
PROBLEM 6.46
Four L102 102 9.5 steel angle shapes and a 12 400-mm plate are bolted
400 mm together to form a beam with the cross section shown. The bolts are of 22-mm
12 mm
diameter and are spaced longitudinally every 120 mm. Knowing that the beam
is subjected to a vertical shear of 240 kN, determine the average shearing stress
in each bolt.
SOLUTION
For one L102 102 9.5,

A 1845 mm 2
I 1.815 106 mm 2
Q (1845 mm 2 )(171 mm)
315.5 103 mm3
315.5 106 m 4
For 12-mm 400-mm plate and four angle,

1
I (12 mm)(400 mm)3 4[1.815 106 mm 4 (1845 mm 2 )(171 mm) 2 ]
12
287.06 106 mm 4 287.06 106 m 4
VQ (240 kN)(315.5 106 m3 )
One angle: q 263.78 kN/m
I 287.06 106 m 4
F qs (263.78 kN/m)(0.120 m) 31.65 kN
F 31.65 kN
Diam. bolt 22 mm ; 83.3 MPa
A
(0.022 m) 2
4
940
D PROBLEM 6.47
1.6 in. A plate of 14 -in. thickness is corrugated as shown and then used as a
A B E F
beam. For a vertical shear of 1.2 kips, determine (a) the maximum
2 in. 2 in.
shearing stress in the section, (b) the shearing stress at point B. Also,
1.2 in. 1.2 in. sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
SOLUTION
LBD (1.2) 2 (1.6) 2 2.0 in. ABD (0.25)(2.0) 0.5 in 2
Locate neutral axis and compute moment of inertia.

Part A(in 2 ) y (in.) Ay (in 3 ) d (in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )
AB 0.5 0 0 0.4 0.080 neglect
BD 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.080 *0.1067
DE 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.080 *0.1067
EF 0.5 0 0 0.4 0.080 neglect
2.0 0.8 0.320 0.2134
* 1 1 Ay 0.8
ABD h 2 (0.5)(1.6)2 0.1067 in 4 Y 0.4 in.
12 12 A 2.0
I Ad 2 I 0.5334 in 4
(a) Qm QAB QBC
QAB (2)(0.25)(0.4) 0.2 in 3
QBC (0.5)(0.25)(0.2) 0.025 in 3
Qm 0.225 in 3
VQm (1.2)(0.225)
m m 2.02 ksi
It (0.5334)(0.25)
(b) QB QAB 0.2 in 3

VQB (1.2)(0.2)
B B 1.800 ksi
It (0.5334)(0.25)
D 0
941
22 mm
e PROBLEM 6.48
A plate of 2-mm thickness is bent as shown and then used as a beam. For a vertical
shear of 5 kN, determine the shearing stress at the five points indicated and sketch the
shear flow in the cross section.
a d 50 mm
b c
10 mm 10 mm
SOLUTION
1 1 1
I 2 (2)(48)3 (2)(52)3 (20)(2)3 (20)(2)(25) 2
12 12 12
133.75 103 mm 4 133.75 109 mm 4
Qa (2)(24)(12) 576 mm3 576 109 mm3
Qa 0
Qc Qb (12)(2)(25) 600 mm3 600 109 m3
Qd Qc (2)(24)(12) 1.176 103 mm3 1.176 106 m3
Qe Qd (2)(26)(13) 600 mm3 500 109 m3
VQa (5 103 )(576 109 )

a 10.77 106 Pa a 10.76 MPa
It (133.75 109 )(2 103 )
VQb
b b 0
It
VQc (5 103 )(600 109 )

c 11.21 106 Pa c 11.21 MPa
It (133.75 109 )(2 103 )
VQd (5 103 )(1.176 106 )

d 9 3
22.0 106 Pa d 22.0 MPa
It (133.75 10 )(2 10 )
VQe (5 103 )(500 109 )

e 9.35 106 Pa e 9.35 MPa
It (133.75 109 )(2 103 )
942
60 mm A PROBLEM 6.49
An extruded beam has the cross section shown and a uniform wall
30 mm thickness of 3 mm. For a vertical shear of 10 kN, determine (a) the
shearing stress at point A, (b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam.
Also, sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
28 mm
16 mm 16 mm
SOLUTION
16
tan 28.07
30
Side: A (3 sec )(30) 102 mm 2

1
I (3 sec )(30)3 7.6498 103 mm 4
12
Part A (mm 2 ) y0 (mm) A y (103 mm3 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (103 mm 4 ) I (103 mm 4 )

Top 180 30 5.4 11.932 25.627 neglect
Side 102 15 1.53 3.077 0.966 7.6498
Side 102 15 1.53 3.077 0.966 7.6498
Bot. 84 0 0 18.077 27.449 neglect
468 8.46 55.008 15.2996
A y 8.46 103
Y0 18.077 mm
A 468
I Ad 2 I 70.31 103 mm 4 70.31 109 m 4
(a) QA (180)(11.932) 2.14776 103 mm3 2.14776 10 6 m3
t (2)(3 103 ) 6 103 m

VQ (10 103 )(2.14776 106 )
A 9 6
50.9 106 Pa A 50.9 MPa
It (70.31 10 )(6 10 )
1
(b) Qm QA (2)(3 sec )(11.932) 11.932
2
2.14776 103 484.06 2.6318 103 mm3
2.6318 106 m3
t 6 103 m
VQm (10 103 )(2.6318 106 )

m 62.4 106 Pa m 62.4 MPa
It (70.31 109 )(6 103 )
943
QB (28)(3)(18.077) 1.51847 103 mm3

QB 1.51847 103
B A (50.9)
QA 2.14776 103
36.0 MPa
Multiply shearing stresses by t (3 mm 0.003 m) to get shear flow.
944
D
6 in.
E
PROBLEM 6.50
A plate of thickness t is bent as shown and then used as a beam. For a

vertical shear of 600 lb, determine (a) the thickness t for which the
4.8 in.
maximum shearing stress is 300 psi, (b) the corresponding shearing
A B F G stress at point E. Also, sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
3 in. 3 in.
2 in.
SOLUTION
LBD LEF 4.82 22 5.2 in.

Neutral axis lies at 2.4 in. above AB.
Calculate I.
I AB (3t )(2.4) 2 17.28t
1
I BD (5.2t )(4.8)2 9.984t
12
I DE (6t )(2.4)2 34.56t
I EF I DB 9.984t
I FG I AB 17.28t
I I 89.09t
(a) At point C, QC QAB QBC (3t )(2.4) (2.6t )(1.2) 10.32t
VQC VQ (600)(10.32t )
t 0.23168 in. t 0.232 in.
It I (300)(89.09t )
(b) I (89.09)(0.23168) 20.64 in 4
QE QEF QFG
0 (3)(0.23168)(2.4) 1.668 in 3
VQE (600)(1.668)
E E 209 psi
It (20.64)(0.23168)
945
3
8
in. 3
8
in. PROBLEM 6.51
2 in.
The design of a beam calls for connecting two vertical rectangular 83 4 -in. plates
by welding them to horizontal 12 2 -in. plates as shown. For a vertical shear V,
2 in.
a determine the dimension a for which the shear flow through the welded surface is
1
2
in. maximum.
a
2 in.
1
2
in.
SOLUTION
3
1 3 1 1 1
I (2) (4)3 (2) (2) (2)(2) a 2
12 8 12 2 2
4.041667 2a 2 in 4
1
Q (2) a a in 3
2
VQ Va dq
q Set 0.
I 4.041667 2a 2 da
dq (4.041667 2a 2 ) (a)(4a)
V 0
da (4.041667 2a 2 )2
2a 2 4.041667
a 1.422 in.

946
PROBLEM 6.52
The cross section of an extruded beam is a hollow square of side a 3 in. and
thickness t 0.25 in. For a vertical shear of 15 kips, determine the maximum
shearing stress in the beam and sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
a a
SOLUTION
1
Iu I v (3.254 2.754 )
12
4.53125 in 4
Since products of inertia 0,
I x I y Iu I v
I x 4.53125 in 4
V 15 kips
QNA 2[(3 in. 0.25 in.)(1.0607 in.)] 1.59105 in 3

VQNA (15 kips)(1.59105 in 3 )
m NA
I (2t ) (4.53125 in 4 )(2)(0.25 in.)
m 10.53 ksi
947
a PROBLEM 6.53
a
An extruded beam has a uniform wall thickness t. Denoting by V the vertical
shear and by A the cross-sectional area of the beam, express the maximum
shearing stress as max k (V/A) and determine the constant k for each of the
(a) (b) two orientations shown.
SOLUTION
3
(a) h a a
2 (b) h
2
A1 A2 at
A1 at
3 3 1
I1 A1h 2 ath 2 at A2 at
4 2
1 1 3 1 I1 I1 A1d 2
I 2 A2 h 2 at a 2 a 3t
3 3 4 4 2
5 3 1 a h
I 2 I1 4 I 2 a t ath 2 at
2 12 2 2
1 3 9 7
3 2 a t a 3t a 3t
Q1 A1h a t 48 16 12
2 3
h 3 2 1 a 1 3
Q2 A2 a t I2 t at
2 4 3 2 24
Qm Q1 2Q2 3a 2 t 5
I 4 I1 4 I 2 a3t
2
VQ V 3a 2 t 3V
m a h 3 2
I (2t ) 5
2
3
a t 2t 5 at Q1 at a t
2 2 4
6 3 V 6 3V V 1 a 1
k Q2 at a 2t
5 6at 5 A A 2 4 8
7
6 3 Q 2Q1 2Q2 a 3t
k k 2.08 4
5
VQ V 74 a3t
m
I (2t ) 5 3
2
a t (2t )
7 V 42 V 21 V

20 at 20 6at 10 A
V 21
k k 2.10
A 10
948
u PROBLEM 6.54
P
(a) Determine the shearing stress at point P of a thin-walled pipe of the cross section
C shown caused by a vertical shear V. (b) Show that the maximum shearing stress occurs for
rm
t 90 and is equal to 2V/A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
SOLUTION
1
A 2 rm t J Arm2 2 rm3t I J rm3t
2
sin
r for a circular arc.

