1.1 Project Overview: Design and Analysis of Dual Band Antenna Using Matlab

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DUAL BAND ANTENNA USING MATLAB 2017
1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW

Antennas are very important components of communication systems. In the last
few years, there has been a huge development in the field of satellite and wireless
communication where antenna is indispensable. Thus a lot of research has been going on
in both government and commercial communication systems to develop low profile,
inexpensive and minimal weight antennas which can be easily fabricated. These
microstrip antennas can be so designed to radiate over a large range of frequencies and
can be easily analysed with the available advanced design softwares. They are becoming
very widespread within the mobile phone market. One of the widespread use of an
antenna is its dual band nature where the same antenna can be used to radiate in two
different frequency bands. This thesis attempts to design and analyze dual band antennas
and their prospects. Nowadays a lot of softwares have been developed for design and
analysis of microstrip patch antennas. The Radiation Pattern of Microstrip Patch Antenna
is observed in this Project along with signal waveforms in Electric and Magnetic Fields.
1.2 PROJECT MOTIVATION
With bandwidths as low as a few percent, broadband applications using
conventional Microstrip patch designs are limited. Other drawbacks of patch antennas
include low efficiency, limited power capacity, spurious feed radiation, poor polarization
purity, narrow bandwidth, and manufacturing tolerance problems. For over two decades,
research scientists have developed several methods to increase the bandwidth and low
frequency ratio of a patch antenna. Many of these techniques involve adjusting the
placement and/or type of element used to feed the antenna. Dual-frequency operation of
antennas has become a necessity for many applications in recent wireless communication
systems, such as GPS, GSM services operating at two different frequency bands. In
satellite communication, antennas with low frequency ratio are very much essential. A
dual-frequency patch antenna with an inset feed can produce a dual-frequency response,
with both frequencies having the same polarization sense with a low frequency ratio. It is
also less sensitive to feed position, which allows the use of an inset planar feed.
SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 1

1.3 TYPES OF ANTENNAS

DIPOLE ANTENNA
In radio and telecommunications a dipole antenna or doublet is the simplest and
most widely used class of antenna. The dipole is any one of a class of antennas
producing a radiation pattern approximating that of an elementary electric dipole
with a radiating structure supporting a line current so energized that the current has
only one node at each end. A dipole antenna commonly consists of two identical
conductive elements such as metal wires or rods, which are usually bilaterally
symmetrical. The driving current from the transmitter is applied, or for receiving
antennas the output signal to the receiver is taken, between the two halves of the
antenna. Each side of the feed line to the transmitter or receiver is connected to
one of the conductors. This contrasts with a monopole antenna, which consists of a
single rod or conductor with one side of the feed line connected to it, and the other side
connected to some type of ground. A common example of a dipole is the "rabbit
ears" television antenna found on broadcast television sets.
The most common form of dipole is two straight rods or wires oriented end to
end on the same axis, with the feed line connected to the two adjacent ends, but dipoles
may be fed anywhere along their length. This is the simplest type of antenna from a
theoretical point of view. Dipoles are resonant antennas, meaning that the
elements serve as resonators, with standing waves of radio current flowing back
and forth between their ends. So the length of the dipole elements is determined by
the wavelength of the radio waves used.
HORN ANTENNA
An antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring

metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are
widely used as antennas at UHF. and microwave frequencies, above 300MHz. They
are used as feed antennas for larger antenna structures such as parabolic antennas as
standard calibrations antennas to measure the gain of other Antennas, and as directive
antennas for such devices as radar guns, automatic door opens and microwave
radiometers.

LOOP ANTENNA
A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil of wire,
tubing, or other electrical conductor with its ends connected to a balanced transmission
line . There are two distinct antenna designs: the small loop with a size much smaller
than a wavelength, and the much larger resonant loop antenna with a circumference
close to the intended wavelength of operation.
Small loops have low radiation resistance and thus poor efficiency and are mainlyused
as receiving antennas at low frequencies. To increase the magnetic field in the loop and
thus the efficiency, the coil of wire is often wound around a ferrite rod magnetic core; this
is called a ferrite loop antenna. The ferrite loop is the antenna used in many
AM broadcast receivers, with the exception of external loops used with AV Amplifier-
Receivers and car radios; the antenna is often contained inside the radio's case.
HELICAL ANTENNA
A helical antenna is an antenna consisting of a conducting wire wound in the form

of a helix. In most cases, helical antennas are mounted over a plane. The feed line is
connected between the bottom of the helix. In the normal mode or broadside helical
antenna, the dimensions of the helix (the diameter and the pitch) are small compared
with the wavelength. The antenna acts similarly to an electrically short dipole or
monopole, and the radiation pattern, similar to these antennas is omnidirectional,
with maximum radiation at right angles to the helix axis. The radiation is linearly
polarized parallel to the helix axis. These are used for compact antennas for portable and
mobile two-way radios, and for UHF television broadcasting antennas.
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved

surface with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The
most common form is shaped like a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or
parabolic dish. The main advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has high
directivity.

