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5.1 Introduction
In this unit we will study the measures used to summarize data such as
mean, median and mode.
Objectives:
At the end of this unit the student should be able to:
describe the concept of statistical average
calculate arithmetic mean for discrete and continuous data
calculate median and mode of data
Mathematical Average
Positional Average
Miscellaneous Average
Direct Method:
Individual Series
Let X is the variable which takes values x1, x2, x3, xn over n items,
then arithmetic mean, simply the mean of X, denoted by bar over the
variable X is given by.
x1 x 2 x3 ............... x n x i
X i
n n
Discrete Series
Continuous Series
Example: Six month income of departmental store are given below. Find
mean income of stores.
Mean income =
x i
140000
Rs. 23333.33
n 6
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean by direct method from the following
data
Wage 10 20 30 40 50
No. of 4 5 3 2 5
workers
= =
SAQ 1: The pocket allowances (in Rs) of 10 students are given below:
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Allowance 15 20 30 22 25 18 40 50 5 65
(X)
SAQ3 : Determine the average salary of a staff from the following data
relating to the monthly salaries of the teaching staff of a college by direct
method
Salary 2200 2500 3000 3700 4500
No. of 5 10 15 7 3
staff
SAQ 4: Find the mean for the following frequency distribution by using direct
method
Class- 84 90 90 96 96 102 102 108 108 - 114
interval
frequency 8 12 15 10 5
Step 1: Assume any one value as a mean which is called arbitrary average
(A).
Step 2: Find the difference (deviations) of each value from arbitrary average.
d = xi A
X A
d
n
Discrete Series
Continuous Series
A = Assume mean
Example: Find the mean marks obtained by the students for the following
data by using short cut method :
20 25 20 22 20 21 23 25 22 18
xA
d
n
16
x 20
10
= 20 + 1.6
Example: Determine the average salary of a staff from the following data
relating to the monthly salaries of the teaching staff of a college by using
short cut method
No. of
5 10 15 7 3
staff
X F d = (X-A) fd
Total -
We have,
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean by short cutt method from the
following data
Wage 10 20 30 40 50
No. of 4 5 3 2 5
workers
= 30 - = 30 0.53 = 29.47
= 25 + = 25 + 8.67 = 33.67
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean from the following data using
Short cut method
Frequency 10 8 6 4 2
So,
SAQ 5: Calculate the arithmetic mean by short cut method from the
following data
SAQ 6: Calculate the arithmetic mean by short cut method from the
following data:
Individual Series:
Discrete Series:
Continuous Series:
No. of 20 24 40 36 20
Students
Solution: Let A = 25
Marks Mid f A = 25,
values(m) d = m-25
0 10 5 20 -20 -2 -40
20 30 25 = A 40 0 0 0
30 40 35 36 10 1 36
40 50 45 20 20 2 40
Total
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean using the short cut method from
the following table:
Marks No. of Students
More than 0 30
More than 2 28
More than 4 24
More than 6 18
More than 8 10
Mid A = 5,
No. of
Marks values
Students(f) d = m-5
(m)
02 30 28= 2 1 -4 -2 -4
24 28 24= 4 3 -2 -1 -4
46 24 18= 6 5=A 0 0 0
68 18 10=8 7 2 2 8
8 10 10 9 4 4 20
Total
SAQ 7: The number 3.2, 5.8, 7.9 and 4.5 have frequency x, (x+2), (x-3) &
(x+6) respectively. If AM is 4.876 find the value of x.
= Sum of weights
A = Assumed average
= Sum of the products of deviations from the assumed average and
their corresponding weights
C = Common factor
X = last value
i = interval of the values in common
X W WX
81 2 162
76 3 228
74 6 444
58 7 406
70 3 210
73 7 511
Universities
Course Mumbai Kolkota Chennai
No. of No. of No. of
of Pass% Pass % Pass%
Students Students students
Study
MA 71 3 82 2 81 2.0
M. com 83 4 76 3 76 3.5
BA 73 5 73 6 74 4.5
B.Com 74 2 76 7 58 2.0
B.Sc 65 3 65 3 70 7.0
M.Sc 66 3 60 7 73 2.0
Solution:
Universities
Mumbai:
Kolkota:
Chennai:
Combined Mean
Combined arithmetic mean can be computed if we know the mean and
number of items in each group of the data.
