FOLIO

PHYSIC
BY:NURUL AISYAH
SYAFIQAH
 APPLICATIO
N
a)GAS PRESSURE
B)PASCAL PRINCIPLE
C)ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
D)BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE
 A)GAS PRESSURE
LIFT PUMP

DOWNWARD STROKE
1.VOLUME OF THE CAMBER DECREASES AND PRESSURE INCREASES
2.VAVLE B CLOSE . DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE IN THE CHAMBER
3.VALVE A OPEN BECAUSE HIGH PRESSURE OF WATER IN THE CHAMBER PUSHES
THE VALVE UP
4.WATER FLOWS OUT OF THE NIZZLE WHEN THE WATER FROM THE CHAMBER
RISES ABOVE THE NOZZLE

OUTWARD STROKE
1.VALVE A CLOSES AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CLOSES VALVE A
2.PRESSURE IN THE CHAMBER LOW.DUE TO INCREASE THE VOLUME
3.VALVE B OPENS.LOW PRESSURE IN CHAMBER CAUSES VALVE B IS OPEN
4.HIGHER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PUSHERS UP WATER FROM TANK TO
THE CHAMBER
 SYRINGE

1.WHEN THE PISTON PULLED UP

2.LOW PRESSURE FORMED
3.HIGHER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PUSHES THE WATER INTO THE SYRINGE

SYPHON
C

1.THE TUBE IS FILLED WITH THE WATER AND ONE END IS PLACED IN THE LIQUID
CONTAINER
2.WATER FLOWS OUT BECAUSE AT B>ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
3.FLOWING OF WATER STOPS WHEN THE LIWUID SURFACE IN CONTAINER IS AT
THE SAME LEVEL AS C OF THE TUBE
 DRINKING STRAW

1.WHEN SUCKING,THE AIR INSIDE THE STRAW REMOVED AND LOW PRESSURE
2.THE HIGHER ATHMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ACTS ON THE SURFACE OF WATER AND
PUSHES WATER LEAVING THE GLASS VIA THE STRAW

SUCKER HOOK

1.WHEN THE SUCKER HOOK IS PRESSED THE AIR INSIDE ITS FORCED TO OUT
AND LEAVING IN A LOW ORESSURE AREA
2.THE HIGHER EXTERNAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AOUTSIDE PRESSES DOWN
ON THE HOOKAND MAKES IT STICK FIRMLY TO THE WALL
 VACCUM CLEANER

1.THE FAN SUCKS OUT THE AIR WHEN ITS SWITCHED ON

2.SPACE INSIDE THE VACCUM BECOMES PARTIACALLY VACUUMED
3.THE HIGHER ATHMOSPHERIC PRESSURE FORCES AIR AND DUST PASTICLES
INTO THE DUST BAG
4.DUST PARTICLES ARE TRAPPED BUT THE AIR STILL FLOW THROUGH THE EXIT
 PASCAL PRINCPLE

1. When a small piston is pushed, valve A closes and valve B opens.

2. Hydraulic oil is forced through valve B and raises the big piston.
3. When the small piston is pulled up, valve B closes and valve A opens.
4. Hydraulic oil is drawn from the reservoir into the space under the small piston.
5. Continuous up and down movements of the small piston will cause the big piston
to move up to lift the car.
6. When the release valve is opened, the weight of the car will force the big
piston downward, pushing the hydraulic oil into the reservoir. The car will be
lowered to its original position.

HYDRAULIC BRAKE

1. When the drivers foot presses the brake pedal, the piston in the master cylinder
exerts pressure on the brake fluid.
2. This pressure is transmitted to the wheel cylinder of all wheels.
3. The pressure causes the pistons to press the brake shoes against the wheels to slow
down the car.
 ARCHIMENDES PRINCIPLE
SHIP

- Ships are marked with the Plimsoll line for safety purposes.
- Due to different temperatures and salinity concentrations, the density of sea water at
different parts of the world varies.
- The Plimsoll line will help navigators to determine the safety level that ships
can lie in the water and still be safely loaded under different conditions.
*CONTAINS AIR SPACE TO DISPLACE IN THE SEA WATER
*UPTHRUST IS GREAT ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE WEIGHT OF SHIP

HOT AIR BALLON

1.AIR IN THE BALLON IS HEATED BY GAS BURNER TO OVER 100C

2.THE AIR EXPENDS SO LARGE VOLUME OA AIR IS PUSHED OUT THROUGH THE
HOLE AT THE BALLON
3.HOT AIR AND HELIUM GAS IN THE BALLON ARE LESS DENSER THAN AIR
SURROUNDING THE BALLON
4.UPTHURST LARGER THAN WEIGHT OF FABRIC,BRNER,CREW.AND
BASKET.HENCE THE BALLON START RISING
5.WHEN THE HEIGHT INCREASE,DENSITY OF AIR DECREASES.THIS UPTHRUST
WILL INCREASE
 HYDROMETER

- Hydrometer is used to determine the relative density of liquids.