In order to achieve narrow beam widths, the parabolic reflector must be much
larger than the wavelength of the radio waves used, so parabolic antennas are used in
the high frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and microwave (SHF) frequencies,
at which the wavelengths are small enough that conveniently-sized reflectors can be used.
MICRO STRIP ANTENNA
In telecommunication, a micros trip antenna (also known as a printed
antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using micros trip techniques on a
printed circuit board (PCB). They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. An
individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal foil of various shapes (a patch
antenna) on the surface of a PCB, with a metal foil ground plane on the other side of
the board. Most micros trip antennas consist of multiple patches in a two-dimensional
array. The antenna is usually connected to the transmitter or receiver through foil
microstrip transmission lines. The radio frequency current is applied between the
antenna and ground plane.
PATCH ANTENNA
The most common type of micro strip antenna is the patch antenna. Antennas
using patches as constitutive elements in an array are also possible. A patch
antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element
pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed
circuit board, with a continuous metal layer.

Fig.1.1:Types of Antennas
1.4 MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

One of the most exciting developments in antenna and electromagnetic history is
the advent of Microstrip antenna (known also as patch antenna). It is probably the most
versatile solution to many systems requiring planner radiating element. Microstrip
antenna falls into the category of printed antennas: radiating elements that utilize printed
circuit manufacturing processes to develop the feed and radiating structure. Of all the
printed antennas, including dipole, slots, and tapered slots; Microstrip antenna is by far
the most popular and adaptable. This is because of all its salient features: including ease
of fabrication, good radiation control, and low cost of production.
The Microstrip antenna is constructed from dielectric substrate and patch metal
and that a portion of the metallization layer is responsible for radiation. Microstrip
antenna was conceived in the 1950s, and then extensive investigations of the patch
antennas followed in the 1970s and resulted in many useful design configurations.
Through decades of research, it was identified that the performance and
operation of a Microstrip antenna is driven mainly by the geometry of the printed patch
and the material characteristics of the substrate onto which the antenna is printed.
1.3.1 TYPES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
There are different types of Microstrip antennas which are classified based on
their physical parameters. There different types of antennas have many different shapes
and dimensions. The basic categories of these Microstrip antennas can be classified in to
four which are

These following are the types of microstrip antennas

Microstrip patch antennas
Microstrip dipoles
Printed slot antennas
Microstrip travelling wave antennas
Fig 1.2 Common shapes of the Microstrip patch antennas
1.3.2 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS

Conventional Microstrip antennas consist of a pair of parallel conducting layers
separating a dielectric medium, referred as substrate. In this configuration, the upper
conducting layer or patch is the source of radiation where electromagnetic energy
fringes off the edges of the patch and into the substrate. The lower conducting layer acts
as a perfectly reflecting ground plane, bouncing energy back through the substrate and
into free space. Physically, the patch is a thin conductor that is an appreciable fraction of
a wavelength in extent. Although these parameters can be measured in principle, such
measurements are difficult and require very specialized equipment. An antenna transmits

and receives radio waves with a particular polarization which can be reoriented by tilting
the axis of the antenna in many (but not all) cases.
Although these parameters can be measured in principle, such measurements are

difficult and require very specialized equipment. Beyond tuning a transmitting antenna
using an SWR meter, the typical user will depend on theoretical predictions based on the
antenna design or on claims of a vendor.
Fig 1.3 Rectangular Microstrip antenna

The patch which has resonant behavior is responsible to achieve adequate
bandwidth. Conventional patch designs yield few percent band widths. In most practical
applications, patch antenna is rectangular or circular in shape; however, in general, any
geometry is possible.
Microstrip antenna should be designed so that its maximum wave pattern is

normal to the patch. This is accomplished by proper choice of mode of excitation beneath
the patch. Generally, patch of Microstrip antenna thickness is very thin in the range of t
<< ( is free space wave length) and the height h of dielectric material is between
<h< . For a rectangular path, the length L of the element is usually /3 <
L< /2.

There are numerous substrate that can be used for the design of Microstrip
antenna, and their dielectric constants are usually in the range of 2.2< < 10, where is
relative dielectric constant. The substrate whose size is thick and dielectric constant is in
the range of lower end provides better efficiency and bandwidth; but it expenses large
element size.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics Microstrip Patch Microstrip Slot Printed Dipole

Antennas Antennas antennas
profile Thin Thin Thin
Fabrication Very easy Easy Easy
Polarization Both linear and Both linear and Linear

circular circular
Dual-Frequency Possible Possible Possible

Operation
Shape Flexibility Any shape Mostly rectangular Rectangular

and circular shapes and triangular
Spurious Radiation Exists Exists Exists
Bandwidth 2-50% 5-30% 30%
Table 1.1: Characteristics of the Microstrip Patch Antennas
1.4 FEEDING METHODS OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
There are several techniques available to feed or transmit electromagnetic

energy to a microstrip antenna. The four most popular feeding methods are the
Microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupling and proximity coupling.

1.4.1. COAXIAL FEED

The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for feeding
Microstrip patch antennas. As seen from Figure 1.3, the inner conductor of the coaxial
connector extends through the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating patch, while the
outer conductor is connected to the ground plane.
However, its major disadvantage is that it provides narrow bandwidth and is
difficult to model since a hole has to be drilled in the substrate and the connector
protrudes outside the ground plane, thus not making it completely planar for thick
substrates ( h > 0.02o ). Also, for thicker substrates, the increased probe length makes
the input impedance more inductive, leading to matching problems. It is seen above that
for a thick dielectric substrate, which provides broad bandwidth, the Microstrip line feed
and the coaxial feed suffer from numerous disadvantages.
Figure 1.4 Rectangular Microstrip antenna coaxial feed
1.4.2 MICROSTRIP FEED LINE
In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge
of the Microstrip patch as shown in Figure 1.5. The conducting strip is smaller in width as
compared to the patch and this kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed
can be etched on the same substrate to provide a planar structure The purpose of the inset
cut in the patch is to match the impedance of the feed line to the patch without the need
for any additional matching element.