Let x 1 & x 2 are the mean of first and second group of data containing N1 &
N2 items respectively.
N1 x 1 N 2 x 2
Then, combined mean = x 12
N1 N 2
N1 x 1 N 2 x 2 N 3 x 3
If there are 3 groups then x 123
N1 N 2 N 3
Example: Find the means for the entire group of workers for the following
data.
Group 1 Group 2
Mean wages 75 60
x 1 75 & x 2 60
N1 x 1 N 2 x 2
Group Mean = x 12
N1 N 2
1000 75 1500 60
=
1000 1500
x 12 Rs. 66
n1 30 1 158 , n 2 40 2 162
30 158 40 162
160.28 cms
30 40
Example: if you are given any 4 values among n1, n2, x1, x2 and , we can
N1 x 1 N 2 x 2
Then, x 12
N1 N 2
30 1 40 162
160.28
30 40
30 1 160.28 70 6480
4739 6
1 157.98
30
SAQ 9: Average weight of 100 screws in box A is 10.4 gms. It is mixed with
150 screws of box B. Average weight of mixed screws is 10.9 gms. Find
the average weight of screws of box B.
Merits Demerits
Geometric Mean
The GM is nth root of product of n quantities of the series. It is observed by
multiplying the values of items together and extracting the root of the
product corresponding to the number of items. Thus, square root of the
products of two items and cube root of the products of the three items are
the Geometric Mean.
Usually, geometric mean is never larger than arithmetic mean. If there are
zeros and negative numbers in the series, the geometric means cannot be
used. Logarithms can be used to find geometric mean to reduce large
number and to save time.
log x
It is also given by GM anti log
n
GM n X1f1.X 2 f 2 .......... Xn f n
where,
n f1 f2 .......... . fn
f log
x
It is also given by GM anti log
n
iii) In case of continuous series,
F log
x
It is also given by GM anti log
n
Merits of GM
a. It is based on all the observations in the series.
b. It is rigidly defined.
c. It is best suited for averages and ratios.
d. It is less affected by extreme values.
e. It is useful for studying social and economics data.
Demerits of GM
a. It is not simple to understand.
b. It requires computational skill.
c. GM cannot be computed if any of item is zero or negative.
d. It has restricted application.
Solution: Here x1 = 2, x2 = 4, x3 = 8, n = 3
GM = n x1 x2 x3
GM = 3
2 48 = 3
64 4
Or
x 2 4 8
logx 0.301 0.602 0.903 logx = 1.806
log x 1.806
GM = Antilog = Antilog = Antilog (0.6020) = 3.9997 4
N 3
Example: Compare the previous year the Over Head (OH) expenses which
went up to 32% in year 2003, then increased by 40% in next year and 50%
increase in the following year. Calculate average increase in over head
expenses. Let 100% OH Expenses at base year
Solution
log x 6.448
GM = Antilog = Antilog = 141.03
N 3
f log x 47.23
GM = Antilog = Antilog = 140.212
N 22
Yield of
wheat in 1 10 11- 20 21- 30 31-40 41-50 51-60
MT
No of
farms
3 16 26 31 16 8
frequency
(f)
Solution:
f log m 146.348
GM = Antilog = Antilog = 29.07
N 100
Example: From the following data relating to the price index find the
weighted geometric mean.
Necessaries Food Clothing Housing Medicine Education
Price Index 150 260 350 250 175
Weights 10 6 4 2 3
Solution:
Necessaries Price Index Weights (W) Log X W Log X
(X)
Food 150 10 2.1761 21.7610
Clothing 260 6 2.4150 14.4900
Housing 350 4 2.5441 10.1764
Medicine 250 2 2.3979 4.7958
Education 175 3 2.2430 6.7290
Total 57.9522
SAQ 10: The growth in bad-debt expense for Das Office Supplies
Company, over the last few years is as shown in table given below.
Calculate the average percentage increase in bad-debt expense over this
time period.