- The upthrust of the liquid causes the hydrometer to float.
- The higher the density of the liquid, the bigger the upthrust will be. Thus, the scale of the
hydrometer increases in a downward direction.
- Big bulb enables hydrometer to float.
- Small bulb filled with lead enables the hydrometer to float vertically.
- Thin stem of hydrometer increases the sensitivity.

SUBMARINE

A)RISING
-COMPRESSOR SUPPLIES COMPRESSES AIR INTO BALST TANKS TO DISPLACE
WATER
-WATER IS FLUSHED FROM BALLAST TANK
-UPTHRUST INCREASE WHEN MORE WATER IS DISPLACED
-WHEN UPTHRUST GREATER THANK WEIGHT OF SUBMARINE,SUBMARINE RISES
B)DIVING
-COMPRESSOR TURNED OFF AND AIR IS DRAWN FROM BALAST TANK
-LOW PRESSURE IN BALAST TANKS CAUSES WATER TO RUSH INTO BALAST TANK
-VOLUME OF AIR DECREASES UPTHRUST DECREASES
-WHEN UPTHRUST IS LESS THAN THE WEIGHT OF SUBMARINE,SUBMARINE
SUBMERGES

AIRSHIP

-WHEN AIRSHIP RISES,DENSITY OF AIR INSIDE THE AIR SHIP DECREASES

-WHEN UPTHRUST=WEIGHT OF AIRSHIP,AIRSHIP WILL FLOAT IN ATMOSPHERE
-DESCEND OF AIRSHIP IS CONTROLLED BY RELEASE OF HELIUM GAS INSIDE IT
-THE AIRSHIP IS NOT DEPENDENT ON THE WIND
-DIRECTION OF AIRSHIP IS CONTOLLED BT RUDDER
 BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE
AEROFOLL

1. When a wing in the form of an aerofoil moves in air,

2. the flow of air over the top travels faster and creates a region of low pressure.
3. The flow of air below the wing is slower resulting in a region of higher pressure.
4. The difference between the pressures at the top and underside of the wing causes a net
upward force, called lift, which helps the plane to take-off.

INSECTICIDE SPRAYER

1. When the plunger is pushed in, the air flows at a high velocity through a nozzle.
2. The flow of air at high velocity creates a region of low pressure above the metal tube.
3. The higher pressure of the atmospheric air acts on the surface of the liquid insecticide
causing it to rise up the metal tube.
4. The insecticide leaves the top of the metal tube through the nozzle as a fine spray.
 BUNSEN BURNER

1. When the burner is connected to a gas supply, the gas flows at high velocity through a narrow
passage in the burner,
2. creating a region of low pressure.
3. The outside air, which is at atmospheric pressure, is drawn in and mixes with the gas.
4. The mixture of gas and air enables the gas to burn completely to produce a clean, hot, and
smokeless flame

CARBUTTER

-WHEN IT IS OPEN , MORE AIR IS ALLOWED TO FLOW THROUGH CARBUTTER

-NARROW PASSSGE INCREASES,THE VELOCITY OF THE AIR STEAM AND CAUSES
THE PRESUS TO DROP
-BERNOULLI EFFECT OCCURS AT NARROE JET.
-PETROL EVAPORATED AND RUSHED INTO THE NARROW JET
 APPLICATION
OPTICAL DEVICES
LIGHT
A)COMPUOND MISCROSCOPE
B)TELESCOPE
C)SLIGHT PROJECTOR
D)CAMERA
E)MAGNIFYING GLASS
 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

Compound Microscope
Object lens Higher power
Eye lens Lower power
Position of the The object is placed at a position between fo and 2fo.
object
Nature of the Real, inverted and magnified
image, I1
Position of the The first image, I1 must be placed between the optical center of the eye
image, I1. lens with the eye lens principle focus point, fe.
Nature of the Virtual, inverted and magnified
image, I2
Distance in The distance between the object lens and the eye lens in a compound
between the microscope is bigger than the sum of the focal length (fo + fe).
two lens If the distance between both lenses are adjusted to less than (fo + fe),
no image can be seen.
 TELESCOPE