AP 2r t
QP AP r 2rt sin
VQP (V )(2rt sin ) V sin

(a) P P
I (2t )
rm3t (2t ) rm t
2V sin 2 2V
(b) m m
2 rm t A
949
PROBLEM 6.55
For a beam made of two or more materials with different moduli of elasticity, show that Eq. (6.6)
VQ
ave
It
remains valid provided that both Q and I are computed by using the transformed section of the beam
(see Sec. 4.4), and provided further that t is the actual width of the beam where ave is computed.
SOLUTION
Let Eref be a reference modulus of elasticity.
E1 E
n1 , n2 2 , etc.
Eref Eref
Widths b of actual section are multiplied by ns to obtain the transformed section. The bending stress
distribution in the cross section is given by
nMy
x
I
where I is the moment of inertia of the transformed cross section and y is measured from the centroid of the
transformed section.
The horizontal shearing force over length x is
n(M ) y (M ) Q(M )

H ( x ) dA I
dA
I
ny dA
I

Q ny dA first moment of transformed section.
H M Q VQ
Shear flow: q
x x I I
q
q is distributed over actual width t, thus .
t
VQ

It
950
90 mm
PROBLEM 6.56
A composite beam is made by attaching the timber and steel portions shown with
84 mm
bolts of 12-mm diameter spaced longitudinally every 200 mm. The modulus of
elasticity is 10 GPa for the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. For a vertical shear of
90 mm
4 kN, determine (a) the average shearing stress in the bolts, (b) the shearing stress
at the center of the cross section. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob. 6.55.)
6 mm 140 mm 6 mm
SOLUTION
Let steel be the reference material.

Ew 10 GPa
ns 1.0 nw 0.05
Es 200 GPa
Depth of section: d 90 84 90 264 mm
1 3 1
For steel portion, Is 2 bd (2) (6)(264)3 18.400 106 mm 4
12 12
For the wooden portion, Iw

1
12

b d13 d 23 1
12
(140)(2643 843 ) 207.75 106 mm 4
For the transformed section, I ns I s nw I w
I (1.0)(18.400 106 ) (0.05)(207.75 106 ) 28.787 106 mm 4 28.787 106 m 4

(a) Shearing stress in the bolts.
For the upper wooden portion, Qw (90)(140)(42 45) 1.0962 106 mm3
For the transformed wooden portion,
Q nwQw (0.05)(1.0962 106 ) 54.81 103 mm3 54.81 106 m3

Shear flow on upper wooden portion:
VQ (4000)(54.81 106 )
q 7616 N/m
I 28.787 106
Fbolt qs (7616)(0.200) 1523.2 N

Abolt 2
d bolt (12) 2 113.1 mm 2 113.1 106 m 2
4 4
Fbolt 1523.2
Double shear: bolt
2 Abolt (2)(113.1 106 )
6.73 106 Pa bolt 6.73 MPa
951
(b) Shearing stress at the center of the cross section.
For two steel plates, Qs (2)(6)(90 42)(90 42) 76.032 103 mm3 76.032 106 m3
For the neutral axis, Q 54.81 106 76.032 106 130.842 106 m3
Shear flow across the neutral axis:
VQ (4000)(130.842 106 )
q 6
18.181 103 N/m
I 28.787 10
Double thickness: 2t 12 mm 0.012 m
q 18.181 103
Shearing stress: 1.515 106 Pa
2t 0.012
1.515 MPa
952
150 mm PROBLEM 6.57
12 mm
A composite beam is made by attaching the timber and steel portions shown with
bolts of 12-mm diameter spaced longitudinally every 200 mm. The modulus of
elasticity is 10 GPa for the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. For a vertical shear of
250 mm
4 kN, determine (a) the average shearing stress in the bolts, (b) the shearing stress at
the center of the cross section. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob. 6.55.)
12 mm
SOLUTION
Let Eref Es 200 GPa

Ew 10 GPa 1
ns 1 nw
Es 200 GPa 20
Widths of transformed section:

1
bs 150 mm bw (150) 7.5 mm
20
1 1
I 2 (150)(12)3 (150)(12)(125 6)2 (7.5)(250)3
12 12
2[0.0216 106 30.890 106 ] 9.766 106
71.589 106 mm 4 71.589 106 m 4
(a) Q1 (150)(12)(125 6) 235.8 103 mm3 235.8 106 m3
VQ1 (4 103 )(235.8 106 )

q 13.175 103 N/m
I 71.589 106
Fbolt qs (23.187 103 )(200 103 ) 2.635 103 N

Abolt 2
d bolt (12)2 113.1 mm 2 113.1 106 m 2
4 4
Fbolt 2.635 103
bolt 23.3 106 Pa bolt 23.3 MPa
Abolt 113.1 106
(b) Q2 Q1 (7.5)(125)(62.5) 235.8 103 58.594 103 294.4 103 mm3 294.4 106 m3
t 150 mm 150 103 m

VQ2 (4 103 )(294.4 106 )
c 109.7 103 Pa c 109.7 kPa
It (71.589 106 )(150 103 )
953
PROBLEM 6.58
2 in.
Aluminum A steel bar and an aluminum bar are bonded together as shown to form a
composite beam. Knowing that the vertical shear in the beam is 4 kips and that
the modulus of elasticity is 29 106 psi for the steel and 10.6 106 psi for the
1 in.
Steel aluminum, determine (a) the average stress at the bonded surface, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: Use the method indicated in
1.5 in. Prob. 6.55.)
SOLUTION
n 1 in aluminum.
29 106 psi
n 2.7358 in steel.
10.6 106 psi
Part nA (in 2 ) y (in.) nA y (in 3 ) d (in.) nAd 2 (in 2 ) nI (in 4 )
Alum. 3.0 2.0 6.0 0.8665 2.2525 1.0

Steel 4.1038 0.5 2.0519 0.6335 1.6469 0.3420
7.1038 8.0519 3.8994 1.3420
nA y 8.0519
Y 1.1335 in.
nA 7.1038
I nAd 2 nI 5.2414 in 4
(a) At the bonded surface, Q (1.5)(2)(0.8665) 2.5995 in 3
VQ (4)(2.5995)
1.323 ksi
It (5.2414)(1.5)
1.8665 3
(b) At the neutral axis, Q (1.5)(1.8665) 2.6129 in
2
VQ (4)(2.6129)
max max 1.329 ksi
It (5.2814)(1.5)
954
PROBLEM 6.59
2 in.
Steel A steel bar and an aluminum bar are bonded together as shown to form a
composite beam. Knowing that the vertical shear in the beam is 4 kips and
that the modulus of elasticity is 29 106 psi for the steel and 10.6 106 psi for
1 in.
Aluminum the aluminum, determine (a) the average stress at the bonded surface, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: Use the method indicated in
1.5 in. Prob. 6.55.)
SOLUTION
n 1 in aluminum.
29 106 psi
n 2.7358 in steel.
10.6 106 psi
Part nA (in 2 ) y (in.) nA y (in 3 ) d (in.) nAd 2 (in 2 ) nI (in 4 )
Steel 8.2074 2.0 16.4148 0.2318 0.4410 2.7358

Alum. 1.5 0.5 0.75 1.2682 2.4125 0.1250
9.7074 17.1648 2.8535 2.8608
nA y 17.1648
Y 1.7682 in.
A 9.7074
I nAd 2 nI 5.7143 in 4
(a) At the bonded surface, Q (1.5)(1.2682) 1.9023 in 3
VQ (4)(1.9023)
0.888 ksi
It (5.7143)(1.5)
1.2318
(b) At the neutral axis, Q (2.7358)(1.5)(1.2318) 3.1133 in 3
2
VQ (4)(3.1133)
max max 1.453 ksi
It (5.7143)(1.5)
955
PROBLEM 6.60
Consider the cantilever beam AB discussed in Sec. 6.5 and the

portion ACKJ of the beam that is located to the left of the transverse
section CC and above the horizontal plane JK, where K is a point at
a distance y yY above the neutral axis. (See figure.) (a) Recalling
that x Y between C and E and x ( Y /yY ) y between E and K,
P show that the magnitude of the horizontal shearing force H exerted
Plastic
on the lower face of the portion of beam ACKJ is
A C E
J K yY
1 y2
B H b Y 2c yY
yY
E' y
C' 2
x
Neutral axis
(b) Observing that the shearing stress at K is
H 1 H 1 H
xy lim lim
A 0 A x 0 b x b x
and recalling that yY is a function of x defined by Eq. (6.14), derive

Eq. (6.15).
SOLUTION
Point K is located a distance y above the neutral axis.
The stress distribution is given by
y
Y for 0 y yY and Y for yY y c.
yY
956
For equilibrium of horizontal forces acting on ACKJ,

yY Y yb c

H dA
yY y yY
Y b dy
dy
b y2 y2
Y Y y b(c yY )
yY 2
1 y2
H b Y 2c yY (a)
2 yY
Note that yY is a function of x.
1 H 1 yY y 2 dyY
xy Y
b x 2 x yY 2 dx
1 y 2 dyY
Y 1
2 yY 2 dx
3 1 yY2
But M Px M y 1
2 3 c 2

dM 3 2 yY dyY
Differentiating, P MY 2
dx 2 3 c dx
dyY Pc 2 Pc 2 3 P

dx yY M Y yY 3 Y bc
2 2
2 Y byY
1 y2 3 P 3P y2
Then xy Y 1 1 (b)
2 yY 2 2 Y b Y 4byY yY 2

957
A
a
B
PROBLEM 6.61
a Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform

D E thickness having the cross section shown.
O a
e
F G
a
H J
SOLUTION
2
3a 1 9
I AB I HJ at at 3 ta 3
2 12 4
2
a 1 1
I DE I FG at at 3 ta 2
2 12 4
1 9
I AH t (3a )3 ta 3
12 4
29 3
I I ta
4
3a 3
Part AB: A tx y Q atx
2 2
VQ V 2 atx
3
6Vx
3

It 29
4
ta t 29a 2 t
a 6Vx 6V a 3

F1 dA 0 2
29a t
t dx
29a 2 0
x dx
29
V
a 1
Part DE: A tx y Q atx
2 2
VQ V 2 atx
1
2Vx
3

It 29
4
ta t 29 a 2t
a 2Vx 2V a 1

F2 dA 0 2
29a t
t dx
29a 2 0
x dx
29
V
M K M K : Ve F1 (3a ) F2 (a )
9 1 10
Va Va Va
29 29 29
10
e a e 0.345a
29
958
A
PROBLEM 6.62
a
D B
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
thickness having the cross section shown.
a
O
e
a
F
E
a
G
2a
SOLUTION
2
1 3 3a 7
I AB I FG ta (ta) ta 3
12 2 3
1
I DB I EF (2at ) a 2 (2a ) t 3 2a3t
12
1 2 28 3
I DE t (2a )3 ta 3 I I ta
12 3 3
2a y
Part AB: A t (2a y ); y
3
1
Q Ay t (2a y )(2a y )
2
1
t (4a 2 y 2 )
2
VQ V
(4a 2 y 2 )
It 2I
2a V