This is achieved by properly controlling the inset position. Hence this is an easy
feeding scheme, since it provides ease of fabrication and simplicity in modeling as well as
impedance matching. However as the thickness of the dielectric substrate being used,
increases antenna.
Inset feeding
Figure 1.5 Rectangular Microstrip antenna Microstrip Line feeding
1.4.3 APERTURE COUPLED FEED

In this type of feed technique, the radiating patch and the Microstrip feed line are
separated by the ground plane as shown in Figure 1.6. Coupling between the patch and
the feed line is made through a slot or an aperture in the ground plane.
Figure 1.6 Rectangular Microstrip antenna Aperture coupled feed

1.4.4 PROXIMITY COUPLED FEED
This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling scheme.
As shown in Figure 1.7, two dielectric substrates are used such that the feed line is
between the two substrates and the radiating patch is on top of the upper substrate. The
main advantage of this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious feed radiation and
provides very high bandwidth due to overall increase in the thickness of the microstrip
patch antenna.
This scheme also provides choices between two different dielectric media, one
for the patch and one for the feed line to optimize the individual performances.
Matching can be achieved by controlling the length of the feed line and the width-to-line
ratio of the patch. The major disadvantage of this feed scheme is that it is difficult to
fabricate because of the two dielectric layers which need proper alignment. Also, there is
an increase in the overall thickness of the antenna. The coupling aperture is usually
centered under the patch, leading to lower cross polarization due to symmetry of the
configuration.
Fig.1.6 Rectangular Microstrip Antenna proximity coupled field

LITERATURE SURVEY
The invention of Microstrip patch antennas has been attributed to several authors, but it
was certainly dates in the 1960s with the first works published by Deschamps, Greig and
Engleman, and Lewin, among others. After the 1970s research publications started to flow
with the appearance of the first design equations. Since then different authors started
investigations on Microstrip patch antennas like James Hall and David M. Pozar and there are
also some who contributed a lot. Throughout the years, authors have dedicated their
investigations to creating new designs or variations to the original antenna that, to some extent;
produce either wider bandwidths or multiple-frequency operation in a single element. However,
most of these innovations bear disadvantages related to the size, height or overall volume of the
single element and the improvement in bandwidth suffers usually from a degradation of the
other characteristics. It is the purpose of this thesis to introduce the general techniques to design
dual band patch antennas and study their behaviour. Furthermore an attempt has been made to
study the mathematical modelling through MATLAB simulations.
The concept of microstrip antenna with conducting patch on a ground plane separated
by dielectric substrate was undeveloped until the revolution in electronic circuit miniaturization
and large-scale integration in 1970. After that many researcher have described the radiation
from the ground plane by a dielectric substrate for different configurations. The early work of
Munson on micro strip antennas for use as a low profile flush mounted antennas on rockets and
missiles showed that this was a practical concept for use in many antenna system problems.
Various mathematical analysis models were developed for this antenna and its applications
were extended to many other fields. The micro strip antennas are the present day antenna
designers choice. In this section, the microstrip antenna literature survey is discussed.The use
of microstrip structures to radiate electromagnetic waves was contemplated in the 1950s. The
earliest form of antennas was developed by Deschamps . Later it was formally introduced by
Munson as planar antennas on missiles. By early 1970s, the importance of microstrip radiators
was realized when researchers noted that almost half of the power in a microstrip radiator
escapes as radiation. Thus, a microstrip radiating patch with considerable radiation loss was
defined as microstrip antennas.

Later, it was proved that this radiation mechanism was arising from the discontinuities
at each end of the microstrip transmission line. At the time of its inception microstrip antennas
were associated with many disadvantages, such as low efficiency, lower power, high Q, poor
polarization purity, poor scan capability, and very narrow bandwidth. With the evolution of
design technology, microstrip antennas have achieved higher bandwidth, mechanical robustness
and versatility with respect to resonant frequency, improved polarization pattern and wider
impedance bandwidth. Since printed circuit technology is currently widely used to provide
smaller and low profile antennas for personal and mobile communication devices.
Antennas have a big role in wireless communications. Patch Antenna is very significant
role in wireless communication, due to its simple characteristics, many applications in
communications need very broadband bandwidth, but the narrow bandwidth of a microstrip
antenna is one of the most important features that restrict its wide usage. Therefore the main
motto of this paper is to increase the bandwidth of microstrip antenna by using various
bandwidth increasing techniques. So to enhance the bandwidth and overcome this difficulty we
have design different shape patch antenna such as Microstrip Stacked patch antenna, S-shaped
patch antenna, Y-shaped patch antenna and W-slotted patch antenna and concluded that
Microstrip Stacked patch antenna presents improved bandwidth at centre frequency of
2.4GHz,which is over 15% for S1110 dB ranging from 2.314 to 2.677GHz rather than
other microstrip Patch Antenna. www.ijird.com November, 2014 Vol 3 Issue 11
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page
209 will embark on designing a microstrip antenna for specified bandwidth purposes.
2.1 ANTENNA PARAMETERS
2.1.1 GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY

The gain of an antenna is the radiation intensity in a given direction divided by the
radiation intensity that would be obtained if the antenna radiated all of the power delivered
equally to all directions. The definition of gain requires the concept of an isotropic radiator;
that is, one that radiates the same power in all directions. An isotropic antenna, however, is
just a concept, because all practical antennas must have some directional properties.

