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2 2016-11-28
Why use grease instead of oil?
Grease stays whereas oil would simply flow away!
3 2016-11-28
Thickener
Can be defined as a reservoir for the base oil (Sponge Theory). However, the
nature for the thickener is essential to the properties of the final product.
4 2016-11-28
Consistency of lubricating grease
Consistency = Rigidity = resistance to
deformation by an applied force
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Consistency of lubricating grease
NLGI grade Penetration range, after 60 strokes, (mm-1) Grade description
6 85 115 soap-like
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Composition of multipurpose grease
Cooking oil
Multi-Purpose
Grease; NLGI 2
7 2016-11-28
Thickeners Soap based
A chemical reaction between a fatty acid and an alkali (metal hydroxide)
Typical thickeners
Sodium soap
Calcium soap
Lithium soap
Aluminium soap
Anhydrous calcium soap
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Calcium
Al- Barium Calcium Clay / Lithium
Grease type Calcium Lithium Polyurea Sodium sulfonate
complex complex complex Bentonite complex
complex
Al-
X NC NC NC NC B B B B NC
complex
Barium
NC X NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
complex
Calcium NC NC X C NC C C C NC B
Calcium
NC NC C X NC B B B NC B
complex
Clay /
NC NC NC NC X NC NC NC NC NC
Bentonite
Lithium B NC C B NC X C B B B
Lithium
B NC C B NC C X B B B
complex
Polyurea B NC C B NC B B X NC NC
Sodium NC NC NC NC NC B B NC X NC
Calcium
sulfonate NC NC NC NC NC B B NC NC X
complex
9 2016-11-28
Additives for greases
Extreme pressure (EP): to protect heavily
loaded and sliding metal surfaces from
welding.
11 2016-11-28
Base fluids in greases
Base fluids from Group I to V can be thickened to lubricating greases. However,
key parameters such as applications, legislations, price and skills of the
manufacturer are among the main driving forces.
12 2016-11-28
Use of paraffinic oils in greases
Advantages
Low volatility
High flash point relative to naphthenic oils
High viscosity index relative to naphthenic oils
Drawbacks
Poor seal swell
Poor low temperature properties relative to naphthenic oils
Poor additive solubility relative to naphthenic oils
15 2016-11-28
Use of naphthenic oils in greases
Advantages
Low thickener consumption
Very good texture
Very good low temperature properties
Excellent solvency power
Good elastomer compatibility
Good affinity to the thickener system
Drawbacks
Low viscosity index relative to paraffinic oil
Lower flash point relative to paraffinic oil
16 2016-11-28
Naphthenic based greases Thickener yield
Nominal increase productivity for NSP
relative to paraffinic SN 500 (Li- based
NLGI grade 2 greases):
For SN 500:
100g grease/12 g thickener= 8.33
g Paraffinic grease/g thickener
For T 110:
100g grease/7.2 g thickener =
13.89g NSP grease/g thickener
Subsequently: 13.89/8.33= 1.67
times more grease can be made by
using T 110 instead of SN 500
17 2016-11-28
Use of Naphthenic/Paraffinic blends in greases
By selecting the right base oil combination one can improve other properties
beyond the yield:
Temperature range
Water resistance
18 2016-11-28
Manufacturing Process
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Manufacturing process of Li-based grease
H2O
Li-OH
Base oil Cooking Kettle
T
(Cooking oil)
Oil + Fatty acid Additives
Base oil
Time
Cooling kettle Additives
(Cooling oil/ (mixing vessel)
Adjusting oil)
Homogeniser
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Typical properties in a PDS
Penetration number
Dropping Point
Welding Point
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What do they really tell you?