F1 dA
a 2I
(4a 2 y 2 ) t dy
Vt 2 y 3 2 a Vta 3 (2)3 1
4a y (4)(2) (4)(1)
2I 3 a 2I 3 3
5 Vta 3 5
V
6 I 56
959
3a
Part DB: Q (ta ) txa
2
3a
ta x
2
VQ Va 3a
x
It I 2
2 a Va 3a Vta 2a 3a

F2 dA 0

I 2
x t dx
I 0
2 x dx

Vta 3ax x 2 2a
Vta 3 (3)(2) (2)2

I 2 2 0 I 2 2
3
Vta 15
5 V
I 28
MH M H: Ve F2 (2a ) 2 F1 (2a )
30 20 5
Va Va Va
28 56 7
5
e a 0.714a
7
960
D B PROBLEM 6.63
a Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
O
A thickness having the cross section shown.
G
e
a
E F
2a
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I AB I FG ta I DB I CP 2ata3 2att 3 2ta3
3 12
1 2 16 3
I DE t (2a)3 ta 3 I I ta
12 3 3
y 1
Part AB: A ty y Q ty 2
2 2
2
VQ V 12 ty 3Vy 2
16 3
It 3
ta t 32a3t
a 3V a 2 1
F1 dA 0 t dy 3 0
y dt V
32a 32
1 2
Part BD: Q QB txa ta tax
2
VQ Vt 1 2
a ax
It 16
3
a3t 2
3 V
( a 2 x)
32 a 2
2 a 3V
F2 dA 0 (a 2 x)dx
32a 2
3V 2a
2
(ax x 2 )
32a 0
3V 9
(2a 2 4a 2 ) V
32a 2 16
M H M H :
Ve (2a)(2 F1) (2a)( F2 )
1 9 5 5
Va Va Va e a 1.250a
8 8 4 4
961
a b PROBLEM 6.64
A D B
O h
e
E G F
SOLUTION
2
h 1 1
I AB I EF (a b)t (a b)t 3 t (a b)h 2
2 12 4
1 1
I DG th3 I I t (6a 6b h)h 2
12 12
h 1
Part AD: Q tx thx
2 2
VQ Vhx

It 2I
a Vhx Vht a

F1 dA
0 2I
t dx
2I 0
x dx
a
Vht x 2 Vhta 2

2I 2 0
4I
h 1
Part BD: Q tx thx
2 2
VQ Vhx

It 2I
b Vhx Vht b

F2 dA
0 2I t dx
2I 0
x dx
b
Vht x 2 Vhtb 2

2I 2 0
4I
M H M H :
Vh 2 t (b 2 a 2 )
Ve F2 h F1h
4I
2 2 2
Vh t (b a ) 3V (b 2 a 2 )

4 121 t (6a 6b h)h 2
6a 6b h
3(b 2 a 2 )
e
6(a b) h
962
6 mm PROBLEM 6.65
B
A An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location of the
12 mm shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by the vertical
shearing force V shown applied at O.
O
C 192 mm
e
6 mm
V 110 kN
D E
72 mm
SOLUTION
1 192 1
2
I 2 (72)(6)3 (72)(6) 12 (12)(192)
3
12
2
15.0431 106 mm 4 15.0431 106 m 4
192
Part AB: A 6x Q Ay (6 x) 576 x
2
VQ 576Vx
q
I I
x 0 at point A. x l AB 72 mm at point B.
xB 72 576Vx 576V (72)2
F1 xA
q dx 0 I
dx
I 2
2
(288)(72)
V 0.099247 V
15.0431 106
MC M C : Ve (0.099247 ) V (192)
(a) e 19.0555 mm e 19.06 mm
(b) Point A: x 0, Q 0, q0 A 0
Point B in part AB: x 72 mm
Q (576)(72) 41.472 103 mm3 41.472 106 m3
t 6 mm 0.006 m
VQ (110 103 )(41.472 106 )
B
It (15.0431 106 )(0.006)
50.5 106 Pa B 50.5 MPa
963
Part BD:
Point B: y 96 mm Q 41.472 103 mm3 41.472 106 m3
t 12 mm 0.012 m
VQ (110 103 )(41.472 106 )
B
It (15.0431 106 )(0.012)
25.271 106 Pa B 25.3 MPa

Point C: y 0, t 0.012 m
96
Q 41.472 103 (12)(96) 96.768 103 mm3 96.768 106 m3
2
VQ (110 103 )(96.768 106 )
58.967 106 Pa C 59.0 MPa
It (15.0431 106 )(0.012)
964
D
4.0 in.
B
PROBLEM 6.66
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the
location of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses
O A caused by the vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.
6.0 in.
G
e
V 2.75 kips
E F
1
t 8
in.
SOLUTION
1
I AB (0.125)(3)3 1.125 in 4
3
1
I BD (4)(0.125)3 (4)(0.125)(3)2 4.50065 in 4
12
1
I DE (0.125)(6)3 2.25 in 4
12
I EF I BD 4.50065 in 4
I FG I AB 1.125 in 4
I I 13.50 in 4
y
(a) Part AB: Q ( y ) ty 0.5ty 2
2
VQ ( y ) 0.5Vt 2
q( y ) y
I I
3 0.5Vt 3 Vt

FAB q ( y ) dy
0 I 0
y 2 dy 4.5
I

Vt
Its moment about H is 4 FAB 18
I
QB (0.5)(t )(3) 2 4.5 t
Part BD: Q( x) QB xt (3) (4.5 3x) t
Vq ( x) Vt
q( x) (4.5 3 x)
I I
4 t 4 Vt
FBD
q ( x) dx
0 I 0
(4.5 3x) dx 42
I
Vt
Its moment about H : 3FBD 126
I
QD [4.5 (3)(4)] t 16.5 t
965
Vt
Part EF: By symmetry with part BD, FEF 42
I
Vt
Its moment about H is 3FEF 126
I
VT
Part FG: By symmetry with part AB, FFG 4.5
I
Vt
Its moment about H is 4 FFG 18
I
Moment about H of force in part DE is zero.
Vt 144Vt
Ve M H (18 126 0 126 18)
I I
144 t (2.88)(0.125)
e e 2.67 in.
I 13.50
(b) QA QG 0 A G 0
QB QF 4.5t
VQB (2.75)(4.5 t )
B F B F 0.917 ksi
It 13.50 t
QD QE 16.5t
VQ0 (2.75)(16.5t )
D E D E 3.36 ksi
It 13.50 t
At H (neutral axis), QH QD t (3)(1.5) 21t
VQH (2.75)(21t )
H H 4.28 ksi
It 13.50t
966
A PROBLEM 6.67
2 in.
B
D An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location of
the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by the
O vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.
6 in.
e
F
E
V 5 2.75 kips 2 in.
G
4 in.
1
t5 8
in.
SOLUTION
Part A (in2) d (in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )
BD 0.50 3 4.50 0
ABEG 1.25 0 0 10.417
EF 0.50 3 4.50 0
2.25 9.00 10.417
I Ad 2 I 19.417 in 4
(a) Part BD: Q( x) 3 tx
VQ ( x) V
q( x) (3tx)
I I
3Vt 4 3Vt 24Vt
FBD
I 0 x dx
I
(8)
I
72Vt
Its moment about H: ( M BD ) H 3FBD
I
24Vt 72Vt
Part EF: By same method, FEF ( M EF ) H
I I
Moments of FAB , FBE , and FEG about H are zero.
72Vt 72Vt 144Vt

Ve M H
I I I
144 t (144)(0.125)
e e 0.927 in.
I 19.417
967
(b) At A, D, F , and G, Q0 A D F G 0
Just above B : Q1 QAB (2t )(4) 8 t
VQ1 (2.75)(8t )
1 1 1.133 ksi
It (19.417) t
Just to the right of B: Q2 QBD (3) t (4) 12t
VQ2 (2.75)(12t )
2 2 1.700 ksi
It (19.417) t
Just below B: Q3 Q1 Q2 20t
VQ3 (2.75)(20t )
3 3 2.83 ksi
It (19.417) t
At H (neutral axis), QH Q3 QBH 20t t (3)(1.5) 24.5 t

VQH (2.75)(24.5t )
H H 3.47 ksi
It (19.417) t
By symmetry, 4 3 2.83 ksi
5 2 1.700 ksi
6 1 1.133 ksi
968
A
6 mm
PROBLEM 6.68
B
6 mm 30 mm An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location
4 mm of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by
D E the vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.
z O
30 mm
e 4 mm
F G
N = 35 kN 30 mm
6 mm
H J
30 mm
Iz = 1.149 106 mm4
SOLUTION
1
I AB I HJ (30)(6)3 (30)(6)(45)2 0.365 106 mm 4
12
1
I DE I FG (30)(4)3 (30)(4)(15) 2 0.02716 106 mm 4
12
1
I AH (6)(90)3 0.3645 106 mm 4
12
I I 1.14882 106 mm 4
(a) For a typical flange, A( s ) ts
Q( s ) yts
VQ( s ) Vyts
q(s)
I I
b Vytb 2

F q( s )ds
0 2I
V (45)(6)(302 )
Flange AB: FAB 0.10576V
(2)(1.14882 106 )
V (15)(4)(30)2
Flange DE: FDE 0.023502V
(2)(1.14882 106 )
Flange FG: FFG 0.023502V
Flange HJ: FHJ 0.10576V
M K M K : Ve 45 FAB 15FDE 15 FFG
45 FHJ 10.223V
Dividing by V, e 10.22 mm
969
(b) Calculation of shearing stresses.
V 35 103 N I 1.14882 106 m 4

At B, E, G, and J, 0
At A and H,
Q (30)(6)(45) 8.1 103 mm3 8.1 106 m3
t 6 103 m
VQ (35 103 )(8.1 106 )
41.1 106 Pa 41.1 MPa
It (1.14882 106 )(6 103 )
Just above D and just below F:
Q 8.1 103 (6)(30)(30) 13.5 103 mm3 13.5 106 m3
t 6 103 m
VQ (35 103 )(13.5 106 )

68.5 106 Pa 68.5 MPa
It (1.14882 106 )(6 103 )
Just to right of D and just to the right of F:
Q (30)(4)(15) 1.8 103 mm3 1.8 106 m3 t 4 103 m
VQ (35 103 )(1.8 106 )

13.71 106 Pa 13.71 MPa
It (1.14882 106 )(4 103 )
Just below D and just above F:
Q 13.5 103 1.8 103 15.3 103 mm3 15.3 106 m3
t 6 103 m
VQ (35 103 )(15.3 106 )

77.7 106 Pa 77.7 MPa
It (1.14882 106 )(6 103 )
At K, Q 15.3 103 (6)(15)(7.5) 15.975 103 mm3 15.975 106 m3
VQ (35 103 )(15.975 106 )

