Made Arsana - Low Voltage Products, 2015

MV & LV Transformer Substations

Theory & Short Circuit Calculation

ABB Group
January 21, 2016 | Slide 1
Contents

n General information on MV/LV transformer substations

n Calculation of short-circuit currents
n Choice of protection and control devices
n Example of study of a MV/LV network
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations

n The electrical substations can be divided into

n public substations
n belong to the electricity utility
n supply private users in AC single-phase or three-phase current
(230V and 400V)
n urban type in bricks
n rural type installed externally directly on the MV pylon
n private substations
n belong to the user
n civil users (schools, hospitals, etc.) and industrial users
n are mostly located in the same rooms of the factory
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations
n Typical structure of a substation
where the switching apparatus of
the utility is installed.

where the measuring units

are located

contains the transformer and

the MV and LV switching
apparatus
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations
n Most common management methods

Substation with a single transformer

General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations

n Most common management methods

It is possible to use the

Emax with a wire interlock
(mechanical interlock)
between two CBs

Substation with two transformers

(one as a spare for the other)
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations

n Most common management methods

two transformers which operate

in parallel on the same busbar
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations

n Most common management methods

It is possible to use the

Emax with a wire interlock
(mechanical interlock)
between three CBs

two transformers which operate simultaneously on

two separate half-busbars
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations

n MV/LV transformers
n is the most important part of the transformer substation
n single transformer for low powers (up to 630kVA - 800kVA)
n several units in parallel for higher powers (1000kVA - 2500kVA)
n type of cooling system
n air
n oil
n most used
n AN cooling with natural air circulation
n ONAN cooling with natural oil and air circulation types
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations

n MV/LV transformers

ONAN transformer containing more than 500 kg of oil (> 800kVA)

General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations

n MV/LV transformers
n one single trafo or two trafos in parallel?

750MVA 750MVA
U U

1600kVA
800kVA 800kVA
6%
4% 4%
400V 400V

37 kA 55kA
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations

n Typical protection of MV protection devices

n overload 51 with independent time tripping
n short-circuit 50 with independent time tripping
n protection against earth faults may be constituted by
n directional protection against earth faults combined with a
zero-sequence overcurrent protection 67N
n a zero-sequence overcurrent protection 51N
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations
n LV protection devices

L function protection against

overload
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations
n LV protection devices

S function protection against

delayed short-circuit
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations
n LV protection devices

I function protection
against instantaneous
short-circuit
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations
n LV protection devices

G function protection
against earth-fault
General Information
MV/LV Transformer Substations

n IEC and ANSI/IEEE Symbology

S protection
I protection
G protection
G protection
D protection
not used in LV
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

n IEC 60909-0 (CEI 11-25)

n Short-circuit:
n Accidental or intentional conductive path between two or more
conductive parts forcing the electric potential differences between
these conductive parts to be equal or close to zero
n Short-circuit current:
n Overcurrent resulting from a short-circuit in an electric system
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

n Main components involved in a short-circuit calculation

n Distribution networks
n Generators
n Transformers
n Asynchronous motors
n Cables
n Each component of the network is replaced by its
relevant impedance
U

Zknet ZcMV ZTR ZcLV

MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

n The equivalent network is solved according to standard

electrotechnical rules (circuits in series / in parallel)
Zkne ZcM ZT ZcLV
t V R

Un

Ik
Un
Ik =
3 (Z knet + Z cMV + Z TR + Z cLV )
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

n Distribution network
n it is necessary to know the network short-circuit power
n from 250MVA to 500MVA Un 30kV
n from 700MVA to 1500MVA Un > 30kV
n according to IEC 60076-5

Un2 Un
Z knet = =
Sknet 3 Iknet
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

n Generators
n it is necessary to know
n rated apparent power Sn
n rated voltage Un
n subtransient reactance xd
n from 10% to 20% smooth rotor (isotropic machines)
n from 15% to 30% salient pole rotor (anisotropic machines)

" 2
x U
X "d = d n
100 Sn
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

n Transformer
n it is necessary to know
n rated apparent power Sn
n primary rated voltage voltage U1n
n secondary rated voltage U2n
n short-circuit voltage uk% from 4% to 8%
n according to IEC 60076-5

uk % U22n
Z TR =
100 Sn
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

n Asynchronous motors
n In case of short-circuit it functions as a
generator with a xd from 20% to 25%
n a current equal to 4-6 times the In can be
assumed as contribution to the short-circuit
n the minimum criteria for taking into
consideration the phenomenon

n (Ik shortcircuit without motor contribution)

MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents
n Example
Sk = 500 MVA U
UMV= 20 kV

