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To cite this article: L. Khannous, A. Elleuch, I. Fendri, N. Jebahi, H. Khlaf & N. Gharsallah (2015): Treatment of printing
wastewater by a combined process of coagulation and biosorption for a possible reuse in agriculture, Desalination and Water
Treatment, DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2015.1005688
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Desalination and Water Treatment (2015) 17
www.deswater.com
doi: 10.1080/19443994.2015.1005688
ABSTRACT
Wastewater quality varies with the different kinds of (Trigonella foenum graecum), and sorghum (Sorghum
ink, which have different connected makings, pig- bicolor) to study their phytotoxicity effects.
ments, and additives. The quality and quantity of
wastewaters also varies with the different process sec-
2. Materials and methods
tion of the ink production [3]. Printing ink wastewater
is usually difcult to treat biologically, but the possi- 2.1. Wastewater
bility of utilizing bacteria to treat and degrade print-
The wastewater used in the present study was col-
ing ink in wastewater was proposed [4]. Since
lected from a card board packing industry located in
coagulationocculation was shown to be a simple
Sfax, (South of Tunisia). This effluent presents a dark
and efficient method for removing a substantial por-
gray color mainly caused by the solid ink residue.
tion of the organic content and a very good method
Wastewater generated from printing process mainly is
for the removal of color and turbidity [57].
comprised of wiping solution cleaning along with
Coagulation is mainly done with inorganic metal
excess ink including washings from printing section.
salts (aluminum and ferric sulphates and chlorides),
Ink was present in colloidal form in the wastewater,
polyelectrolytes of various structures (polyacryla-
and the quantity of wastewater generation from the
mides, chitosan) [8]. According to Duran and Georgy
printing section of the press was around 4.0 m3/d.
[9], aluminum and iron salts are widely used as coag-
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respectively. The chemical compounds were obtained and the average sum of seeds root elongation in a
from Fisher Scientific UK Ltd. They were prepared by sample as related to the control [25]. Results were
dissolving powder with distilled water. The coagula- finally expressed according to the following formula:
tionflocculation experiments were conducted in
bench scale using optimal doses previously described GS LS
by Fendri et al. [14] (coagulant dose 8,250 mg/l; flocu- GI 100 (1)
GC LC
lant dose 80 mg/l and pH 7.25). Treatment with the
coagulationflocculation process has been performed where GS and GC are the number of seeds germinated
on the raw sewage without dilution. in the sample and the control, and LS and LC are the
root lengths in the sample and the control, respec-
tively. The germination index is measured as % of
2.3. Biosorption process
control.
Biomass of A. niger was prepared according to A seed was considered germinated when its root
Khannous and Gharsallah [17] and Naoyuki et al. [21], length exceeded 5 mm. For root length below 5 mm, it
1 ml aliquot of spore suspension (105 spore/ml) was was considered equal to zero and the seed was not
used to inoculate 1 l Erlenmeyer conical flasks, each considered as germinated.
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containing 0.1 l sterile GPY liquid medium (glucose All experiments were carried out in triplicate and
peptone-yeast extract) containing 10 g/L glucose; the results were averaged.
3.0 g/L peptone; 2.0 g/L yeast extract; 1.0 g/L
K2HPO4; and 0.5 g/L MnSO47H2O. pH was adjusted 3. Results and discussion
to 4.0 prior to autoclaving. Culture was incubated for
24 h at room temperature on a reciprocal shaker 3.1. Biosorption essay
(150 rpm). This cultivation produced pellets of about Treatment of water-based printing ink wastewater
3 mm diameter. For the decolorization test by biosorp- using coagulation and flocculation process in optimal
tion, the pellets were harvested after 24 h of growth conditions can eliminate black color induced by ink.
by filtering. The harvested fungal pellicles were However, treated wastewater has a purple color.
washed with generous amounts of deionized water. Indeed, the black color of wastewater is induced by
The biomass (85 g/l) was transferred into 100 ml of ink used in printing process. Ink of the flexographic
treated wastewater using coagulation process (in opti- type contains pigments (organic or inorganic) dis-
mal conditions) for 24 h at room temperature. persed in the varnish. The other compounds which
are usually found in the ink, apart from about 60%
2.4. Germination essays water are: acrylic resins, waxes, anti foams additives,
and various other additives. The organic pigments
Germination test was performed by using contain various metal oxides that give certain
untreated and treated wastewaters (coagulationfloc- colors [26].