81.1 106 Pa 81.1 MPa
It (1.14882 106 )(6 103 )
970
A PROBLEM 6.69
1
in. 2 in.
4
B
3 in. thickness having the cross section shown.
O
D
3 in.
r E
2 in.
F
4 in.
SOLUTION
1
LDB 42 32 5 in. ADB LDBt (5) 1.25 in 2
4
1 1
I DB AAB h 2 (1.25)(3)2 3.75 in 4
3 3
1 1 3 1 2 4
I AB (2) (2)(4) 8.1667 in
12 4 4
I (2)(3.75) (2)(8.1667) 23.833 in 4
1
Part AB: A (5 y) in 2
4
1
y (5 y) in.
2
1 1
Q Ay (5 y)(5 y) (25 y 2 )
8 8
VQ V (25 y 2 ) V (25 y 2 )

It (8)(23.833)(0.25) 47.667
5 V (25 y2) 1
F1 dA 3 dy
(47.667) 4
5
V 1
25 y y 3
190.667 3 3
V 1 1
(25)(5) (5)3 (25)(3) (3)3 0.09091V
190.667 3 3
MD M D : Ve 2F1(4) 0.7273V e 0.727 in.
971
B PROBLEM 6.70
6 mm
35 mm
60 Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of
O A uniform thickness having the cross section shown.
D
F
e 60
35 mm
SOLUTION
1
I DB (6)(35)3 85.75 103 mm 4
3
LAB 70 mm AAB (70)(6) 420 mm 2
1 1
I AB AAB h 2 (420)(35)2 171.5 103 mm 4
3 3
I (2)(85.75 103 ) (2)(171.5 103 ) 514.5 103 mm 4
Part AB: A ts 6 s
1 1
y s sin 30 s
2 4
3 2
Q Ay s
2
VQ 3Vs 2

It It
70 3Vs 2 3V 70

F1 dA 0 2 It
t ds
I 0
s 2 ds
(3)(70)3 1
V V
(2)(3) I 3
M D M D: Ve 2[( F1 cos 60)(70 sin 60)]
20.2V
Dividing by V, e 20.2 mm
972
4 in. PROBLEM 6.71
A
3 in. Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
B thickness having the cross section shown.
O
5 in.
D
3 in.
e
E
SOLUTION
LAB 42 32 5 in. AAB 5t

1 1
I AB AAB h 2 AAB d 2 (5t )(3)2 (5t )(4)2 83.75t in 4
12 12
1
I BD (t )(5)3 10.417t in 4
12
I 2 I AB I BD 177.917t in 4
In part BD, Q QAB QBY
1
Q (5t )(4) (2.5 y )t (2.5 y )
2
1 1
20t 3.125t ty 2 23.125 y 2 t
2 2
VQ 2.5 V (23.125 12 y 2 )t

It
FBD dA 2.5 It
t dy
2.5
Vt 2.5 1 Vt 1

I
2.5
23.125 y 2 dy 23.125 y y 3
2 I 6 2.5
Vt (2.5)3 Vt (110.417)
2 (23.125)(2.5) 0.62061V
I 6 177.917t
10 10
M K M K : V e (0.62061V )
3 3
10
e [1 0.62061] e 1.265 in.
3
Note that the lines of action of FAB and FDE pass through point K. Thus, these forces have zero moment
about point K.
973
B A PROBLEM 6.72
60 mm
O Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of
D
uniform thickness having the cross section shown.
e 60 mm
E F
80 mm
40 mm
SOLUTION
I AB (40t )(60)2 144 103t

LDB 802 602 100 mm ADB 100t
1 1
I DB ADB h 2 (100t )(60)2 120 103t
3 3
I 2 I AB 2 I DB 528 103t
Part AB: A tx y 60 mm
Q A y 60tx mm3
VQ V (60tx) 60Vx

It It I
40 60Vx 60Vt 40

F1 dA
0 I
t dx
I 0
x dx
30
60Vt x 2 (60)(30)2 Vt
0.051136V
I 2 0 (2)(528 103 ) t
M D M D: Ve (0.051136V )(120) e 6.14 mm
974
PROBLEM 6.73
a t
O A
B
SOLUTION
For whole cross section, A 2 at

1
J Aa 2 2 a 3t I J a 3t
2
Use polar coordinate for partial cross section.
A st a t s arc length
sin 1
r a where
2
sin
2
y r sin a

sin 2
Q Ay a t a a 2 t 2 sin 2

a 2t 2sin 2 a 2 t (1 cos )
2
VQ Va 2
(1 cos )
It I
2
2 Va3 Va 4t

M C a dA 0 I
(1 cos ) tad
I
( sin )
0
2 Va t
4
2aV
a 3t
But M C Ve, hence e 2a
975
A PROBLEM 6.74
a
O Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform thickness
t having the cross section shown.
B
e
SOLUTION
For a thin-walled hollow circular cross section, A 2 at

1
J a 2 A 2 a 3t I J a 3t
2

For the half-pipe section, I a 3t
2
Use polar coordinate for partial cross section.
A st a t s arc length
sin
r a where
2
sin cos
y r cos a

sin cos
Q Ay a t a a 2t (2 sin cos )

a 2t sin 2 a 2t sin
VQ Va 2
sin
It I

Va 2 Va 4 t

M H a dA 0
a
I
sin ta d
I
cos
0
4
Va t 4
2 Va
I
4
But M H Ve, hence e a 1.273a

976
3
4 in.
3
PROBLEM 6.75
4 in.
A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Determine the
1
2 in. location of the shear center O of the cross section.
O
8 in. 6 in.
e
8 in.
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I t1h1 t2 h23
12 12
1
Right flange: A h2 y t2
2
11
y h2 y t2
22
Q Ay
11 1

h2 y h2 y t2
22 2
11
h22 y 2 t2
24
VQ V 1 2
h2 y 2 t2
It2 2 It2 4
h2 / 2
Vt2 1 2 2
h2 / 2 Vt2 1 2 y3
F2 dA
h2 y t2 dy 2 I
h2 / 2 2 I t 4
2
h2 y
4

3 h2 / 2
Vt2 1 2 h 1 h 3 1 2 h 1 h 3 Vt h3 Vt2 h23

2 h 2
2
h 2
2
2 2

2 3 2 4 2 3 2 12 I
2
2I 4 t1h13 t2 h23
t2 h23b
MH M H: Ve F2 b V
t1h13 t2 h23
t2 h23b (0.75)(6)3(8)
e e 2.37 in.
t1h13 t2 h23 (0.75)(8)3 (0.75)(6)3
977
50 mm 50 mm PROBLEM 6.76
A
D
6 mm
F
A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Determine the
O
60 mm location of the shear center O of the cross section.
80 mm 40 mm
G
E
B
e
SOLUTION
Let h1 AB h, h2 DE , h3 FG
I
1
12

t h13 h23 h33
1
Part AB: A h1 y t
2
11
y h1 y
22
1 1 1
Q Ay t h1 y h1 y
2 2 2
1 1 2
t h1 y 2
2 4
VQ V 1 2 2
h1 y
It 2I 4
1h V 1 2 2
F1 dA 2 1 h1 h1 y t dy
1 2 2I 4
1
h1
Vt 1 2 y3 2
h1 y
2I 4 3 1
h1
2
Vt 1 2 1
3
1 h1 Vth13
h1 h1
I 4 2 3 2 12 I

h13V

h13 h23 h33
978
h23V
Likewise, for Part DE, F2
h13 h23 h33
h33V
and for Part FG, F3
h13 h23 h33
bh23 2bh33
M H M H : Ve bF2 2bF3 V
h13 h23 h33
h23 2h33 (60)3 (2)(40)3
e b (50)
h13 3
h2 h3 3
(80)3 (60)3 (40)3
21.7 mm e 21.7 mm
979
A
PROBLEM 6.77
60 mm
B
D A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown. Determine the
dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section is located at the point
60 mm O
indicated.
E
F
60 mm
G
b
SOLUTION
1
Part AB: A( s ) ts y ( s) y A
s
2
1
Q( s ) A( s ) y ( s) ty A s ts 2
2
VQ( s ) Vt 1
q(s) yAs s2
I I 2
l AB
FAB 0
q( s ) ds
Vt y Al AB
2
l3
AB
I 2 6
1 2
At B, QB ty Al AB tl AB
2
By symmetry, FFG FAB
Part BD: A( x) tx
Q( x) QB yB A( x) QB tyB x
VQ( x) V
q( x) (QB tyB x)
I I
b V 1
FBD
0
q ( x) dx QB b tyB b 2
I 2
By symmetry, FEF FBD
FDE is not required, since its moment about O is zero.
980
M O 0 : b( FAB FFG ) yB FBD yF FEF 0

2b FAB 2 yB FBD 0
Vt y Al AB
2
l3 V 1 2
2b AB 2 yB QB b 2 tyB b 0
I 2 6 I
2Vt 1 2 1 3 2Vt 1 2 1 2 2
y A l AB l AB b y Al AB l AB yB b yB b 0
I 2 6 I 2 2
2Vt
Dividing by and substituting numerical data,
I
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 2
(90)(60) (60) b (90)(60) (60) (30)b (30) b 0
2 6 2 2
126 103b 108 103b 450b 2 0
18 103b 450b 2 0 b 0 and b 40.0 mm
981
A B PROBLEM 6.78
1 in.
D E A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown.
Determine the dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section
8 in.
is located at the point indicated.
O 10 in.
F G
1 in.
H J
b
3 in.
SOLUTION
Part AB: A tx y 5 in. Q Ay 5tx

VQ V .5 tx 5Vx

It It I
3 5Vx 5Vt 3
F1 dA 0 tdx x dx
I I 0
2
(5)(3) Vt Vt
22.5
2 I I
Part DE: A tx y 4 in. Q Ay 4tx
VQ V 4tx 4Vx

It It I
a 4Vx
F2 dA 0 t dx
I
4Vt a
x dx
I 0
2Vta 2

I
Vt 2Vta 2
M O M O : O (10) 22.5 (8)
I I
(10)(22.5)
a2 14.0625 in 2 a 3.75 in.
(8)(2)
982
PROBLEM 6.79

For the angle shape and loading of Sample Prob. 6.6, check that q dz 0 along the horizontal leg of the angle

and q dy P along its vertical leg.
SOLUTION
Refer to Sample Prob. 6.6.