Penetration number Consistency after 60 strokes
22 2016-11-28
Important properties of grease
Lubrication ability
Shear stability
Thermal stability
Water resistance
Operating temperature
Pumpability
Corrosion inhibiting properties
Load carrying capacity
Wear resistance
Service life
Environmental impact
23 2016-11-28
Naphthenic blends in greases
24 2016-11-28
Use of Naphthenic/Paraffinic blends in greases
Naphthenic and Naphthenic/Group II paraffinic base oil blends
IR
Aniline Sulphur Pour Viscosity
Crude oil Aromatic
Oil Production method point content point at 40C VI
type content
(C) (wt %) (C) (cSt)
(%)
ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM
D 611 D 2622 D 97 D 445 D 2270
T 110 Naphthenic Hydrotreated 15 86 0.06 -30 109 -5
NS 100 Naphthenic Severely hydrotreated 10 95 <0.01 -33 96 35
HP 12 Paraffinic Hydrotreated/Hydrocracked 1 124 <0.0025 -15 110 97
SR 130 Naphthenic Solvent refined 7 95 0.9 -30 137 30
Paraffinic/
E Hydrotreated/Hydrocracked 15 98 0.06 -33 140 46
Naphthenic
25 2016-11-28
Grease production: NLGI Grade 2
Open kettle pilot plant (10Kg capacity)
Lithium hydroxide and 12-hydroxystearate thickener system
Cooked to a maximum temperature of 205C for 10min
Base oil mixture used for cooking and cooling
Homogenisation by a dispersion unit
No additives included in the formulation
26 2016-11-28
Use of Naphthenic/Paraffinic blends in greases
Greases based on Naphthenic and Naphthenic/Group II paraffinic base oil blends
Viscosity IR
Thickener
of base Penetration 100,000str Dropping Aromatic
Oil content
oil at 40C (mm-1) penetration (mm-1 )* point (C ) content
(wt%)
(cSt) (%)
ASTM ASTM ASTM
Method - IP 396 -
D 445 D 217 D 217
* the number between parenthesis is the difference between the 100000 and 60 strokes penetration.
27 2016-11-28
Low temperature properties
28 2016-11-28
Flow pressure Naphthenic based
Flow pressure measurements at -35C
29 2016-11-28
Rheological measurements Naphthenic based
30 2016-11-28
Tribology measurements
A Mini Traction Machine (MTM) was used to measure Stribeck curves and
Electrical Contact resistance (ECR) between the disc and the ball.
AISI 52100 steel/steel contact between disc and ball
Load of 20N
Sliding Rolling Ratio (SRR) of 80%
Results reported as average mean of 5 curves
Attachment to ensure grease stays in the contact
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Stribeck curve of greases at 110C
32 2016-11-28
Summary
In grease production:
The use of naphthenic oils in grease production result in higher yields (lower
soap consumption), compared to if paraffinic Group II are used
Among naphthenic oils is those with lower refining degree (lower aniline
point, higher aromatic content) the ones presenting higher yields (lower
soap consumption
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Summary
In grease properties:
The greases based on the oils giving high yield (low thickener content)
have:
Better flowability at low temperatures
Lower storage modulus or less resistance to flow at all temperature study
34 2016-11-28
Residue based heavy naphthenic blends
Test
Method BS200+SN500 BBT 28+SN500
(ASTM)
Viscosity, 40C, mm2/s D 445 235 370 505 235 370 505
40 2016-11-28
Heavy naphthenic blends Greases
Test
Method BS200+SN500 BBT 28+SN500
(ASTM)
Viscosity of base oil, 40C,
mm2/s
D 445 235 370 505 235 370 505
Penetration, 60str (mm-1) D 217 276 268 272 277 268 274
41 2016-11-28
Heavy naphthenic greases Load carrying capacity
Four ball test analyses (ASTM D 2666)
Load: 140Kg
Running time: 60s
Speed: 1440rpm
Test
Method BS200+SN500 BBT 28+SN500
(ASTM)
Viscosity of base oil, 40C,
mm2/s
D 445 235 370 505 235 370 505
Wear scar (mm) D 2666 2.30 2.71 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.67
BBT 28 based greases show equal load carrying capability despite lower
thickener content
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Heavy naphthenic greases Water resistance
Water wash out :
79C/60min
Water Spray Off:
38C/276kPa
Test
Method BS200+SN500 BBT 28+SN500
(ASTM)
Viscosity of base oil, 40C,
mm2/s
D 445 235 370 505 235 370 505
Water wash out (wt%) D 41264 1.37 1.61 2.00 2.73 1.38 2.12
Water spray off D 4049 55.6 53.8 31.2 43.8 N/A 18.8
Equal or better performance on the BBT 28 based grease
43 2016-11-28
Summary Heavy Naphthenic greases
The greases made by using BBT 28:
Lower thickener content (better yield)
Better mechanical stability despite less thickener
Equal load carrying capacity
Better low temperature properties
Equal water wash out and better water spray off
Comparable copper corrosion results
44 2016-11-28
Nybase vs. Group I Paraffinic in greases
45 2016-11-28
Nynas Technology centre in Nynshamn
Grease pilot plant
Penetrometer
Drop point
Rheometer
PDSC
FTIR
Flow pressure
DSC
etc
46 2016-11-28
More information?
www.nynas.com/Base-oils
www.linkedin.com/company/nynas-
base-oils
Naphthenic Magazine
productfinder.nynas.com
47 2016-11-28
Nynas Group Head Office
P.O. Box 10700
SE-121 29 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel. +46-8-602 12 00
Fax +46-8-91 34 27
info@nynas.com
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