Harmonic Mean
It is the total number of items of a value divided by the sum of reciprocal of
values of variable. It is a specified average which solves problems involving
variables expressed in within Time rates that vary according to time.
If x1, x2, xn are n values for discrete series without frequency, then
their harmonic mean (HM) is.
n
H.M.= (individual Series)
(1 / xi )
n
= (Discrete Series)
f i (1 / xi )
n
= (Continuous Series)
f i (1 / mi )
Weighted Harmonic Mean
Example: Calculate the harmonic mean of 9.7, 9.8, 9.5, 9.4, 9.7.
X 1/f
9.7 0.1031
9.8 0.1020
9.5 0.1053
9.4 0.1064
9.7 0.1031
Total 0.5199
5
HM = = 9.6172
0.5199
Example: The daily income of 05 families in a very rural village are given
below. Compute HM.
Family Income (x) Reciprocal (1/x)
1 85 0.0117
2 90 0.01111
3 70 0.0142
4 50 0.02
5 60 0.016
1 = 0.0738
x
N 5
HM = = = 67.72
1 0.0738
x
Example: A man travel by a car for 3 days he covered 480 km each day.
On the first day he drives for 10 hrs at the rate of 48 KMPH, on the second
day for 12 hrs at the rate of 40 KMPH, and on the 3rd day for 15 hrs @ 32
KMPH. Compute HM and weighted mean and compare them.
Solution:
X 1
x
48 0.0208
40 0.025
32 0.0312
1 = 0.0770
x
Data:10 hrs @ 48 KMPH
12 hrs @ 40 KMPH
15 hrs @ 32 KMPH
N
HM =
1
x
3
=
0.0770
HM = 38.91
Weighted Mean
w X Wx
10 48 480
12 40 480
15 32 480
w = 37 wx = 1440
wx 1440
Weighted Mean = x = 38.91
w 37
N 60
HM = = = 17.73
1 3.3824
f
m
F 5 4 3 2 1
SAQ 13: From the following series find out the weighted harmonic mean by
taking number of labourers as the weights:
No. of 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
labourers
Note:
1. If all the items in a variable are the same, the arithmetic mean (AM) x ,
harmonic mean and Geometric mean are equal. i.e., AM GM HM .
2. If the size vary, mean will be greater than GM and GM will be greater than
HM. This is because of the property that geometric mean to give larger
weight to smaller item and of the HM to give largest weight to smallest
item. Hence, AM GM HM
Positional Average
Median
Median of distribution is that value of the variate which divides it into two
equal parts. In terms of frequency curve, the ordinate drawn at median
divides the area under the curve into two equal parts. Median is a positional
average because its value depends upon the position of an item and not on
its magnitude.
Median of a set of values is the value which is the middle most value when
they are arranged in the ascending order of magnitude. Median is denoted
by M.
Calculation of Median
the series.
Case I : If the number of items is odd, then the median is the middle value
after the items are arranged in ascending or descending order of their
magnitude.
Case II: If the number of items are even in number, then the median is the
arithmetic mean of two middle values after the items are arranged in
ascending or descending order of their magnitude.
Discrete Series:
1. Convert the simple frequency of a series into cumulative frequencies.
2. Determine the size of th item of the series, where N =
median.
Continuous Series:
values M =
Merits Demerits
It can be easily understood and It is not based on all values.
computed.
It is not affected by extreme It is not capable of further algebraic
values. treatment.
It can be determined graphically It is not based on all values.
(Ogives).
12 1
th
37 40 38.5
2
Example: Find the median value for the data shown in table given below
X 12 16 10 14 17 20 15
f 4 9 3 5 4 2 10
X f Cumulative frequency
10 3 3
12 4 7
14 5 12
15 10 22
16 9 31
17 4 35
20 2 37
th th
n 1 37 1
19 th value
2 2
Therefore, the median, M is 15.
Example: Find the median of the following data
Weight in Kg 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55
Frequency 10 15 40 27 8
Cumulative
Weight Frequency Frequency
Frequency
30-35 10 10
35-40 15 25
40-45 40fc 65
45-50 27 92
50-55 8 100
M= where,
Example: Find the missing frequency for the data shown in table given that
its median is 34.