culation in optimal conditions of treatment and com- In order to further remove the color from wastewa-
bined process) according to Zucconi et al. [22]. Tap ter, a biological process was combined to coagulation
water was taken as a control (pH 6.5, turbidity: 25 process. The objective of the first part of our work is
NTU, conductivity: 400 S/cm, chloride concentration: to investigate the potential of A. niger as biosorbent
0.1 mg/l). The germination indexes were determined for the color removal from wastewater treated prelimi-
for five vegetable species barley (Hordeum vulgare), narily by coagulationflocculation process in optimal
feed barley (Hordeum vulgare hexastichum), wheat (Triti- condition. A. niger biomass collected after culture in
cum sativum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum), GPY media at 30C was transferred (in sterile condi-
and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The choice of these tion) to 250 ml of treated wastewater and incubated
plant species is based on the results of previous works 48 h at 30C under shaking (150 rpm). To evaluate the
of Mekki et al. [23] and Arzu et al. [24]. Ten seeds of effects of A. niger biosorption on color removal, the
each vegetable were placed on Petri dishes containing fungal biomass was removed from the treated solution
a filter paper and were moistened with 10 ml of water. by filtration and the supernatants were collected and
The Petri dishes were then placed for six days at 25 analyzed for COD and Turbidity. Figs. 1 and 2 show
1C in darkness. the evolution of COD and turbidity at different treat-
Germination was recorded daily at a fixed hour, ment processes, respectively. It can be seen that the
and a germination index percentage (GI) was calcu- COD of treated wastewater using a single process
lated by counting the number of germinating seeds (coagulationflocculation) decreases from 656 to
4 L. Khannous et al. / Desalination and Water Treatment
Turbidity (NTU)
lationflocculation process flowed by biosorption pro-
cess) can remove totally black color from wastewater. 2000
The biosorption capacity of A. niger biomass to remove
1500
color from wastewater has been extensively studied
[27,28]. This study has reported the high capacity of 1000
A. niger biomass to remove reactive dye from textile
500
wastewater and color removal reached 80% [29].
0
E TE (C/F) TE (C/F/B)
3.2. Germination essay
The GI for barley (Hordeum vulgare), feed barley Fig. 2. Turbidity evolution for the different treatment pro-
(Hordeum vulgare hexastichum), wheat (Triticum sati- cess of wastewater.
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5000
4500 by the highest IG measured for fenugreek (114%) and
4000
3500
barley (103%) seeds germination. The resistance of
3000 plant against wastewater toxicity was well described
2500 previously. Al-Dulaimi et al. [30] reported that fenu-
2000
1500 greek IG can reach 100% when sewage was applied.
1000 Singh et al. [31] showed that tannery effluent can stim-
500
0 ulate germination of wheat seed. A positive effect of
E TE(C/F) TE (C/F/ B) distillery on sorghum has also been reported by Kaus-
hik et al. [32]. However, Mosse et al. [33] reported that
Fig. 1. COD evolution for the different treatment process the barley seed germination bioassays are highly rele-
of wastewater. vant to plant growth, and therefore may be used as a
L. Khannous et al. / Desalination and Water Treatment 5
100 100
80 80
IG (%)
IG (%)
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0 Control E TE (C/F) TE(C/F/B)
Control E TE (C/F) TE(C/F/B)
Wheat Sorghum
120 120
100 100
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80 80
IG (%)
IG (%)
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
Control E TE (C/F) TE(C/F/B) Control E TE (C/F) TE(C/F/B)
Fenugreek
120
100
80
IG (%)
60
40
20
0
Control E TE (C/F) TE(C/F/B)
Fig. 4. Germination index of plant seeds determined on ink wastewater (E), Treated ink wastewater by coagulation/floc-
culation process: TE (C/F)) and Treated ink wastewater by combined process: TE (C/F/B).
potential useful tool for use in industry, to determine biosorption) to treat wastewater from printing indus-
whether the wastewater is suitable to be used for irri- try. Treatment process can reduce COD, turbidity,
gation at any time given. Treated wastewater can be and completely remove the black color from waste-
used extensively for irrigation and other ecosystem water. It has been shown that treated wastewater can
services. Its reuse can deliver positive benefits to the be reused in the irrigation since it improves GI (%)
farming community. of barley, feed barley, wheat, sorghum, and fenu-
greek. Results show the possibility to reuse wastewa-
ter in irrigation of ornamental plants after its
4. Conclusions treatment. Additionally, this treated wastewater can
This study has demonstrated the efficient use of a be reused for washing printing machines or alterna-
combined process (coagulation/flocculation and tively for washing floors.
6 L. Khannous et al. / Desalination and Water Treatment
process (coagulation/flocculation/
[17] L. Khannous, N. Gharsallah, Aspergillus niger is able to
biosorption)
decolourize sepia ink contained in saline industrial
wastewaters, Desalin. Water Treat. 20 (2010) 144153.
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