Astronomical Telescope
Objective lens Lower power
Eye lens Higher power
Position of the object At infinity
Nature of the image, I1 Real, inverted and magnified
Position of the image, I1. At the principle focus of object lens, fo.
Nature of the image, I2 Virtual, inverted and smaller in size.
Distance in between the
two lens
1. The distance between the object lens and the eye lens in a compound
microscope is equal to the sum of the focal length (fo + fe).
2. If the distance between both lenses are bigger than (f o + fe), no image can
be seen.
Magnification of the
compound microscope.
m=Focal length of the object lens, foFocal length of the eye lens, f
mm=Focal length of the object lens, foFocal length of the eye lens, fm
 SLIGHT PROJECTOR

Bulb 1. Bulb with high brightness is used.

2. The bulb must be placed at the centre of curvature of the concave
mirror.
Concave mirror 1. The function of the concave mirror is to reflect and focus light that
shines on it to the direction of the condenser.
2. This is to increase the brightness of the image.
Condenser 1. The condenser consists of two Plano-convex lenses.
2. The function of the condenser is to focus all the light that brightens
the whole slide.
3. It also acts as a heat insulator to stop heat from the bulb so it does
not spoil the slide.
Slide 1. The slide acts as the object.
2. It is located at a distance between f and 2f from the projector lens so
that the image produced is real and magnified.
3. It is purposely placed upside down so that the image forms on the
screen looks upright.
Projector Lens 1. The projector lens projects the image on the screen that is placed a
few meters away.
2. It can be adjusted to focus a sharp image.
Image The image produced is

1. real (it form on a screen)

2. magnified
3. inverted (Since the slide is placed upside down, hence the image
looks upright)
 CAMERA

Convex lens To focus the light of an object onto the film so that a sharp image can be
produced.
Diaphragm To control the size of the aperture and hence control the amount of light move
into the camera.
Focusing Ring To adjust the distance between the lens and the film so that the image is
sharply focus on the film.
Film 1. Acts as a screen for the image to form onto it.
2. Chemical on it will react when exposed to light and produce a
photograph.
Shutter Open when picture is taken to allow light move onto the film.
The shutter speed is the length of time when the shutter is open. It control the
amount of light move onto the film.
Aperture Open when picture is taken to allow light move onto the film.
The shutter speed is the length of time when the shutter is open. It control the
amount of light move onto the film.
 MAGNIFYING GLASS

1. Magnifying glass is also known as simple microscope.

2. A magnifying glass is a single convex lens with short focal length.
3. The iage formed is
a. virtual,
b. magnified
c. upright
4. A magnifying glass enlarges the image of an object by increasing the virtual angle at the eye
when the object is viewed.
SECTION C
 SAFETY FEATURES IN CAR

feautures characterlistic
windscreen -shatter-proof glass that will not
break into small pieces easy during
collision
Anti-blocking braking system(ABC) Prevents the wheels from locking when
the brakes applied suddenly
Collapsible streering columns Reduce the magnitude of force agains
the driver
Passenger safety cell Made of strong rigid steel cage
Padded dashboard Covered with soft material to reduce
injury when passenger knocking on it
Airbag Prevents the driver head and chest
from stricking the steering wheel
dashboard or top of windscreen
seatbell Prevents the driver and passenger from
crashing onto the windscreen,streering
wheel and dashboard in a accident.
 MODIFICATION OF TERMOS FLASK

STOPPER SPACE OF MADE OF COATED BY

INNER SPACE
HOLLOW VACUM MADE OF SHINY PAINT
PLASTIC -PREVENTS GLASS -SHINY
STOPPER THE HEAT -POOR HEAT SURFACE IS A
-AIR IS A TRANSMISSIO CONDUCTOR GOOD FOR
POOR HEAT N THROUGH REFLECTION
CONDUCTOR CONDUCTION
AND
CONVENTION
 MODIFICATION CAR RADIATION