M=
0 10 4 4
10 20 9 13
20 30 13 + f
30 40 20 33 + f
40 50 18 51 + f
50 60 7 58 + f
60 70 3 61 + f
(61 f ) / 2 (13 f )
34 30 X10
20
61 / 2 f / 2 13 f 35 / 2 f / 2
4 4 16 35 f
2 2
f = 19
Example: Find the median for following data. The class marks obtained by
50 students are as follows.
Cum.
CI Frequency (f)
frequency (cf)
10 15 6 6
15 20 18 24
20 25 9 33 N/2 class
25 30 10 43
30 35 4 47
35 40 3 50
f = N = 50
N 50
25
2 2
i = 20 15 = 5
f=9
cf = 24
M=
Median = 20
5
25 24 = 20 5 = 20.555
9 9
Mid values (m) 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195
115 5 = 120 (upper limit) similarly for all mid values we can get CI.
110 120 6 6
120 130 25 31
130 140 48 79
f = N = 390
N 390
2 2
195
M=
= 150
10
195 151 = 153.8
116
Value Frequency
Less than 10 4
Less than 20 16
Less than 30 40
Less than 40 76
Less than 50 96
Less than 60 112
Less than 70 120
Less than 80 125
X 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
f 2 5 12 20 10 7 3
SAQ 18: Following are the marks obtained by the batch of 10 students in a
certain class test in statistics (X) and accountancy (Y):
Roll No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X 63 64 62 32 30 60 47 46 35 28
Y 68 66 35 42 26 85 44 80 33 72
SAQ 19: Calculate the median from the following series 200, 217, 316, 296,
282, 317, 299.
Mode
It is the value which occurs with the maximum frequency. It is the most
typical or common value that receives the height frequency. It represents
fashion and often it is used in business. Thus, it corresponds to the values
of variable which occurs most frequently. The model class of a frequency
distribution is the class with highest frequency. It is denoted by z.
Mode is the value of variable which is repeated the greatest number of times
in the series.
If each observations occurs the same number of times, we can say that
there is no mode. If two observations occur the same number of times, we
can say that it is a Bi-modal. If there are 3 or more observations occurs the
same number of times we say that multi-modal case.
Calculation of Mode:
Individual Series:
Solution: Here in this series the value 8 occurs most frequently in the
series. Hence, mode = 8
1. Inspection method
2. Grouping method
No. of persons 2 4 8 10 5 4
Solution: From the following series, the value 140 has the maximum
frequency i.e., 10. Thus mode is 140
Grouping method: There may be cases when the value having the highest
frequency may not be the modal value. This is the case when the difference
between the maximum frequency and frequency preceding or succeeding it
is very small. In such a case mode can be determined only by grouping
method. This method consist of two tables (i) Grouping table (ii) Analysis
table.
2. Put the probable value of the mode on the right hand side.
4. Take the total of each column to find out the value repeated
maximum number of times. This value against which the total is
highest is the mode.
X 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
f 2 3 6 12 20 24 25 7 5 3 1
Solution:
II III V VI
X I IV (1+2+3)
(1+2) (2+3) (2+3+4) (3+4+5)
7 2 2 +3 = 5 2+3+6=11
8 3 3+6 = 9 3+6+11 = 21
6+12+20
9 6 6+12 = 18
= 38
10 12 12+20 = 32
20+24+25 =
11 20 20+24 = 44 12+20+24 = 56
69
24+25+7
12 24 24+25 = 49
= 56
13 25 25+7 = 32 25+7+5 = 37
14 7 7+5 = 12
15 5 5+3 = 8
16 3 3+1 = 4
17 1
Analysis Table:
Col. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Tot. 1 3 5 4 1
From the table the size 12 occurs the maximum number of times i.e., 5
times. Thus the mode is 12
Continuous Series: In this method, first the modal group is find out either
by using the inspection method or by grouping method. After determining
the modal group mode can be found by using the following formula:
Mode =
Note: 1. If the 1st class is the modal class then is taken as zero.