Nevertheless, the isotropic antenna is very important as a reference. It has a gain of

unity (g = 1 or G = 0 dB) in all directions, since all of the power delivered to it is radiated
equally well in all directions.
Formula for gain is G=4.U(,) /Pin, where, U(,) is a intensity in a given
direction, Pin is input power.Although the isotopes are a fundamental reference for antenna
gain, another commonly used reference is the dipole. In this case the gain of an ideal (lossless)
half wavelength dipole is
used. Its gain is 1.64 (G = 2.15 dB) relative to an isotropic radiator.
The gain of an antenna is usually expressed in decibels (dB). When the gain is
referenced to the isotropic radiator, the units are expressed as dBi; but when referenced to the
half-wave dipole, the units are expressed as dBd.
Directivity is the same as gain, but with one difference. It does not include the effects of
power lost (inefficiency) in the antenna. If an antenna were lossless (100 % efficient), then the
gain and directivity (in a given direction) would be the same.
2.1.2 ANTENNA POLARIZATION

The term polarization has several meanings. In a strict sense, it is the orientation of the
electric field vector E at some point in space. If the E-field vector retains its orientation at each
point in space, then the polarization is linear; if it rotates as the wave travels in space, then the
polarization is circular or elliptical. In most cases, the radiated-wave polarization is linear and
either vertical or horizontal. At sufficiently large distances from an antenna, beyond 10
wavelengths, the radiated, far-field wave is a plane wave.
2.1.3 INPUT IMPEDANCE

There are three different kinds of impedance relevant to antennas. One is the terminal
impedance of the antenna, another is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, and
the third is wave impedance. Terminal impedance is defined as the ratio of voltage to current
at the connections of the antenna (the point where the transmission line is connected). The
complex form of Ohms law defines impedance as the ratio of voltage across a device to the
current flowing through it.

The most efficient coupling of energy between an antenna and its transmission line
occurs when the characteristic impedance of the transmission line and the terminal impedance
of the antenna are the same and have no reactive component. When this is the case, the
antenna is considered to be matched to the line. Matching usually requires that the antenna be
designed so that it has a terminal impedance of about 50 ohms or 75 ohms to match the
common values of available coaxial cable.
The input impedance of patch antenna is in general complex and it includes resonant
and non-resonant part. Both real and imaginary parts of the impedance vary as a function of
frequency. Ideally, both the resistance and reactance exhibit symmetry about the
resonant frequency as shown in Figure 2.1. Typically, the feed reactance is very small,
compared to the resonant resistance for thin substrates.
Fig 2.1 Typical variation of resistance and reactance of rectangular Microstrip

antenna versus frequency

The input impedance of an antenna is defined as the impedance presented by an antenna at its
terminals or the ratio of the voltage to the current at the pair of terminals or the ratio of the
appropriate components of the electric to magnetic fields at a point. Hence the impedance of
the antenna can be written as given below.
Zin = Rin+jXin
where Z is the antenna impedance at the terminals

in
R is the antenna resistance at the terminals

in
X is the antenna reactance at the terminals

in
2.14 VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO
The standing wave ratio (SWR), also known as the voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR), is not strictly an antenna characteristic, but is used to describe the performance of
an antenna when attached to a transmission line. It is a measure of how well the antenna
terminal impedance is matched to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
Specifically, the VSWR is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum RF voltage along the
transmission line. The maxima and minima along the lines are caused by partial
reinforcement and cancellation of a forward moving RF signal on the transmission line and its
reflection from the antenna terminals.
If the antenna terminal impedance exhibits no reactive (imaginary) part and the
resistive(real) part is equal to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, then the
antenna and transmission line are said to be matched. It indicates that none of the RF signal
sent to the antenna will be reflected at its terminals. There is no standing wave on the
transmission line and the VSWR has a value of one. However, if the antenna and
transmission line are not matched, then some fraction of the RF signal sent to the antenna is
reflected back along the transmission line. The maxima and minima along the lines are
caused by partial reinforcement and cancellation of a forward moving RF signal on the
transmission line and its reflection from the antenna terminals.