SIZE OF THE NUMBER OF MATERIAL OF SPECIFIC HEAT BIOLING

FAN USED THE FIN THE FIN CAPACITY OF POINT OF THE
BLADE BLADE THE COOLING COOLING
LIQUID USED LIQUID USED
BIGGER FAN INCREASE THE FIN BLADE COOLING HIGH BOILING
-A BIGGER NUMBER OF FROM GOOD LIQUID WITH POINT
FAN CAN FIN BLADES CONDUCTOR HIGH SPECIFIC -PREVENT THE
CAUSES THE -THE EXPOSED -THESE HEAT LIQUID FROM
AIR TO MOVE SURFACE ABSORD THE CAPACITY BOILING
FASTER AND AREA WILL BE HEAT AND -CAN ABSORB EASILY
AIR PRESSURE INCREASE PAINT IN HEAT A GREAT
IS LOWERED BLACK AMOUNT OF
BECAUSE HEAT BEFORE
BLACK IT BOILS
SURFAE
ABSORBS
HEAT AND
RADIATE
BETTER THAN
WHITE
 EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUE OF
ARCHER (IMPROVE)

MASS OF SHAPE OF ELASTICITY OF STRENGTH OF POSSITION OF

ARROW ARROW BOWSTRING THE BOW AIMING
ARROW
COMPARED TO
THE CENTER
OF THE
TARGET
BOARD
LIGHT AERODYNAMI HUGH STRONGER CENTER OF
-MOVES HIGH C ELASTICITY BOW THE TARGET
VELOCITY -AIR -INCREASE -CANNOT BOARD
RESISTANT ELASTIC BREAK EASILY -THE
CAN BE POTENTIAL GRAVITIONAL
REDUCED ENERGY FORCE WILL
PULL THE
ARROW
DOWNWARD
 MODIFICATION FLAG POLE

ASPECT
LOW DENSITY OF THE POLE
THE POLE HIGH FLEXIBILITY
THE STRING HAS HIGH MAXIMUM
TENSION
THE STRING IS TIED AT HIGHER
POSITION
EXPLANATION
ITS LIGHT AND CAN BE CARRIED EASILY
ITS NOT EASILY BREAK BY STRONG
WIND
CAN SUPPORT LARGER WEIGHT
ITS MORE STABLE
 MODIFICATION OF FAST TRAIN

ASPECT EXPLANATION
LOW DENSITY MATERIAL TO REDUCE MASS SO THAT THE TRAIN
CAN MOVES FAST
AERODYNAMIC TO REDUCE AIR RESISTANCE
8 SHORT COACHES TP REDUCE INERTIA
 VACUM CLEANER

-WHEN THE VACUM CLEANER IS SWITCHED ON,THE FAN WILL ROTATE

-THE AIR IS BLOWN OUT FROM THE FAN
-THIS CAUSES AREA IN FRONT OF THE FAN INSIDE THE VACUM CLEANER BECOME
PARTIALLY VACUM
-THE SURROUNDING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS BIGGER THAN THE PRESSURE
INSIDE THE VACUM
-HENCE,THIS PRODUCE A FORCE THAT PUSHES AIR AND DUST INTO THE VACUM
CLEANNER

MODIFICATION OF RAFT

ASPECT EXPLANATION
SHAPE OF WIDE TO PRODUCE MORE FORCE ACTION ON
RAFT
MATERIAL IS SMOOTH TO CORROSION RESISTANCE
SIZE OF RAFT IS SMALL TO GO FASTER WITH HIGHER VELOCITY
DESIGN OF THE RAFT IS AERODYNAMIC TO REDUCE AIR SESTANCE
LOW DENSITY EASY TO FLOAT
 MODIFICATION OF WIND
SURFACE

ASPECT
SHAPE IS AERODYNAMIC
MATERIAL USED FOR BOARD IS LOW
DENSITY
MATERIAL FOR SEAL IS NYLON
SIZE OF THE SURFACE IS WIDE
MATERIAL USED FOR MAST IS TOUGH
MATERIAL
EXPLANATION
TO REDUCE AIR RESISTANCE
EASY TO FLOAT
NOT EASY TO TEAR OFF
PRODUCE MORE FORCE
WITHSTAND THE HIGH FORCE

MODIFICATION OF LAWNMOVER

ASPECT EXPLANATION
PUSHING THE LAWNMOVER GREATER FORCE IS APPLIED ON THE
GRASS
LARGE MASS MORE STABLE
BIGGER CUTTER BLADE MORE GRASS WILL CUT OUT
LARGE ANGLE TO PRODUCE LARGE FOCE ACTION
DOWNWARDS