Similarly, if the last class is the modal class then is taken as zero
2.Mean Mode = 3 (Mean Median)
which is same as, Mode = 3 Median 2 Mean
Example: Calculate the mode from the data
Wages 0-5 5 10 1015 15-20 2025 2530 30- 35
No. of marks 3 7 15 30 20 10 5
Mode =
Example: The following data relate to size of shoes. Find the mode.
6, 7, 6, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 8, 7, 7, 9, 10, 9, 9, 9, 8, 8, 11
6 3
7 3
8 4
9 7
10 2
11 1
600 800 4
800 1000 10
1000 1200 15 f0
1200 1400 25 f1
1400 1600 12 f2
1600 1800 8
Above 1800 2
Solution: We note that the intervals are exclusive type and the highest
frequency is 25. Therefore, the corresponding interval is 1200-1400, which
is called modal class.
Mode =
25 15 2000
Mode 1200 200 1200 = 1286.95
2 25 15 12 23
We shall identify the modal class being the class of maximum frequency.
i.e. 31-40.
where,
= 31
= 26
= 16
= 10
30 31
l1 30.5
2
Mode =
10 (31 - 26)
Mode = 30.5
2 x 31 26 16
Mode = 33.
Solution: Let the missing frequency be f since the mode is given to be 119.
Modal class is 100 150. =f f0 = 123 f2 = 82 = 50
f 123 f 123
119 100 50 119 100 50
2f 123 83 2f 205
SAQ 21: From the following distribution locate the modal value by grouping
methods:
Monthly
94 95 96 93 87 79 73 69 68 67
wages Rs
No. of
78 82 83 89 95 103 108 117 130 97
workers
Median is the mid-value of series of data. It divides the distribution into two
equal portions. Similarly, we can divide a given distribution into four, ten or
hundred or any other number of equal portions.
Quartiles
A measure, which divides an array, into four equal parts is known as
quartile. Each portion contain equal number of items. The first second and
third point are termed as first quartile (Q1). Second quartile (Q2) and third
quartile (Qs). The first quartile is also known as lower quartiles as 25% of
observation of distribution below it, the second quartile Q2 is also known as
median which contains 50 % of observation, the third quartile Q 3 contains
75% of observations of the distribution below it and 25% of observation
above it.
For discrete series with or without frequency, Q1 and Q3 are given by:
N 1
th
Q1 is value
4
(2( N 1))
th
Q2 is value
4
(3( N 1))
th
Q3 is value
4
N / 4 Cf p
Q1 L.L. C.I .
fc
N / 2 Cf p
Q 2 L.L. C.I .
fc
3N / 4 Cf p
Q3 L.L. C.I .
fc
Where L.L= lower limit of the quartile class, C.I = Class width, fc = frequency
of quartile class, N = total frequency and C.fp= Cumulative frequency of
class preceding the quartile class.
Measures of quartiles
The quartile values are located on the principle similar to locating the
median value.
Q1
N 1
th
value
N
th
value
4 4
2N 1
th
2 th
Q2 value N value
4 4
Q3
3
N 1th value 3 th
N value
4 4
Example: Locate the median and quartile from the following data.
Frequencies 20 36 44 50 80 30 30 16 14
Solution:
X f cf
4 20 20
4.5 36 56
5 44 100 Q1
5.5 50 150
6 80 230 Q2
6.5 30 260 Q3
7 30 290
7.5 16 306
8 14 320
N = f = 320
Q1 =
1
N 1th item
4
1
Q1 = 321
4
Q1 = 80.25th item
Q1 = 5
Q2 =
1
N 1th item = median
2
1
Q2 = x 321
2
160.5th item
Q2 = 6= median
Q3 =
3
N 1th item
4
3
Q3 = x 321 = 240.75th item
4
Q3 = 6.5
4,7,3,9,9,12,7,12,6,18,19,20,4,7,6,5,17,16,19
Sales in units: 309, 312, 305, 307, 310, 308, 308, 306
Solution:
th N 1
Arranging the data in ascending order. We have Q1 as value
4
305, 306, 307, 308, 308, 309, 310, 312.