This causes a standing wave, characterized by maxima and minima, to exist on the line. In
this case, the VSWR has a value greater than one. The VSWR is easily measured with a
device and VSWR of 1.5 is considered excellent, while values of 1.5 to 2.0 is considered
good, and values higher than 2.0 may be unacceptable.
VSWR=Vmax/Vmin
2.15 BANDWIDTH
The bandwidth of an antenna is defined as the range of frequency within the
performance of the antenna. In other words, characteristics of antenna (gain, radiation pattern,
terminal impedance) have acceptable values within the bandwidth limits. For most antennas,
gain and radiation pattern do not change as rapidly with frequency as the terminal impedance
does. Since the transmission line characteristic impedance hardly changes with frequency,
VSWR is a useful,
2.16RADIATION PATTERN
The radiation pattern is defined as a mathematical function or a graphical representation
of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates.
Fig 2.2 Typical Polar Radiation Plot

Typical polar radiation plot. Most antennas show a pattern of "lobes" or maxima
of radiation. In a directive antenna, shown here, the largest lobe, in the desired direction
of propagation, is called the "main lobe". The other lobes are called "sidelobes" and
usually represent radiation in unwanted directions. Since electromagnetic radiation is
dipole radiation, it is not possible to build an antenna that radiates coherently equally in
all directions, although such a hypothetical isotropic antenna is used as a reference to
calculate antenna gain.
Fig.2.3 A rectangular radiation plot, an alternative presentation method to a polar

plot
The simplest antennas, monopole and dipole antennas, consist of one or two straight
metal rods along a common axis. These axially symmetric antennas have radiation
patterns with a similar symmetry, called omnidirectional patterns; they radiate equal
power in all directions perpendicular to the antenna, with the power varying only with the
angle to the axis, dropping off to zero on the antenna's axis. This illustrates the general
principle that if the shape of an antenna is symmetrical, its radiation pattern will have the
same symmetry.

2.1.7 QUALITY FACTOR

The quality factor is a figure-of-merit that representative of the antenna
losses.Typically there are radiation, conduction, dielectric and surface wave losses.
Where,
: Total quality of factor
: Quality factor due to radiation losses;
: Quality factor due to conduction losses
: Quality factor due to dielectric losses;
: Quality factor due to surface wave
The quality factor, bandwidth and efficiency are antenna figures-of-merit, which
are interrelated, and there is no complete freedom to independently optimize each one.For
very thin substrates h << of arbitrary shapes including rectangular, there
approximate formulas to represent the quality factors of the various losses.
These can be expressed as
Where tan is the loss tangent of the substrate material, is the conductivity of the
conductors associated with the patch and ground plane, is the total conductance
per unit length of the radiating aperture and k for rectangular microstrip antenna is .
The as represented by equation above is inversely proportional to the height
of the substrates. A typical variation of the bandwidth for a Microstrip antenna as a
function of the normalized height of the substrate, for two different substrates, is shown
in Figure 2.1. It is evident that the bandwidth increases as the substrate height increases.

However, the radiation efficiency of the patch antenna described by the ratio of
power radiated over the input power decreases as normalized height of the substrate
increased.
2.1 GSM AND WIMAX APPLICAIONS
2.2.1 GSM
Global system for mobile is a second generation cellular standard developed to create
voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It is a Time Division Multiple
Access based wireless network technology. The operating frequency range is
900MHZ,1800MHZ and 1900MHZ .Global System for Mobile Communication is used
with the mobile access devices. It is a globally accepted standard for digital
communication .Global System for Mobile Communication is the name of a
standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone
system. European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900MHZ. It is established
that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM technique
Fig 2.4 GSM System Hierarchy

Fig.2.5 (a) Bandwidth Plot for GSM 1800 Band
2.2.2 WIMAX APPLICATIONS

Wimax (Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access) Is A Family Of
Wireless Communication Standards Based On The IEEE 802.16 Set Of Standards, Which
Provide Multiple Physical Layer (PHY) And Media Access Control (MAC) Options. The
Name "Wimax" Was Created By The Wimax Forum, Which Was Formed In June 2001
To Promote Conformity And Interoperability Of The Standard, Including The Definition
Of Predefined System Profiles For Commercial Vendors. The Forum Describes Wimax
As "A Standards-Based Technology Enabling The Delivery Of Last Mile Wireless
Broadband Access As An Alternative

Figure 2.5(b) : Bandwidth Plot for WiMax
USES OF WIMAX:
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential
applications:
Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through
a variety of devices.
Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last
mile" broadband access.
Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play).
Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
Smart grids and metering
2.2.3 DUAL FREQUENCIES
The antenna exhibits a dual band from 1.78 GHz to 1.84 GHz for GSM 1800 and
from 5.37 GHz to 5.62 GHz covering the 1.8/5.5 GHz WiMAX bands.
The proposed patch antenna resonates at 1.8 GHz and 5.5 GHz frequency.

WORK CARRIED OUT

3.1 ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF A RECTANGULAR PATCH
ANTENNA
The Objectives of antenna analysis are to predict the radiation characteristics such
as radiation patterns, gain, and polarization as well as input impedance, bandwidth,
mutual coupling, and antenna efficiency. The analysis of microstrip antennas is
complicated by the presence of in homogeneity of dielectric and boundary conditions,
narrow frequency band characteristics, and a wide variety of feed, patch shape, and
substrate configurations. The good model has the following basic characteristics:
It can be used to calculate all impedance and radiation characteristics of the
antenna
Its results are accurate enough for the intended purpose
It is simple and possible, while providing the proposed accuracy for the
impedance and radiation properties.
It lends itself to interpretation in terms of known physical phenomena.
In common practice, microstrip antennas are evaluated using one of three analysis
methods: the transmission line model, the cavity model, and the full-wave model. The
transmission line model is the easiest of all, it gives good physical insight. But it is less
accurate and more difficult to model coupling effect of antenna. Compared to the
transmission line model, the cavity model is more accurate but at the same time more
complex and difficult to model coupling effect. In general, when applied properly, the
full wave model is very accurate, and very versatile.
3.1.1 TRANSMISSION LINE MODELING
The transmission line model, as shown in the Figure 3.1, represents the microstrip
antenna by two slots, separated by susceptance B and conductance G of length L patch.
Due to the dimensions of the patch are finite (or shorter than the base plate) along in
length and width, the fields at the edges of the patch undergo fringing.

