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Contents
1 General Description 3
1 General Description
The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is a rotor-voltage controlled, slip-ring induction ma-
chine. The PWM converter connected to the slip-rings controls the rotor voltage in magnitude
and phase angle, why active and reactive power output of the DFIG can be controlled.
As shown in Figure 1.1, the doubly-fed induction machine model of PowerFactory includes the
rotor-side converter. Hence, the doubly-fed induction machine is a model with two terminals,
an AC and a DC terminal. The induction machine model is identical to the standard induction
machine model of PowerFactory , including a very detailed approximation of Zrot with up to three
R-L ladder circuits.
The converter according to Figure 1.2 is modelled by a fundamental frequency approach. The
AC- and the DC-voltages are related to each other by the modulation index (Pm) that can be
defined by magnitude and phase angle or in cartesian co-ordinates, by real- and imaginary part:
3
UACr = P mr UDC
2 2
(1)
3
UACi = P mi UDC
2 2
The AC rotor-voltage is expressed in a rotor reference frame. It is assumed that the modulation
corresponds to a sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (PWM).
The relationship between AC and DC currents can be found by assuming that the PWM con-
verter is loss-less:
However, the detailed PWM-converter model of PowerFactory integrates no-load losses, why it
is recommended to consider all switching losses in the grid-side converter model.
The model is completed by the open-loop rotor voltage. The winding ratio between stator and
rotor is directly calculated from the open-loop rotor voltage without considering the voltage drop
across the leakage reactance due to no-load currents. Hence, if both parameters are available,
the winding ratio and the actually measured nominal rotor voltage, the input parameter Urot
rated slip ring voltage should be calculated from the winding ratio.
For load flow analysis, active and -reactive power and the steady state slip have to be specified.
All other variables, including the corresponding modulation index are calculated during the load
flow iteration.
The specified active and reactive power defines the stator active- and reactive power, not the
total active power of the doubly-fed induction machine.
For many applications, it is useful to specify the power at a different point, e.g. at the HV-side of
a three-winding transformer fed by a DFIG. This is currently not possible but will be implemented
in future versions of PowerFactory
For short circuit analysis, the doubly-fed induction machine is modelled by the subtransient
equivalent Protective actions, such as under-voltage tripping or bypassing of the rotor-side con-
verter cannot be directly considered in the subtransient model. However, if the rotor bypass is
ideal, with no additional resistance or reactance, the subtransient model is still correct.
For harmonics analysis, the doubly-fed induction machine model is the same as the standard
induction machine model that is based on the subtransient model according to Figure 1.3.
In time domain simulations (RMS- and EMT-simulation) the converter is controlled by the pulse
width modulation factors Pmd and Pmq. It is important to remember that the AC voltage and
hence the complex modulation factor is referred to the actual rotor reference frame and not
to the field reference frame. It is therefore necessary to convert the d-q output of a controller
(usually expressed in a field reference frame) to the rotor reference frame of the machine.
The model equations of the doubly fed machine can be derived from the normal, single-fed
induction machine equations by modifying the rotor-voltage equations:
d s ref
us = rs is + +j
n dt n s
(3)
j(R ref ]t
dR ref R
uR e = RR iR + +j R
n dt n
The per unit rotor voltage that appears in the above equation is related to the DC-voltage as
follows:
3 UDC
uRd = P md
2 2 URnom
(4)
3 UDC
uRq = P mq
2 2 URnom
The nominal rotor voltage considers the winding ratio between stator and rotor.
All other equations, including mechanical equations are identical to the standard, single-fed
induction machine model.
In stability analysis (RMS-simulation), stator flux derivatives in the stator voltage equations are
neglected, which is analogous to the standard, single-fed induction machine model.
For protecting the rotor side PWM-converter against high rotor currents and for avoiding loss of
synchronism of the rotor-side converter with the network, the rotor can be bypassed during fault
conditions.
Since in the current model, there is no specific parameter for bypassing the rotor-side con-
verter, the pulse-width modulation factors Pmd and Pmq must be set to (approx.) zero, which is
equivalent to bypassing the rotor.
For limiting the rotor current and for influencing the speed-torque characteristic of the machine,
the rotor additional bypass-resistance and -reactance can be included. These can be inserted
by setting the internal parameters rradd and xradd using Parameter-Events.
Additional protection, e.g. protection against under- or over-voltage can be implemented using
standard PowerFactory relay models.
Vr2
Sr , Vr , Zb =
Sr
All rotor resistances and reactances are expressed in p.u. referred to the stator side.
Rotor impedances given in Ohm, referred to the stator side have to be divided by the base
2
impedance of the machine (Zbase = Urated /Srated )