3P(a z )(a 3 z ) 3P 2
Along horizontal leg: f (a 4az 3z 2 )
4ta 3 4ta3
a 3P a

q dz f t dz 3 (a 2 4az 3z 2 )dz
0 4a 0
a
3P z2 z2
3 a 2 z 4a 3
4a 2 3 0
3P 3
( a 2a 3 a 3 ) 0
4a 3
3P(a y )(a 5 y ) 3P 2
Along vertical leg: e 3
3
(a 4ay 5 y 2 )
4ta 4ta
a 3P a

q dy e t dy 3 (a 2 4ay 5y 2 )dy
0 4a 0
a
3P 2 y2 y3
a y 4 a 5
4a3 2 3 0
3P 3 3 5 3 3P 4 3
a 2a 3 a 3 3 a P
4a 3 4a
983
PROBLEM 6.80
For the angle shape and loading of Sample Prob. 6.6, (a) determine the points where the shearing stress is
maximum and the corresponding values of the stress, (b) verify that the points obtained are located on the
neutral axis corresponding to the given loading.
SOLUTION
Refer to Sample Prob. 6.6.

3P(a y )(a 5 y ) 3P 2
(a) Along vertical leg: e 3
(a 4ay 5 y 2 )
4ta 4ta 3
d e 3P 2
(4a 10 y ) 0 y a
dy 4ta 3 5
3P 2 2 3P 9 2
2
27 P
m a 2 (4a ) a (5) a 3
a m
4ta3
5 5 4ta 5 20 ta
3P(a z )(a 3 z ) 3P 2
Along horizontal leg: f 3
(a 4az 3z 2 )
4ta 4ta3
d f 3P 2
(4a 6 z ) 0 z a
dz 4ta 3 3
3P 2 2 2 3P 5 2
2
1 P
m a (4 a ) a
3 (3) 3
a 3
a m
4ta 3 4ta 3 4 ta
3P
At the corner: y 0, z 0,
4 ta
1 1 3
(b) I y ta 3 I z ta 45
3 12
I z 1
tan tan 14.036
I y 4
45 14.036 30.964
Ay at (a/2) 1
y a
A 2at 4
Az at (a/2) 1
z a
A 2at 4
984
Neutral axis intersects vertical leg at

y y z tan 30.964
1 1 2
tan 30.964 a 0.400a y a
4 4 5
Neutral axis intersects horizontal leg at
z z y tan (45 + )
1 1 2
tan 59.036 a 0.667a z a
4 4 3
985
P PROBLEM 6.81
D'
D Determine the distribution of the shearing stresses along line DB
a A'
B' in the horizontal leg of the angle shape for the loading shown. The
A B x and y axes are the principal centroidal axes of the cross
2a section.
0.596a
y'
D' y
B'
0.342a C' a
6
2
3
a
A' Ix' 1.428ta3
x' Iy' 0.1557ta3
15.8
x
SOLUTION
15.8 Vx P cos Vy P sin

1
A( y ) (2a y )t y (2a y ), x 0
2
2 1
Coordinate transformation. y y a cos x a sin
3 6
1 2
x x a cos y a sin
6 3
2 1
In particular, y y a cos x a sin
3 6
1 1 1
y a cos a sin
2 3 6
0.48111y 0.36612a
1 2
x x a cos y a sin
6 3
1 1 1
a cos y a sin
6 2 3
0.13614 y 0.06961a
986
Vx Ax Vy A y

I yt I x t
( P cos )(2a y )(t )(0.13614 y 0.06961a)

(0.1557ta 3 )(t )
( P sin )(2a y )(0.48111 y 0.36612a)

(1.428 a 3t )(t )
P(2a y )(0.750 y 0.500a)

ta3
1 2 4 5
y (a ) 0 1 2
3 3 3 3
P
1.000 0.417 0 0.250 0.333 0.250 0
at
987
P PROBLEM 6.82
D'
D For the angle shape and loading of Prob. 6.81, determine the
a A'
B' distribution of the shearing stresses along line DA in the vertical
A B leg.
2a
PROBLEM 6.81* Determine the distribution of the shearing
stresses along line DB in the horizontal leg of the angle shape for
the loading shown. The x and y axes are the principal centroidal
0.596a
y' axes of the cross section.
D' y
B'
0.342a C' a
6
2
3
a
A' Ix' 1.428ta3
x' Iy' 0.1557ta3
15.8
x
SOLUTION
15.8 Vx P cos
Vx P sin A( x) (a x)t
1
x (a x), y 0
2
Coordinate transformation.
2 1
y y a cos x a sin
3 6
1 2
x x a cos y a sin
6 3
In particular,
2 1
y y a cos x a sin
3 6
2 1 1
a cos x a sin
3 2 3
0.13614 x 0.73224a
1 2
x x a cos y a sin
6 3
1 1 2
x a cos a sin
2 3 3
0.48111x 0.13922a
988
PROBLEM 6.82* (Continued)
Vx A( x) x Vy A( x) y

I y t I x t
( P cos )(a x)(t )(0.48111x 0.13922a)

(0.1557ta3 )(t )
( P sin )(a x)(t )(0.13614 x 0.73224a)

(1.428ta 3 )(t )
P(a x)(3.00 x 1.000a )

ta 3
1 1 1 2 5
x( a ) 0 1
6 3 2 3 6
P
1.000 1.250 1.333 1.250 1.000 0.583 0
at
989
PROBLEM 6.83*
A steel plate, 160 mm wide and 8 mm thick, is bent to form the channel
B shown. Knowing that the vertical load P acts at a point in the midplane of
the web of the channel, determine (a) the torque T that would cause the
100 mm
A channel to twist in the same way that it does under the load P,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the channel caused by the load P.
D
E
P 15 kN
30 mm
SOLUTION
Use results of Example 6.06 with b 30 mm, h 100 mm, and t 8 mm.
b 30
e 9.6429 mm 9.6429 103 m
2 3b 2 (3)(30)
h 100
1 2 1
I th (6b h) (8)(100)2 [(16)(30) 100] 1.86667 106 mm 4 1.86667 106 m 4
12 12
3
V 15 10 N
(a) T Ve (15 103 )(9.6429 103 ) T 144.6 N m
Stress at neutral axis due to V:

h h h 1
Q bt t th(h 4b)
2 2
4 8
1
(8)(100) 100 (4)(30) 22 103 mm3 22 106 m3
8
t 8 103 m
VQ (15 103 )(22 106 )
V 6 3
22.10 106 Pa 22.10 MPa
It (1.86667 10 )(8 10 )
Stress due to T : a 2b h 160 mm 0.160 m

1 t 1 8
c1 1 0.630 1 (0.630) 0.3228
3 a 3 160
T 144.64
V 2
3 2
43.76 106 Pa 43.76 MPa
c1at (0.3228)(0.160)(8 10 )
(b) By superposition, max V T max 65.9 MPa
990
PROBLEM 6.84*
Solve Prob. 6.83, assuming that a 6-mm-thick plate is bent to form the
B channel shown.
100 mm
A PROBLEM 6.83* A steel plate, 160 mm wide and 8 mm thick, is bent to
form the channel shown. Knowing that the vertical load P acts at a point in
the midplane of the web of the channel, determine (a) the torque T that
D would cause the channel to twist in the same way that it does under the
E load P, (b) the maximum shearing stress in the channel caused by the load P.
P 15 kN
30 mm
SOLUTION
Use results of Example 6.06 with b 30 mm, h 100 mm, and t 6 mm.
b 30
e 9.6429 mm 9.6429 103 m
2 3b 2 (3)(30)
h 100
1 2 1
I th (6b h) (6)(100) 2 [(6)(30) 100] 1.400 106 mm 4 1.400 106 m 4
12 12
3
V 15 10 N
(a) T Ve (15 103 )(9.6429 103 ) T 144.6 N m
Stress at neutral axis due to V:
h h h 1
Q bt t th(h 4b)
2 2
4 8
1
(6)(100) 100 (4)(30) 16.5 103 mm3 16.5 106 m3
8
t 6 103 m
VQ (15 103 )(16.5 106 )
V 29.46 106 Pa 29.46 MPa
It (1.400 106 )(6 106 )
Stress due to T : a 2b h 160 mm 0.160 m
1 t 1 6
c1 1 0.630 1 (0.630) 0.32546
3 a 3 160
T 144.64
V 77.16 106 Pa 77.16 MPa
c1a t 2
(0.32546)(0.160)(6 103 ) 2
(b) By superposition, max V T max 106.6 MPa
991
PROBLEM 6.85
B
1.25 in.
The cantilever beam AB, consisting of half of a thin-
A walled pipe of 1.25-in. mean radius and 83 -in. wall
A
thickness, is subjected to a 500-lb vertical load.
C a Knowing that the line of action of the load passes
O through the centroid C of the cross section of the
t beam, determine (a) the equivalent force-couple
system at the shear center of the cross section,
B (b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint:
500 lb e The shear center O of this cross section was shown
in Prob. 6.74 to be located twice as far from its
vertical diameter as its centroid C.)
SOLUTION
From the solution to Prob. 6.74,

I a 3t Q a 2t sin
2
4
e a Qmax a 2 t

For a half-pipe section, the distance from the center of the semi-circle to
the centroid is
2
x a

At each section of the beam, the shearing force V is equal to P. Its line of
action passes through the centroid C. The moment arm of its moment
about the shear center O is
4 2 2
d ex a a a

(a) Equivalent force-couple system at O.
2
V P M O Vd Pa

Data: P 500 lb a = 1.25 in.
V 500 lb
2
M O (500)(1.25) M O 398 lb in.

992
(b) Shearing stresses.

VQmax
(1) Due to V : V
It
( P)(a 2 t ) 2P (2)(500)
V 679 psi
3 at (1.25)(0.375)
2 a t (t )

(2) Due to the torque M O :
For a long rectangular section of length l and width t, the shearing stress due to torque M O is
MO 1 t
M where c1 1 0.630
c1lt 2 3 l
Data: l a (1.25) 3.927 in. t 0.375 in. c1 0.31328
397.9
M 2300 psi
(0.31328)(3.927)(0.375) 2
By superposition, V M 679 psi 2300 psi 2980 psi
993
PROBLEM 6.86
B
1.25 in.
Solve Prob. 6.85, assuming that the thickness of the
A beam is reduced to 14 in.
A
C PROBLEM 6.85 The cantilever beam AB, consisting
O
a of half of a thin-walled pipe of 1.25-in. mean radius
and 83 -in. wall thickness, is subjected to a 500-lb
t vertical load. Knowing that the line of action of the
load passes through the centroid C of the cross section
500 lb B
of the beam, determine (a) the equivalent force-couple
e system at the shear center of the cross section, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: The
shear center O of this cross section was shown in
Prob. 6.74 to be located twice as far from its vertical
diameter as its centroid C.)
SOLUTION
From the solution to Prob. 6.74,

I a 3t Q a 2 t sin
4
e a Qmax a 2t

For a half-pipe section, the distance from the center of the semi-circle to the
centroid is
2
x a

At each section of the beam, the shearing force V is equal to P. Its line of
action passes through the centroid C. The moment arm of its moment about
the shear center O is
4 2 2
d ex a a a

(a) Equivalent force-couple system at O.
2
V P M O Vd Pa

Data: P 500 lb a 1.25 in.
V 500 lb
M O 398 lb in.