N 1 th 8 1 th
Q1 = 4 Value = Value = 2.25th value
4
= 2nd value + 0.25 (third value second value)
= 306 + 0.25 (307 306) = 306.25
2( N 1)
th
4
= 4th value + 0.5 (5th value 4th value)
= 308 + 0.5 (308 - 308) = 308
3( N 1)
th
4
= 6th value + 0.75 (7th value 6th value)
= 309 + 0.75 (310 309)
= 309 + 0.75 = 309.75
Therefore, Q1, Q2, and Q3 are 306.25, 308 and 309.75 respectively.
Class Interval 13 - 18 18 - 20 20 - 21 21 22 22 - 23 23 - 25 25 30
Frequency 22 27 51 42 32 16 10
Solution:
N
N=200 Q1 thValue 50th value
4
N / 4 Cf p
Q1 L.L. C.I .
fc
50 49
Q1 20 1 20.02
51
N
Q2 th value
2
N
Q2 th value 100 th value
2
N / 2 Cf p
Q 2 L.L. C.I .
fc
100 49
Q 2 20 1 21
51
th
3
Q3 value 150 th value
4
3N / 4 Cf p
Q3 L.L. C.I .
fc
150142
Q 3 22 1 22.25
32
Therefore the quartiles Q1, Q2, and Q3 are 20.02, 21 and 22.25.
Deciles
The deciles divide the arrayed set of variates into ten portions of equal
frequency and they are some times used to characterize the data for some
specific purpose. In this process, we get nine decile values. The fifth decile
is nothing but a median value. We can calculate other deciles by following
the procedure which is used in computing the quartiles.
Percentiles
Percentile value divides the distribution into 100 parts of equal frequency. In
this process, we get ninety-nine percentile values. The 25th, 50th and 75th
percentiles are nothing but quartile first, median and third quartile values
respectively.
Example: From the following data find the middle deciles, and the two
extreme percentiles
Size of the
8 6.5 7.5 7 5.5 6 4.5 4 5
shoes
Frequency
7 8 10 15 40 25 22 18 10
of sale
Middle Decile
D5 = Value of 5(N+1) th item
10
= Value of 5(155+1) th item= 78th item
10
= 5.5
Lower Percentile
P1 = Value of (N+1) th item
100
= Value of (155+1) th item= 1.56th item
100
= 4.
Upper Percentile
P99 = Value of 99(N+1) th item
100
= Value of 99 (155+1) th item= 154.44th item
100
=8 ( locating against CF 155 which is just greater than 154.44)
Example: Find the 7th decile and 60th percentile for the given data of
patients visited to hospital on a particular data
CI f Cf
10-20 1 1
20-30 3 4
30-40 11 15
40-50 21 36
50-60 43 79 P60
60-70 32 111 D7
70-80 9 120
f = N = 120
l1 60
7
N 84
10
h = 10, f = 32
cf = 79
D7 = 60
10
84 79
32
60th percentile :
h = 10
f = 43
cf = 36
60
N 72
100
P60 = 50
10
72 36
43
P60 = 50
10
72 36
43
P60 = 58.37
SAQ 22: From the following monthly wages of 10 workers (Rs): 120, 150,
170, 180, 181, 190, 192, 200, 210, calculate first quartile, 9th decile and
70th percentile.
No. of Family 8 7
5.4 Summary
In this unit, we studied about different measures of central tendency like
mean, median, mode, Geometric mean, harmonic mean, percentile, decile,
quartile with the help of suitable examples .
3. Calculate the average marks from the following data by using short cut
method
Marks 6 10 11 15 16 20 21 25 26 30
No. of
20 30 50 40 10
Students
4. A house wife uses 10 Kg of wheat, 20 Kg of fuel, 5 Kg of sugar and 2 Kg
of oil price (per Kg) of these items are resp. Rs 1.50, Rs 0.50, Rs 2.80
and Rs 10.
6. From the following series compute the value of the geometric mean
7. From the following data compute the weighted arithmetic and geometric
means.