Figure 3.1 Microstrip Line
3.1.2 FRINGING EFFECT
The amount of fringing of the antenna is a function of the dimensions

of the patch and the height of the substrate. Due to fringing electric field lines travels in
non homogeneous material, typically substrate and air, an effective dielectric constant
is introduced. For electric line with air above the substrate, the effective dielectric
constant has values.The dielectric constant for most applications is much greater than
unity. Theffective dielectric constant is expressed by the function of frequency.As the
frequency of operation increases, most of the electric field concentrates in the substrate,
and therefore, the microstrip behaves more like a homogeneous electric line of one
dielectric, and the effective dielectric constant approaches the value of one dielectric
constant of the substrate.
The fringing fields act to extend the effective length of the patch. Thus, the
length of a half-wave patch is slightly less than a half wavelength in the dielectric
material.

Experimental results of the effective dielectric constant for microstrip with three
different substrates are shown in Figure 3.2
Dielectric
constant
Log frequency
Figure 3.2 Effective dielectric constant versus frequency for typical substrate
A very popular and practical approximation relation for normalized

extension of the length is obtained from below equation.
Substrate thickness should be chosen as large as possible to maximize

bandwidth, but not so large to minimize the risk of surface wave excitation. The
substrate should also has low dielectric constant in order to achieve high efficiency.

Since the effective length of the patch has been extended by L on each side, the
effective length of the patch is expressed as
Leff = L+2L
After analyzing and determining the physical nature of the Microstrip antenna
with reference of resonant frequency, fr , relative dielectric constant, r , height of the
substrate h; it is possible to design rectangular microstrip antenna dimension, width W
and Length L , of patch as follow.
3.1.3 RESONANT INPUT RESISTANCE
As shown in figure 3.3, a Microstrip antenna is represented by an equivalent

circuit with two slots having conductance, G, and susceptance, B. The total admittance
at slot one (input admittance) is obtained by transferring the admittance of slot two
from the output terminal to input terminals using the admittance transformation
equation of transmission lines. Ideally two slots are separated by /2 where is the
wavelength in the dielectric (substrate). However, because of the fringing the length of
the patch is electrically longer than the actual length. Therefore the actual separation of
the two slots is slightly less than /2. If the reduction of the length is properly chosen
using equation given below, the transformed admittance of the slot two becomes.
Y1=Y2 G1=G2 B1=-B2

Therefore the total resonant input admittance is real and is given by:-
Yin=Y1+Y2=2G1
Since the total input admittance is real, the resonant input impedance is also real.
Considering the mutual effects between the slots, the above equation will be modified as
where the plus (+) sign is used for modes with odd (anti-symmetric) resonant
voltage distribution beneath the patch and the slots while minus (-) sign is used for
modes with even (symmetric) resonant voltage distribution.
The equation given below considers the effect of magnetic field radiated by slot two
over slot one of the equivalent circuit of microstrip antenna. The integration is
performed over the sphere of large radius.
Hence, G12 can also be calculated using
Where J0 is the Bessel function of the first kind of order zero and K0 is a wave number

However, the conductance, G1, is obtained from radiated power expression:
Where is the radiated power of Microstrip antenna given as
Therefore the conductance can be expressed as
Where
The approximated result of equation above is
And hence, asymptotic value of the equation is described by

Graphical representation of equation above to determine G1 is presented in the Figure 3.4(A

plot of G1 as a function of ). It shows that magnitude of conductance of the Microstrip
antenna increases linearly as increases.
Figure 3.3 Slot conductance as a function of slot width
3.1.4 INSET FEED
The resonant input resistance of the Microstrip antenna obtained by equation above can
be changed to appropriate value using inset feed or other alternative technique in order to
achieve maximum power transfer.
The inset technique changes the resonant input resistance by introducing a physical
notch, as shown in Figure 3.5, which in turn introduces a junction capacitance. The physical
notch and its corresponding junction capacitance influence slightly the resonant frequency.
The maximum resonant input resistance value occurs at the edge of the slot ( = 0)
where the voltage is maximum and current is minimum. However, the minimum resonant
input resistance value occurs at the center of the patch.
As the inset feed point moves from edge toward the center of the patch the resonant input
impedance decreases monotonically and reaches zero at the center.When the value of the
inset feed-point reaches the center of the patch (y0 = L/2).

Physically notch
introducing capacity
Figure 3.4 (a) Microstrip line inset feeding
Characteristic impedance of Microstrip line as function w/h is given in Figure 3.6 for
common substrates such as RT, beryillium oxide and alumina. As it is indicated in the Figure
3.6 the characteristic impedance Z0 is decreased as w/h values increased. For instance, the
characteristic impedance 50 ohm is obtained for RT dielectric material at the ratio value of
w/h of .