994
(b) Shearing stresses.

VQmax
(1) Due to V , V
It
( P)(a 2t ) 2P (2)(500)
V 1019 psi
3 at (1.25)(0.250)
2 a t (t )

(2) Due to the torque M O :
For a long rectangular section of length l and width t, the shearing stress due to torque M O is
MO 1 t
M where c1 = 1 0.630
c1lt 2 3 l
Data: l a (1.25) 3.927 in. t 0.250 in. c1 0.31996
397.9
M 5067 psi
(0.31996)(3.927)(0.250) 2
By superposition, V M 1019 psi 5067 psi 6090 psi
995
y PROBLEM 6.87
y'
3 kips
A' B' The cantilever beam shown consists of a
A' x' Z shape of 14 -in. thickness. For the given
B' 22.5 loading, determine the distribution of the
C'
A x
shearing stresses along line AB in the
B
12 in. upper horizontal leg of the Z shape. The x
D' E' and y axes are the principal centroidal axes
D' E'
D of the cross section and the corresponding
E
moments of inertia are I x 166.3 in 4 and
6 in. 6 in. I y 13.61 in 4 .
(a) (b)
SOLUTION
V 3 kips 22.5
Vx V sin Vy V cos
In upper horizontal leg, use coordinate x : (6 in x 0)
1
A (6 x) in.
4
1
x (6 x) in.
2
y 6 in.
x x cos + y sin
y y cos x sin
Vx Ax
Due to Vx : 1
I yt
1 1
(V sin ) (6 x) (6 x) cos 6sin
4
2
1
1
(13.61)
4
0.084353(6 x)(0.47554 0.46194 x)
1 1
(V cos ) (6 x) 6 cos (6 x)sin
Vy A y 4 2
Due to Vy : 2
I xt
1
(166.3)
4
0.0166665(6 x)[6.69132 0.19134 x]
Total: 1 2 (6 x)[0.07141 0.035396 x]
x (in.) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(ksi) 0 0.105 0.140 0.104 0.003 0.180 0.428
996
PROBLEM 6.88
y For the cantilever beam and loading of

y'
3 kips Prob. 6.87, determine the distribution of the
A' B' shearing stress along line BD in the
A' x' vertical web of the Z shape.
B' 22.5
C'
PROBLEM 6.87 The cantilever beam
A x
B
12 in. shown consists of a Z shape of 14 -in.
D' E'
D' E'
thickness. For the given loading, determine
D E
the distribution of the shearing stresses
along line AB in the upper horizontal leg
6 in. 6 in.
of the Z shape. The x and y axes are the
(a) (b) principal centroidal axes of the cross section
and the corresponding moments of inertia
are I x 166.3 in 4 and I y 13.61 in 4 .
SOLUTION
V 3 kips 22.5
Vx V sin Vy V cos
1
For part AB, A (6) 1.5 in 2
4
x 3 in., y 6 in.
1
For part BY, A (6 y )
4
1
x 0 y (6 y )
2
x x cos y sin
y y cos x sin
)
Vx ( AAB x AB ABY xBY
Due to Vx : 1
I yt
(V sin )[(1.5)(3cos 6sin ) 14 (6 y ) 12 (6 y ) sin ]
1
(13.61) 14
(V sin )[0.7133 1.7221 0.047835 y 2 ]
0.3404 0.01614 y 2
3.4025
997
Vy ( AAB y AB ABY y )
Due to Vy : 2
I x t
(V cos )[(1.5)(6 cos 3 sin ) 14 (6 y ) 12 (6 y ) cos ]
2
(166.3) 14
(V cos )[10.037 4.1575 0.11548y 2 ]
0.9463 0.00770 y 2
(166.3) 14
Total: 1 2 1.2867 0.02384 y 2

y (in.) 0 2 4 6
(ksi) 1.287 1.191 0.905 0.428

998
s
s PROBLEM 6.89
s
Three boards are nailed together to form a beam shown, which is
60 mm
subjected to a vertical shear. Knowing that the spacing between the
60 mm nails is s 75mm and that the allowable shearing force in each nail is
60 mm 400 N, determine the allowable shear when w 120 mm.
200 mm
SOLUTION
Part A (mm 2 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

Top Plank 7200 60 25.92 2.16
Middle Plank 12,000 0 0 3.60
Bottom Plank 7200 60 25.92 2.16
51.84 7.92
I Ad 2 I 59.76 106 mm 4 59.76 106 m 4

Q (7200)(60) 432 103 mm3 432 106 m3
VQ
q Fnail qs
I
F Iq IFnail
q nail V
s Q Qs
(59.76 106 )(400)

V V 738 N
(432 106 )(75 103 )
999
180 PROBLEM 6.90
160 kN
0.6 m
12 16 80 For the beam and loading shown, consider section
a n n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing stress in
that section, (b) the shearing stress at point a.
16 100
n
80
0.9 m 0.9 m
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
At section n-n, V 80 kN
Consider cross section as composed of rectangles of types , , and .
1
I1 (12)(80)3 (12)(80)(90)2 8.288 106 mm 4
12
1
I2 (180)(16)3 (180)(16)(42)2 5.14176 106 mm 4
12
1
I3 (16)(68)3 419.24 103 mm 4
12
I 4I1 2 I 2 2 I 3 44.274 106 mm 4
44.274 106 m 4
(a) Calculate Q at neutral axis.
Q1 (12)(80)(90) 86.4 103 mm 4

Q2 (180)(16)(42) 120.96 103 mm 4
Q3 (16)(34)(17) 9.248 103 mm 4
Q 2Q1 Q2 2Q3 312.256 103 mm3 312.256 106 m3

VQ (80 103 )(312.256 106 )
17.63 106 Pa 17.63 MPa
It (44.274 106 )(2 16 103 )
(b) At point a, Q Q1 86.4 103 mm 4 86.4 106 m 4
VQ (80 103 )(86.4 106 )

13.01 106 Pa 13.01 MPa
It (44.274 106 )(12 103 )
1000
P PROBLEM 6.91
W24 104
For the wide-flange beam with the loading shown, determine the
A C
largest load P that can be applied, knowing that the maximum
B
normal stress is 24 ksi and the largest shearing stress using the
6 ft 9 ft approximation m V/Aweb is 14.5 ksi.
SOLUTION
M C 0: 15RA qP 0
RA 0.6 P
Draw shear and bending moment diagrams.
V max
0.6P M max
0.6PLAB
LAB 6 ft 72 in.
Bending. For W24 104, S 258 in 3
M 0.6 PLAB
S max

all all
all S (24)(258)
P 143.3 kips
0.6LAB (0.6)(72)
Shear. Aweb dtw

(24.1)(0.500)
12.05 in 2
V 0.6P
max

Aweb Aweb
Aweb (14.5)(12.05)
P 291 kips
0.6 0.6
The smaller value of P is the allowable value. P 143.3 kips
1001
12 kips 12 kips
1 in. PROBLEM 6.92
n 1 in.
a
1 in. For the beam and loading shown, consider
4 in. b section n-n and determine the shearing stress
A B
at (a) point a, (b) point b.
n
2 in.
16 in. 16 in.
10 in.
4 in.
SOLUTION
RA RB 12 kips
Draw shear diagram.
V 12 kips
Determine section properties.
Part A(in 2 ) y (in.) Ay (in 3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )

4 4 16 2 16 5.333
8 1 8 1 8 2.667
12 24 24 8.000
Ay 24
Y 2 in.
A 12
I Ad 2 I 32 in 4
(a) A 1 in 2 y 3.5 in. Qa Ay 3.5 in 3

t 1 in.
VQa (12)(3.5)
a a 1.313 ksi
It (32)(1)
(b) A 2 in 2 y 3 in. Qb A y 6 in 3
t 1 in.
VQb (12)(6)
b b 2.25 ksi
It (32)(1)
1002
2 in. PROBLEM 6.93
4 in.
The built-up timber beam is subjected to a 1500-lb vertical shear. Knowing
6 in. 4 in. that the longitudinal spacing of the nails is s 2.5 in. and that each nail is
3.5 in. long, determine the shearing force in each nail.
4 in.
2 in.
2 in. 2 in.
2 in.
SOLUTION
1
I1 (2)(4)3 (2)(4)(3) 2
12
82.6667 in 4
1
I2 (2)(6)3 36 in 4
12
I 2 I1 2I 2
237.333 in 4
Q A1 y1 (2)(4)(3) 24 in 3
VQ (1500)(24)
q 151.685 lb/in.
I 237.333
1 1
2Fnail qs Fnail qs (151.685)(2.5) Fnail 189.6 lb
2 2
1003
40 mm PROBLEM 6.94
b
4 mm
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing
stress of 75 MPa in the hat-shaped extrusion shown, determine the
6 mm 6 mm
60 mm
corresponding shearing stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
14 mm
a
4 mm
20 mm 28 mm 20 mm
SOLUTION
Neutral axis lies 30 mm above bottom.

VQc VQa VQb
c a b
It Ita Itb
a Qatc b Qbtc

c Qcta c Qctb
Qc (6)(30)(15) (14)(4)(28) 4260 mm3

tc 6 mm
Qa (14)(4)(28) 1568 mm3
ta 4 mm
Qb (14)(4)(28) 1568 mm3
tb 4 mm
c 75 MPa
Qa tc 1568 6
(a) a c 75 a 41.4 MPa
Qc ta 4260 4
Qb tc 1568 6
(b) b c 75 b 41.4 MPa
Qc tb 4260 4
1004
100 mm PROBLEM 6.95
125 mm 125 mm
Three planks are connected as shown by bolts of 14-mm diameter

100 mm spaced every 150 mm along the longitudinal axis of the beam. For a
vertical shear of 10 kN, determine the average shearing stress in the
250 mm bolts.
SOLUTION
Locate neutral axis and compute moment of inertia.

Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (mm3 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (mm 4 ) I (mm 4 )
12,500 200 2.5 106 37.5 17.5781 106 10.4167 106
25,000 125 3.125 106 37.5 35.156 106 130.208 106
12,500 200 2.5 106 37.5 17.5781 106 10.4167 106
50,000 8.125 106 70.312 106 151.041 106
Ay 8.125 106
Y 162.5 mm
A 50 103
I Ad 2 I 221.35 106 mm 4
221.35 106 m 4
Q A1 y1 (12,500)(37.5) 468.75 103 mm3

468.75 106 m3
VQ (10 103 )(468.75 106 )

q
I 221.35 106
21.177 103 N/m
Fbolt qs (21.177 103 )(150 103 ) 3.1765 103 N

Abolt (14) 2 153.938 mm 2 153.938 106 m 2
4
Fbolt 3.1765 103
bolt 20.6 106 Pa
Abolt 153.938 106
bolt 20.6 MPa
1005
PROBLEM 6.96
1 in.
Three 1 18-in. steel plates are bolted to four L6 6 1 angles to form a beam
1 in. with the cross section shown. The bolts have a 78 -in. diameter and are spaced
x 18 in.
C longitudinally every 5 in. Knowing that the allowable average shearing stress in
the bolts is 12 ksi, determine the largest permissible vertical shear in the beam.
1 in.
(Given:I x 6123 in 4.)
18 in.
SOLUTION
1
Flange: If (18)(1)3 (18)(1)(9.5) 2 1626 in 4
12
1
Web: Iw (1)(18)3 486 in 4
12
Angle: I 35.5 in 4 , A 11.0 in 2

y 1.86 in. d 9 1.86 7.14 in.
I a I Ad 2 596.18 in 4
I 2I f I w 4I a 6123 in 4 , which agrees with the given value.
Flange: Q f (18)(1)(9.5) 171 in 3
Angle: Qa Ad (11.0)(7.14) 78.54 in 3

Q Q f 2Qa 328.08 in 3
2
7 2
Abolt 0.60132 in
48
Fbolt 2 bolt Abolt (2)(12)(0.60132) 14.4317 kips
Fbolt 14.4317
qall 2.8863 kip/s
s 5
VQ qall I (2.8863)(6123)
q Vall Vall 53.9 kips
I Q 328.08
1006
a PROBLEM 6.97
The composite beam shown is made by welding C 200 17.1 rolled-steel channels to the
112 mm
flanges of a W250 80 wide-flange rolled-steel shape. Knowing that the beam is
subjected to a vertical shear of 200 kN, determine (a) the horizontal shearing force per
meter at each weld, (b) the shearing stress at point a of the flange of the wide-flange
shape.
SOLUTION
For W250 80, d 257 mm, t f 15.6 mm, I x 126 106 mm 4
For C200 17.1, A 2170 mm 2 , b f 57.4 mm, t f 9.91 mm
I y 0.545 106 mm 4 , x 14.5 mm

For the channel in the composite beam,
257
yc 57.4 14.5 171.4 mm
2
For the composite beam,
I 126 106 +2 0.545 106 (2170)(171.4) 2
254.59 106 mm 4 254.59 106 m 4

(a) For the two welds,
Qw Ayc (2170) (171.4) 371.94 103 mm3 371.94 106 m3
VQ (200 103 ) (371.94 106 )

q 292.2 103 N/m
I 254.59 106
q
For one weld, 146.1 103 N m
2
Shearing force per meter of weld: 146.1 kN m
(b) For cuts at a and a ' together,
257 15.6
Aa 2(112)(15.6) 3494.4 mm 2 ya 120.7 mm
2 2
Qa 371.94 103 (3494.4)(120.7) 793.71 103 mm3 793.71 106 m3
Since there are cuts at a and a ', t 2t f (2)(15.6) 31.2 mm 0.0312 m.
VQa (200 103 )(793.71 106 )

a 19.99 106 Pa
It 6
(254.59 10 )(0.0312) a 19.99 MPa
1007
0.5 in. PROBLEM 6.98
2.5 in.
h
The design of a beam requires welding four horizontal plates to a
0.5 in. vertical 0.5 5-in. plate as shown. For a vertical shear V,
h determine the dimension h for which the shear flow through the
2.5 in.
welded surface is maximum.
4.5 in. 4.5 in.

0.5 in.
SOLUTION
Horizontal plate:
1
Ih (4.5)(0.5)3 (4.5)(0.5)h 2
12
0.046875 2.25h 2
1
Vertical plate: Iv (0.5)(5)3 5.2083 in 4
12
Whole section: I 4 I h I v 9h 2 5.39583 in 4
For one horizontal plate, Q (4.5)(0.5)h 2.25 h in 3
VQ 2.25Vh
q 2
I 9h 5.39583
dq
To maximize q, set 0.
dh
(9h 2 5.39583) 18h 2

2.25V 0 h 0.774 in.
(9h 2 5.39583) 2
1008
A
B PROBLEM 6.99
D
E A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown. Determine
60 mm
45 mm the dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section is located at the
F point indicated.
O
45 mm
60 mm
H
J G
K
b
30 mm
SOLUTION
Part AB: A tx y 60 mm
Q Ay 60tx mm3
VQ 60Vx

It I
30 60 Vx 60Vt 30

F1 dA 0 I
t dx
I
0
x dx
30
60Vt x 2 (60)(30) 2 Vt Vt
27 103
I 2 0
2 I I
Part DE: A tx y 45 mm
Q Ay 45tx
VQ 45Vx

It I
b 45Vx 45Vt b 45b 2Vt
F2 dA O t dx x dx
I I O 2I
MO M O : 0 (2)(45) F2 (2)(60) F1
(45) 2 b 2 (2)(60)(27 103 ) Vt 0

I
(2)(60)(27 103 )
b2 1600 mm 2 b 40 mm
452
Note that the pair of F1 forces form a couple. Likewise, the pair of F2 forces form a couple. The lines of
action of the forces in BDOGK pass through point O.
1009
B
PROBLEM 6.100
1
4 in.
60
1.5 in. Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of
O
D
A uniform thickness having the cross section shown.
F
e 60
1.5 in.
SOLUTION
11
I AB (1.5)3 0.28125 in 4
3 4
1
LBD 3 in. ABD (3) 0.75 in 2
4
1 1
I BD ABD h 2 (0.75)(1.5) 2 0.5625 in 4
3 3
I (2)(0.28125) (2)(0.5625) 1.6875 in 4
1 1 1
Part AB: A y y y Q Ay y 2
4 2 8
2
VQ Vy Vy 2

It (8)(1.6875)(0.25) 3.375
1.5 Vy 2

F1 dA 0 3.375
(0.25dy )
1.5
(0.25)V y 3 (0.25)(1.5)3

3.375 3 0 (3.375)(3)
0.083333V
MD M D : Ve 2 F1 (3 sin 60)
Ve (2)(0.083333) V (3 sin 60)
e (2)(0.083333)(3 sin 60) e 0.433 in.
1010
PROBLEM 6.C1
A timber beam is to be designed to support a distributed load and

x4 up to two concentrated loads as shown. One of the dimensions of
x2 its uniform rectangular cross section has been specified and the
x3
P2 other is to be determined so that the maximum normal stress and
x1 P1 w the maximum shearing stress in the beam will not exceed given
t allowable values all and all . Measuring x from end A and using
either SI or U.S. customary units, write a computer program to
h
A B
calculate for successive cross sections, from x 0 to x L and
using given increments x, the shear, the bending moment, and
L b
the smallest value of the unknown dimension that satisfies in that
a
section (1) the allowable normal stress requirement and (2) the
allowable shearing stress requirement. Use this program to solve
Prob. 5.65, assuming all 12 MPa and all 825 kPa and using
x 0.1 m.
SOLUTION
See solution of Prob. 5.C2 for the determination of RA , RB , V ( x), and M ( x)

We recall that
V ( x) RA STPA RB STPB P1 STP1 P2 STP2
w( x x3 ) STP3 w( x x4 ) STP4
M ( x) RA ( x a ) STPA RB ( x a L) STPB P1 ( x x1 ) STP1
1 1
w( x x3 ) 2 STP3 w( x x4 )2 STP4
P2 ( x x2 ) STP2
2 2
where STPA, STPB, STP1, STP2, STP3, and STP4 are step functions defined in Problem 5.C2.
(1) To satisfy the allowable normal stress requirement: If unknown dimension is h:
S min |M |/ all .
1
From S th 2 , we have h h 6 S /t
6
If unknown dimension is t:
S min |M |/ all .
1
From S th 2 , we have t t 6S /h 2
6
(2) To satisfy the allowable shearing stress requirement:
3 |V | 3 |V |
We use Equation (6.10), Page 378: max
2 A 2 th
3|V |
If unknown dimension is h: h h
2t all
3M
If unknown dimension is t: t t
2h all
1011
PROBLEM 6.C1 (Continued)
Program Outputs
Problem 5.65
RA 2.40 kN
RB 3.00 kN
X V M HSIG HTAU
m kN kN m mm mm
0.00 2.40 0.000 0.00 109.09
0.10 2.40 0.240 54.77 109.09
0.20 2.40 0.480 77.46 109.09
0.30 2.40 0.720 94.87 109.09
0.40 2.40 0.960 109.54 109.09
0.50 2.40 1.200 122.47 109.09
0.60 2.40 1.440 134.16 109.09
0.70 2.40 1.680 144.91 109.09
0.80 0.60 1.920 154.92 27.27
0.90 0.60 1.980 157.32 27.27
1.00 0.60 2.040 159.69 27.27
1.10 0.60 2.100 162.02 27.27
1.20 0.60 2.160 164.32 27.27
1.30 0.60 2.220 166.58 27.27
1.40 0.60 2.280 168.82 27.27
1.50 0.60 2.340 171.03 27.27
1.60 3.00 2.400 173.21 136.36
1.70 3.00 2.100 162.02 136.36
1.80 3.00 1.800 150.00 136.36
1.90 3.00 1.500 136.93 136.36
2.00 3.00 1.200 122.47 136.36
2.10 3.00 0.900 106.07 136.36
2.20 3.00 0.600 86.60 136.36
2.30 3.00 0.300 61.24 136.36
2.40 0.00 0.000 0.05 0.00
The smallest allowable value of h is the largest of the values shown in the last two columns.
For Problem 5.65, h h 173.2 mm
1012
PROBLEM 6.C2
P b
A cantilever timber beam AB of length L and of uniform rectangular
section shown supports a concentrated load P at its free end and a
w
uniformly distributed load w along its entire length. Write a
8b computer program to determine the length L and the width b of the
A B
beam for which both the maximum normal stress and the maximum
L shearing stress in the beam reach their largest allowable values.
Assuming all 1.8 ksi and all 120 psi, use this program to
determine the dimensions L and b when (a) P 1000 lb and w 0,
(b) P 0 and w 12.5 lb/in., (c) P 500 lb and w 12.5 lb/in.
SOLUTION
Both the maximum shear and the maximum bending moment occur at A. We have
VA P wL
1 2
M A PL wL
2
To satisfy the allowable normal stress requirement:
MA MA 3M A
all 2

S 1
6
b (8b ) 32b3
1/3
3 MA
b b
32 all
To satisfy the allowable shearing stress requirement:
We use Equation (6.10), Page 378.
3V 3 VA 3V
all A2
2 A 2 b(8b) 16b
1/ 2
3 VA
b b
16 all
Program
For L 0, VA P and b > 0, while M A 0 and b 0.
Starting with L 0 and using increments L 0.001 in., we increase L until b and b become equal. We
then Print L and b.
1013
Program Outputs
For P 1000 lb, w 0.0 lb/in. For P 0 lb, w 12.5 lb/in.
Increment 0.0010 in. Increment 0.0010 in.
L 37.5 in., b 1.250 in. L 70.3 in., b 1.172 in.
For P 500 lb, w 12.5 lb/in.