ZcMV = 0.01 W

Sn = 400 kVA
U= 20/0.4 kV
uk% = 4 %

ZcLV = 0.06 W
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents
n Example
U Sk = 500
MVA
UMV= 20 kV Zu = 0.32
mW
Z u20 kV =
U2
=
(
20 10 3 )
2

= 0.8W
Sk (
500 10 6
)
Z u 400 V = Z u20kV
(400 )
2

= 3.2 10 -4 W
(20000 )2
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents
n Example
U
Zu = 0.32 mW

Z cMV 400 V = Z cMV 20kV

(400 )
2

= 4 10 -6 W ZcMV = 0.01 W
(20000 )2 ZcMV = 410-3 mW
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents
n Example
U
Zu = 0.32 mW

ZT =
2
uk % UnLV
=
4

(400 )
2

= 0.016W
3
100 S n 100 400 10 ZcMV = 410-3 mW

Sn = 400 kVA
U= 20/0.4 kV ZT = 0.016 W
uk% = 4 %
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents
n Example U
Zu = 0.32 mW

ZcMV = 410-3 mW

ZT = 16 mW

ZcLV = 0.61 mW
ZcLV = 0.61
mW
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents
n Example U Sk = 500
MVA Zu = 0.32 mW
UMV= 20 kV

ZcMV = 410-3 mW

ZT = 16 mW
Un
Ik = @ 14.1kA
3 (Z u + Z cMV + Z T )

Un ZcLV = 0.61 mW
Ik = @ 13.6kA
3 (Z u + Z cMV + Z T + Z cLV )
Un = 400 V
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

n Calculation of the peak current value

Z
Z
j X

i R X=w R
L
e = E x sin (w t + g )
L + R i = E x sin (w t + g )
di
dt

R
- t
sin (w t + g - j ) - e sin (g - j )
Ex
i= L
Z
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Selection of Protective Devices
n Generalities about the main electrical parameters
n Rated operational voltage Ue: the value of voltage which
determines the application and to which all the other
parameters are referred to
n Rated uninterrupted current Iu: the value of current which the
device is able to carry for an indefinite time. It defines the size
of the CB
n Rated current In: the value of current which characterizes the
protection release installed. Is often related to the rated
current of the load protected

T5N400 PR221DS-LS/I In 320

Iu In
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Selection of Protective Devices

n Generalities about the main electrical parameters

n Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity Icu: it is the
r.m.s. value of the symmetrical component of the short-circuit
current which the circuit-breaker is able to break (test cycle O-
t-CO)
n Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity Ics: it is the r.m.s.
value of the symmetrical component of the shortcircuit current
which the circuit-breaker is able to break (O-t-CO-t-CO)

T5N400 PR221DS-LS/I In 320

Icu
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Selection of Protective Devices
n Generalities about the main electrical parameters
n Rated short-circuit making capacity Icm: it is the maximum
prospective peak current which the circuit-breaker must be
able to make
n Icm=n x Icu

T5N400 PR221DS-LS/I In 320

Icu 36kA Icm 75.6 kA @415V

MV/LV Transformer Substations
Selection of Protective Devices

n Generalities about the main electrical parameters

n Rated short-time withstand current Icw: it is the r.m.s. value of
the alternate current component which the circuit-breaker is
able to withstand without damages for a determined time,
preferred values being 1s and 3 s
n Defined for category B only
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Selection of Protective Devices

n Generalities about the main electrical parameters

n Dont forget
n Ue Un
n Icu or Ics Ik
n Icm Ip

Ue, Icu, Ics, Icm?

MV/LV Transformer Substations
Selection of Protective Devices

n Protection of feeders
n against overload In
n Ib In or I1 Iz

n against overload Iz S
n I2t k2S2

Ib
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Selection of Protective Devices

n Protection of generators
n Ingen I1
n I3 or I2 2.5-4 x Ingen
G
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Selection of Protective Devices

n Protection of transformers
n InT I1
n Upstream CB
n I3 or I2 Iinrush
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Selection of Protective & Control Devices
n Motor co-ordination
n ABB offers co-ordination tables
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Selection of Protective & Control Devices
n Co-ordination between CBs and switch-disconnectors

400V

T2S160

T1D160
 MV/LV Transformer Substations
Example of an MV/LV Network
20kV

Curve 1
n Steps
n determining the short-circuit currents
n choosing the CB
n setting of the MV overcurrent
protection
Curve 3
n setting of the LV overcurrent
protection
Curve 2
Curve 4
Curve 5
400V Curve 4 : represent short-circuit current on LV side

Curve 7 Curve 5 : curve CB LV. General protection device

Curve 7 : curve CB LV. load

MV/LV Transformer Substations
Example of an MV/LV Network
20kV

400V
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Example of an MV/LV Network
20kV

400V
MV/LV Transformer Substations
Example of an MV/LV Network
20kV

400V