Marks 5 50 15 60 55 40 35 75 10
No. of
3 7 5 6 9 4 6 8 2
Students
11- 13- 15- 17- 19- 21- 23- 25- 27- 29-
Class
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
frequency 5 426 720 741 665 395 38 8 5 7
X 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
f 2 3 6 12 20 24 25 7 5 3 1
13. Calculate the median and quartile for the following data:
15. Following data shows the size of shoes sold at a store during a given
week. Find
Size of Shoes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
frequency 120 137 330 900 312 81 17
5.6 Answers
Self Assessment Questions
1. Let the pocket allowances be denoted by X
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N=10
Allowanc
15 20 30 22 25 18 40 50 5 65
e(X)
Then = = = 44,94
3.
Total = 40 = 1,20,400
= = = 3,010
4.
= = = 98.04
5.
= 25 + = 25 + 0.857 = 25.857
6.
No. Mid A= 25
Marks Students Values
(f) (m) d = m-25
7.
X f fX
3.2 x 3.2x
5.8 x+2 5.8x+11.6
7.9 x3 7.9x 23.7
4.5 x+6 4.5x + 27
Or
Or
Or
Or
Or
Therefore, taking the time taken as weights we have the weighted mean as
2 ?
We know that:
N1 x 1 N 2 x 2
x 12
N1 N 2
100 10.4 150 2
10.9
100 150
1040 150 2 10.9 250 2725
1685
2 11.23 gms
150
Therefore, the average weight of screws of box B is 11.23 gms.
11.
12.
X F 1/X F 1/X
1 5 1 5
2 4 0.5 2.0
3 3 0.33 0.99
4 2 0.25 0.50
5 1 0.2 0.2
Total
HM =
13.
No. of
Wages Mid-
Labourers
(Rs) values (m)
(W)
10-14 12 0.0833 1 0.08333
15-19 17 0.0588 2 0.1176
20-24 22 0.0454 3 0.1362
25- 29 27 0.0370 4 0.1480
30-34 32 0.0312 3 0.0936
35- 39 37 0.0270 2 0.0540
40 - 44 42 0.0238 1 0.0238
Total
14.
M= + i
= 20 + 10
= 20 + 4.4565
= 24.4565
15.
Value f C.f
0-10 4 4
10- 20 12 16
20- 30 24 40
30- 40 36 76
40- 50 20 96
50-60 16 112
60-70 8 120
70- 80 5 125
N=125
Median item = size of item = item
M= + i
= 30+ 10
= 30 + 10
= 30 + 6.25
= 36.25
16. Since we are given inclusive series, first we convert into inclusive one by
deducting 0.5 from the lower limit and add 0.5 to the upper limits
Value f c.f
0.5- 10.5 4 4
10.5- 20.5 12 16 M
20.5-30.5 20 f 36 cf
30.5- 40.5 9 45
40.5-50.5 5 50
f = 50
M= + i
= 20.5+ 10
= 20.5 + 10
= 20.5 + 4.5
= 25
17.
X f cf
10 2 2
12 5 7
14 12 19
16 20 39 M
18 10 49
20 7 56
22 3 59
N=f=59
= size of item
= size of item
Hence, M= 16
18.
X 28 30 32 35 46 47 60 62 63 64
Y 26 33 35 42 44 66 68 72 80 85
= size of item
= size of item
Median marks of Accountancy (Y) are more than that of Statistics (X).
Therefore, level of knowledge of students is higher in accountancy.
S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Items(X) 200 217 264 282 296 299 316 317
M = Size of item
Mode =
= 15
= 15 approx.
21.
II III V VI
X I IV (1+2+3)
(1+2) (2+3) (2+3+4) (3+4+5)
97+130= 97+130+117 =
67 97
227 344
130+117 = 130+117+108
68 130
247 = 355
Analysis Table:
Col. 67 68 69 73 79
1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 1 1 1
5 1 1 1
6 1 1 1
Tot. 2 5 4 2 1
From the analysis table the maximum total 5 is against the value 68. Thus
the modal wage is Rs 68.
22.
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Wage 120 150 170 180 181 187 190 192 200 210
1st Quartile:
23.
Terminal Questions
1. Missing frequency is 12
2. 35.5
3. 17.67
4.
5.
6. G = 42.25
7. A.M = 544 approx., GM = 408 approx.
8. 35 approx.
9. Median = 50
10. 17.46
11. 140
12. 12
13. , ,
14. Median = 26, , ,
15. , ,