Increment 0.0010 in.
L 59.8 in., b 1.396 in.
1014
bn PROBLEM 6.C3
hn
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical
shear V. Write a computer program that, for loads and dimensions
h2 expressed in either SI or U.S. customary units, can be used to
V
h1
calculate the shearing stress along the line between any two
adjacent rectangular areas forming the cross section. Use this
b2 program to solve (a) Prob. 6.10, (b) Prob. 6.12, (c) Prob. 6.22.
b1
SOLUTION
1. Enter V and the number n of rectangles.

2. For i 1 to n, enter the dimensions bi and hi .
3. Determine the area Ai bi hi of each rectangle.

4. Determine the elevation of the centroid of each rectangle:
i
yi h
k 1
k 0.5hi
and the elevation y of the centroid of the entire section:

y

A y A
i
i i
i
i
5. Determine the centroidal moment of inertia of the entire section:

1
I 12 b h
i
3
i i A i ( yi y ) 2

6. For each surface separating two rectangles i and i 1, determine Qi of the area below that surface:
i
Qi A (y
k 1
k k y)
7. Select for ti the smaller of bi and bi 1.

The shearing stress on the surface between the rectangles i and i 1 is
VQi
i
Iti
1015
Program Outputs
Problem 6.10
Shearing force 10 kN
y 75.000 mm above base
I 39.580 106 mm 4
Between Elements 1 and 2:
418.39 kPA
919.78 kPA (a)
765.03 kPA (b)
418.39 kPA
Problem 6.12
Shearing force 10 kips
y 2.000 in.
I 14.58 in 4
2.400 ksi
3.171 ksi (a)
2.400 ksi (b)
1016
Program Outputs (Continued)

Problem 6.22
Shearing force 90 kN
y 65.000 mm
I 58.133 106 mm 4
23.222 MPA (b)
30.963 MPA (a)
1017
y PROBLEM 6.C4
xn
A plate of uniform thickness t is bent as shown into a shape
x
with a vertical plane of symmetry and is then used as a beam.
y2
Write a computer program that, for loads and dimensions
y1 expressed in either SI or U.S. customary units, can be used to
determine the distribution of shearing stresses caused by a
x2
vertical shear V. Use this program (a) to solve Prob. 6.47, (b) to
x1
find the shearing stress at a Point E for the shape and load of
Prob. 6.50, assuming a thickness t 14 in.
SOLUTION
For each element on the right-hand side, we compute (for i 1 to n):
Length of element Li ( xi xi 1 ) 2 ( yi yi 1 )2
Area of element Ai tLi
1
where t in.
4
1
Distance from x axis to centroid of element yi ( yi yi 1 )
2
Distance from x axis to centroid of section:
y Ai yi Ai
Note that yn 0 and that xn 1 yn 1 0.

Moment of inertia of section about centroidal axis:
1
I 2 Ai ( yi yi 1 ) 2 ( yi y )2
12
Computation of Q at Point P where stress is desired:
Q Ai ( yi y ) where sum extends to the areas located between one end of section and Point P.
Shearing stress at P:
VQ

It
Note: max occurs on neutral axis, i.e., for yP y .
1018
Program Outputs
Part (a):
I 0.5333 in 4
max 2.02 ksi
B 1.800 ksi
Part (b):
I 22.27 in 4
E 194.0 psi
1019
y PROBLEM 6.C5
x1
x2 The cross section of an extruded beam is symmetric with respect to
the x axis and consists of several straight segments as shown. Write
a computer program that, for loads and dimensions expressed in
y2 either SI or U.S. customary units, can be used to determine (a) the
y1
yn tn location of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of shearing
O x stresses caused by a vertical force applied at O. Use this program to
e t2 t
1
solve Prob. 6.70.
SOLUTION
Since section is symmetric with x axis, computations will be

done for top half.
For i 1 to n 1: (Note: n 1 is the origin)
Enter ti , xi , yi
Compute length of each segment.
For i 1 to n:
xi xi 1 xi
yi yi 1 yi
L ( xi2 yi2 )1/ 2
Calculate moment of inertia I x .
Consider each segment as made of 100 equal parts.
For i 1 to n:
Area Li ti /100
For j 1 to 100:
y yi yi ( j 0.5)/100
I ( Area) y 2
Ix Ix I
1020
Since only top half was used,

I x 2I x
Calculate shearing stress at ends of segments and shear forces in segments.
For i 1 to n:
Area Li ti /100, new next
For j 1 to 100:
y yi yi ( j 0.5)/100
Q ( Area) y
old new , Q Q Q
new VQ /I x ti
ave 0.5( old new )
ave
Force i (Area)
i VQ/I x ti
( adjacent )i VQ/I x ti 1
Qi Q
next ( adjacent )i
Location of shear center.

Calculate moment of shear forces about origin.
For L 1 to n,
( Fx )i Forcei ( xi )/Li
( Fy )i Forcei (yi )/Li
Moment i ( Fx )i yL ( Fy )i xi
Moment Moment Moment i
For whole section, moment 2(moment),

Shear center is at e Moment/V
1021
Program Output
Problem 6.70
T(K) mm X(K) mm Y(K) mm L(K) mm
1 6.00 60.62 0.00 70.00
2 6.00 0.00 35.00 35.00
3 6.00 0.00 0.00
Moment of inertia: I x 514487 mm 4 Shear 1000.000 N
Junction of Q Tau Before Tau After Force in

Segments mm3 MPa MPa Segment kN
1 and 2 7350.00 2.38 2.38 335.01
2 and 3 11,025.00 3.57 3.57 666.27
Moment of shear forces about origin: M 20.309 N m counterclockwise

Distance from origin to shear center: e 20.309 mm
1022
t2
tn PROBLEM 6.C6
t1
ti A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Write a computer program
a2 an that, for loads and dimensions expressed in either SI or U.S. customary units,
a1 t0 can be used to determine the location of the shear center O of the cross
ai
O
section. Use the program to solve Prob. 6.75.
ai
a1
a2 an
b2
e
bi
bn
SOLUTION
Distribution of shearing stresses in element i.

Let V Shear in cross section
I Centroidal moment of inertia of section
We have for shaded area
ai y
Q Ay ti (ai y )
2
1
ti (ai2 y 2 )
2
QV V 2
(ai y 2 )
Iti 2I
Force exerted on element i.
ai
Fi ai
(ti dy )
a
Vti ai
2
i y 2 dy
2I ai
a
Vti ai
2
i y 2 dy
I 0
Vti 3 1 3 2V 3
ai 3 ai 3 I ti ai
I
1023
The system of the forces Fi must be equivalent to V at shear center.

2V
F F : ti ai3 V (1)
3 I
2V
M A M A : ti ai3bi eV (2)
3 I
ti ai3bi
Divide (2) by (1): e
ti ai3
Program Output
Problem 6.75
For Element 1:
t 0.75 in., a 4 in., b 0
For Element 2:
t 0.75 in., a 3 in., b 8 in.
Answer: e 2.37 in.
1024

Mechanics of Materials 7th Edition Beer Johnson Chapter 6

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Mechanics of Materials 7th Edition Beer Johnson Chapter 6

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CHAPTER 6

(a) A1 (120)(20) 2400 mm 2

329 103 Pa max 329 kPa

The American Standard rolled-steel beam shown has been reinforced by

Calculate moment of inertia:

C12 20.7: d 12.00 in., I x 129 in 4

For bottom plate, I b 312.667 in 4

A columm is fabricated by connecting the rolled-steel members shown by

I Ad 2 I 183.76 126.04 309.8 in 4

The composite beam shown is fabricated by connecting two W6 20 rolled-steel

W6 20: A 5.87 in 2 , d 6.20 in., I x 41.4 in 4

(a) max occurs at b. max 8.97 MPa

At section n-n, V 10 kN.

39.58 106 mm 4 39.58 106 m 4

(a) m: At neutral axis, thickness 0.25 in.

(b) a: At point a, t = 0.25 in.

From the shear diagram, V 10 kips at n-n.

Calculate moment of inertia.

Assume that m occurs at point a.

Check at neutral axis:

VQ (114.0 kN)(42 106 m3 )

Calculate moment of inertia.

t 2(10 mm) 0.02 m

At point a: Q (1.5 in.)(2 in.)(3 in.) 9 in 3; t 1.5 in.

Calculate moment of inertia.

I Ad 2 I 179.363 106 mm 4 179.363 106 m 4

Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3 )

Dimensions in mm: 12 220 ; 13.5 203 ; 8.0 112.5

Q A y 725.91 103 mm3 725.91 106 m3

Two W8 31 rolled-steel sections may be welded at A and B in either

For two welds each with allowable shearing force of 3 kips/in.,

M D 0: 3 A (2)(2.4) (1)(4.8) (0.5)(7.2) 0

|V |max 7.2 kN 7.2 103 N

The required value of b is the larger one. b 87.3 mm

Solving Eq. (3) for b,

(b) Solving for h,

Solving Eq. (3) for b,

61.7 103 m b 61.7 mm

Draw the shear diagram. |V |max 90 kN

Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) A y (103 mm3 ) d(mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

(a) A (80)(20) 1600 mm 2

(b) A (30)(20) 600 mm 2 y 65 15 50 mm

VQb (90 103 )(30 106 )

Part A(in 2 ) y (in.) Ay (in 3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )

Draw the shear diagram. |V |max 90 kN

Part A (mm 2 ) x Ay (103 mm3 ) d(mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3 )

Q Ay 84.5 103 mm3 84.5 106 m3

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

For a thin-walled circular section, A 2 rmtm

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

The built-up timber beam shown is subjected to a vertical shear of

The built-up beam shown is made by gluing together two 20 250-mm

I x 1.504 109 mm 4 1504 106 m 4

(a) QA Q1 A1 y1 (50)(100)(150) 750 103 mm3

(b) Q2 A2 y2 (300)(50)(175) 2625 103 mm3

VQB sB (8 103 )(4125 106 )(0.025)

VQa (150 103 )(31.632 106 )

A1 0.5d in 2 , y1 3.75 in., tb 0.5 in.

VQa V (40 3.75d ) V Vd Vd

1.25 in. 1.25 in.

Qd 2Qc (0.125)2 (1.1875) 0.52929