Professional Documents
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Topics to be covered:
1. Statistics and Data Management Mann-Whitney
- nonparametric, comparison, unmatched
T-test
2-Group Example: Problem Set D
Z-test
A herpetologist studying the effect of a deadly fungal
Parametric
Comparison
Analysis of disease on frogs wanted to find out if the altitude of the
3,4,5-Group
Variance (ANOVA) frogs habitat makes a difference in the prevalence of the
Correlation Pearson
disease among resident animals. She delineated two
study sites (A and B) found on different altitudinal areas
Association Chi-Square (A = 20 masl, B = 350 masl), and set up eight traps in each
of the sites (total of 16 traps). She left the traps in the sites
for a few days, and went back to collect the captured
Mann-Whitney frogs and count how many tested positive for the fungal
2-Group disease in each trap, Upon her return, she found out that
Wilcoxon one trap in site B was missing, so the data for this trap was
Non-Parametric
Comparison
not counted. Tabulating her results, she arrived at the
3,4,5-Group Kruskal-Wallis following values:
SITE A 8 12 15 21 25 44 44 60 n= 8
Correlation Spearman SITE B 2 4 5 9 12 17 19 n= 7
Hypotheses:
Association Chi-Square H0: There is no significant difference between the two samples.
H1: There is a significant difference between the two samples.
Parametric Tests - anything you can measure 1. Rank the data. Data items that have equal values are given the
- can be between 2 points average rank of those items.
- comparison of the means 1 2 SITE A rank SITE B rank
e.g. length, time, weight, temperature 2 4 8 4 2 1
3 5 12 6.5 4 2
Non-Parametric Tests - cannot find a value in between
4 8 15 8 5 3
- deals with ranks 5 9 21 11 9 5
- comparison of the medians 6.5 12 25 12 12 6.5
e.g. number of males in the classroom 6.5 12 44 13.5 17 9
8 15 44 13.5 19 10
Comparison Test - used to know whether 2 or more 9 17 60 15
groups are the same or equal, if not 1 =8 2 = 7
10 19
which is greater? which is smaller? 11 21 Total of ranks of SITE B 36.5
Correlation Test - used to know the relationship between 12 25
2 or sometimes 3 groups whether they 13.5 44
are directly or inversely related and by 13.5 44
how much? 15 60
NOTICE that your value is either between 1 and 0 or 0 and 1
2. Use the following formulae to solve for 1 and 2 :
VALUE: the closer your value to zero, the (2 +1)
weaker the relationship 1 = 1 2 + 2 2
2
SIGN: positive sign means it is directly related; 2 = 1 2 1
negative means it is inversely related where 1 = number of observations in first column
0.90-1.00 very weak correlation 2 = number of observations in second column
0.70-0.89 weak correlation 2 = sum of the ranks in the second column
7(7 + 1)
0.40-0.69 modest correlation 1 = (8)(7) +
2
36.5
0.20-0.39 strong correlation = .
0.00-0.19 very strong correlation 2 = (8)(7) 47.5
Association Test - used to know which group or groups = .
show an affinity to a set of conditions 3. Reject H0 if the computed lower U value > critical U value.
1 =8; 2 =7; level of confidence = 0.05
Unmatched - uses 2 different population critical U value = 10
computed lower U value = 8.5
Matched - uses the same population 8.5<10
Fail to reject H0.
2015 Ellement
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS Reviewer
Ecology LAB page 2
10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4
83.6 146.4 79.4 56.4 78.6 98.4 75.4 154.4
79.25
=
= ( )2
=
= +
where = Treatment Sum of Squares
= Error Sum of Squares
= Total Sum of Squares
= sample size
= mean
= grand mean
= mean of the ( )
= 1
=
= +
where = number of populations
= number of observations
2015 Ellement
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS Reviewer
Ecology LAB page 3
81 27.5 81 27.5 80 23.5 80 23.5 2. Using the formula below, get the value of r.
80 23.5 82 30.5 78 17 75 6.5
80 23.5 76 10 83 33.5 76 10 =
89 40 76 10 84 36 75 6.5 [ 2 ( )2 ][ 2 ( )2 ]
TOTAL 309.5 TOTAL 217.5 TOTAL 190 TOTAL 106 10(16367.4) (91.9)(1654)
=
2. Complete the ANOVA Table: [10(881.99) (91.9)2 ][10(329626) (1654)2 ]
= 0.8058
12 2
= ( ) 3( + 1) 3. Based from the following, determine the correlation between
( + 1) the two groups.
=1
VALUE: the closer your value to zero, the weaker the
= 1 relationship
where = Kruskal-Wallis value
SIGN: positive sign means it is directly related;
= number of total scores
= sample size negative means it is inversely related
= ranked total per sample Since = 0.8058, the relationship between the horn length
= number of scores per sample and mass shows a strong positive correlation.
12 309.52 217.52 1902 1062
= {( )( + + + )}
40(40 + 1) 10 10 10 10
3( + 1)
= .
= 4 1
= 3
3. Reject H0 if the computed H value > critical X2 value.
=3; level of confidence = 0.05
critical X2 value = 7.8147
computed H value = 16.34
16.34>7.8147
Reject H0.
2015 Ellement
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS Reviewer
Ecology LAB page 4
Chi-Square
- non/parametric, association
2 =60.6923
= ( 1)( 1)
= (3 1)(4 1)
= 6
4. Reject H0 if the computed X2 value > critical X2 value.
=6; level of confidence = 0.05
critical X2 value = 12.592
computed X2 value =60.6923
60.6923>.592
Reject H0.
2015 Ellement
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS Reviewer
Ecology LAB page 5
2015 Ellement
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS Reviewer
Ecology LAB page 6
Density
=
where = total number of individuals of species
Relative Density
=
Diversity&Dominance
Simpsons Index
2
= ( )
Simpsons Index of Diversity = 1
1
Simpsons Diversity Index =
where = Simpsons index
= number of individuals of species
= total number of individuals of all species
The greater the value of D, the lower the diversity
The greater the Simpsons Index of Diversity, the greater the
diversity
A D value of 1 represents complete dominance meaning only
one species is present in the community.
Shannon-Weiners Index
=
= ( )(ln )
where = proportion of individuals found in species
= number of individuals in species
= total number of individuals of all species
2015 Ellement