Figure 3.4(b) variation of normalized input resistance
Analytically, the input resistance for inset feed is given approximately by
Similarly the characteristics impedance of Microstrip line feed is given by

Fig 3.5 Characteristics impedance of Microstrip line as a function of w/h
3.1.5 THE CAVITY MODEL
Microstrip antenna resembles dielectric loaded cavities, and exhibit higher order
resonances. The normalized fields within the dielectric substrate can be found more
accurately by treating that region as a cavity bounded by electric conductors (above and
below) and by magnetic wall along the perimeter of the patch. The bases for this assumption
are the following points (for height of substrate h << wave length of the field ).
The fields in the interior region do not vary with z-axis because the substrate is very
thin, h<< .
The electric field is z-axis directed only, and the magnetic field has only the
transverse
components in the region bounded by the patch metallization and the ground plane.
This observation provides for the electric walls at the top and bottom.

The electric current in the patch has no component normal to the edge of the patch
metallization, which implies that the tangential component of magnetic field along the
edge is negligible, and a magnetic wall can be placed along the periphery.
This approximation model leads to reactive input impedance, and it does not radiate
any power. However, the actual fields can be approximated to the generated field of the
model and is possible to analyze radiation pattern, input admittance, and resonant
frequency.
3.1.6 CURRENT DENSITIES
When the Microstrip antenna (cavity modeled) is energized, charge

distribution is established on upper and lower surfaces of the patch, as well as on the surface
of the ground plane. The charge distribution is controlled by two mechanisms; attractive and
a repulsive mechanism. The attraction is between the corresponding opposite charges
on the bottom side of the patch and ground plane, which tends to maintain the charge
concentration on the bottom of the patch. The repulsive is between like charges from the
bottom of the patch, around its edges, to its top surface as shown in Figure 3.7. The
movement of these charges creates corresponding current densities and , at the bottom
and top surfaces of the patch.
Figure 3.6 charge distribution and current density

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DUAL BAND ANTENNA USING 2017
MATLAB
Since for the most practical microstrip the height to width ratio is very small, and due to
attractive and a repulsive mechanism of charges, only small amount of current flows at the
top surface of the patch and large amount of charges are concentrated underneath the patch.
The concentration of charges produces current density and at the patch. However, this
flow of current decrease as the height to width ratio increases. It implies that there is no
tangential magnetic field component at the edges of the patch. This condition allows a
Microstrip antenna to be modeled by a four sided magnetic wall (Figure 3.8) model as shown
in Figure 3.8.
Figure 3.7 Cavity model of rectangular Microstrip antenna
As shown in the Figure 3.8, the four sides slot is represented by the equivalent electric
current density and equivalent magnetic current densities, respectively as follows.
Where represent the electric and the magnetic field at the slots.
Considering the presence of the ground plane, the only nonzero current density is
the equivalent magnetic current density .

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DUAL BAND ANTENNA USING 2017
MATLAB
Applying image theory of the magnetic current in the electric ground plane,
equivalent magnetic current density is given as
Typical E and H plane of Microstrip antenna of two slots with the source of the same
magnitude and phase is presented in Figure 3.9.
E-PLANE H-PLANE
Figure 3.8 Typical E and H plane of microstrip patch antenna
Treating the cavity model as Microstrip antenna is not sufficient to find the absolute
amplitude of the electric and magnetic fields. Naturally, the cavity is lossless and requires
introducing losses by considering effective loss tangent to behave as an antenna. Because the
thickness of the microstrip antenna is usually very small, the waves generated within the
dielectric substrate undergo considerable reflections when the fields arrive at the edge of the
patch. The electric field is nearly normal to the surface of the patch. Therefore, only TM field
configuration is considered within the cavity.

3.1.7 FIELD CONFIGURATION
It is common practice in the analysis of electromagnetic boundary-value problems to use

auxiliary vector potentials as aids in obtaining solution for electric (E) and magnetic (H)
fields. The most common vector potential functions are the A, Magnetic vector potential, and
F, electric vector potential. These field configurations must be satisfy Maxwells equations or
the wave equation and the appropriate boundary conditions.
Transverse magnetic modes, (TM) are field configurations whose magnetic field
components lie in a plane that is transverse to the direction of wave propagation. Consider
that the wave propagation of the microstrip antenna is to x-axis and hence, magnetic vector
potential of cavity model is generally obtained from the homogeneous wave equation.
Where
Since the field expression of TM to a given direction is independent of the other

coordinate system, it is sufficient to let the vector potential A have only a component in the
direction in which the fields are propagated. The remaining components of A as well as all of
F are set equal to zero.

The solution for equation above is expressed as follow :
Where , and are the wave numbers along x, y, z directions, respectively. Its value is
determined subject to the boundary conditions.
Considering the boundary condition of the cavity model, (0<x<h, y=0, 0<z<W)= 0
and
(0<x<h, y=L,0<z<W)=0, the vector potential is described as
Where represents the amplitude coefficients of each mnp mode
Resonant frequency determines the dominant mode of cavity operation and it is

obtained
using the following equations.
1. If L>W>h, the mode with lowest frequency (dominant mode) is and its resonant
frequency is:
2. If L>W>L/2, the mode is and its resonant frequency is:

3.If L>L/2>W>h, the order of the mode is and its resonant frequency is:
3.2 MODEL ANALYSIS OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

In the previous text we had discussed about the types, applications, feed techniques etc about
the Microstrip antennas, feed techniques etc about the Microstrip antennas. There is a lot of
importance in analyzing the models of antennas which
Takes us on to a platform of antennas performance advantages and also their limitations.

The correct design process will help us reduce the cost, in fact having a cost analysis as
well as to get the best design at the lowest cost possible with a better performance.
Analyzing the models and their performance gives an idea to use the best combinations
in practice and also to update the older designs to the newer specifications.
For every task we do irrespective of where ever and whatever there are always some main
objectives to have the concentration on. In the same way here in the analysis of Microstrip
antennas the objective is to calculate the radiation characteristics of the Microstrip antenna in
order to have an edge over the failures. The following are calculated during the analysis
Radiation patterns,
Polarization, and
Gain.
In addition to these the near field characteristics are also analyzed during the analysis such as
Impedance Bandwidth,
Input Impedance,
Antenna efficiency, and
Mutual coupling.

The analysis of Microstrip antennas are not that easy as it is thought there are many
complicated issues involved in it such as the narrow frequency band characteristics, it has wide
range of feed techniques, substrate characteristics, configurations and of course the patch shape
and size which is the most important aspect.
Not all characterizes are taken in to consideration for the final analysis are it is very difficult
to manage every aspect, so it is often happens to put some under the mat, antenna with a good
performance are said to have the following characteristics:
The antenna is to be as simple as it can be when it provides the near field characteristics
and the radiation characteristics.
It should be useful enough to calculate the radiation characteristics and near field
characteristics.
The results are to be as accurate it can give for the required purpose
3.3 APPLICATIONS OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
The Microstrip patch antennas are well known for their performance and their robust
design, fabrication and their extent usage. The advantages of this Microstrip patch antenna are
to overcome their de-merits such as easy to design, light weight etc., the applications are in the
various fields such as in the medical applications, satellites and of course even in the military
systems just like in the rockets, aircrafts missiles etc.It is also expected that due to the
increasing usage of the patch antennas in the wide range this could take over the usage of the
conventional antennas for the maximum applications. Some of the applications for the
Microstrip Patch Antenna are as follows:
Radio altimeters,
Command and control systems
Remote sensing and environmental instrumentation
Feed elements in complex antennas
Satellite navigation receivers.
Mobile radio
3.4 SPECIFICATIONS OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
The following table 3.1 gives us the design parameter specifications of the Microstrip Antenna
Type of the antenna Rectangular Patch antenna
Dielectric Constant of the substrate 9.8(alumina)
Operating frequency 2.1GHz
Height of the substrate 1.5mm
Feeding method Microstrip Line Feed & Co-Axial Feed
Gain 5dB-8dB
Polarization Linear
Table 3.1 : Design Parameter Specifications of the Rectangular Microstrip Patch

Antenna
3.5 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF THE MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
The Microstrip antennas have a lot of popularity based on their applications, which has some
Merits and De-merits as any other.
The merits of these antennas have some similarities as of the conventional microwave antennas,
as these cover a broader range of frequency from 100 MHz to 100 GHz, same is the case with
these Microstrip antennas. These are widely used in the handheld devices (wireless) such as
pager, mobile phones, etc...

Some merits and demerits of these Microstrip antennas are:
MERITS:
Low weight, low volume and thin profile configurations which can be made conformal.
Low fabrication cost, readily available to mass production.
Required no cavity backing.
Linear and circular polarizations are possible.
Easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits.
Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
DE MERITS
Even though these Microstrip antennas are compared with conventional antennas these
Microstrip antennas have some number of demerits:
Low efficiency.
Low grain.
Lower gain ( somewhat -6dB)
Large ohmic loss in the feed structure of arrays.
Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot antennas,

4.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

4.1.1 BUTLER
OUTPUT: The Number of Array Elements : 5
The Input To This Port : 4
Butler is a type of beam forming matrix.It is used to form beams for the resultant radiation
pattern of Microstrip antenna.
Fig.4.1(a) The resultant formation of beams over electric and magnetic fields.

4.1.2. ESMART
OUTPUT:
The Channel Signal To Noise Ratio : 1
The Signal Arrival Phase Angle : 30
A Choice of Radiation pattern of a spatial beam former is as follows:
Fig 4.2(a) A Choice of Radiation pattern of a spatial beam former
A choice radiation pattern of a spatial beam former is as follows:
Fig 4.2(b) A choice radiation pattern of a spatial beam former

The output digital signal of required Radiation pattern is as follows:
Fig 4.2(c) The output digital signal of required Radiation pattern
The digital output signal in electric field is as follows:
Fig 4.2(d) The digital output signal in electric field

The output valid digital data is as follows:
Fig 4.2(e) The output valid digital data
The output valid digital data of required Radiation pattern in electric field is as follows:
Fig 4.2(f) The output valid digital data of required Radiation pattern in electric field

4.1.3. MSMART
OUTPUT:
The Channel Signal To Noise Ratio : 1
The required spatial Music spectrum in Magnetic field is as follows:
Fig 4.3(a) The required spatial Music spectrum in Magnetic field

The choice of Radiation pattern of a spatial beam former in Magnetic field is as follows:
Fig 4.3(b) The choice of Radiation pattern of a spatial beam former in Magnetic field
A choice of Radiation pattern of a spatial beam former is as follows:
Fig 4.3(c) A choice of Radiation pattern of a spatial beam former

A choice of output digital data is as follows:
Fig 4.3(d) A choice of output digital data
A choice of digital output data is as follows:
Fig 4.3(e) A choice of digital output data

The Resultant output valid digital data is as follows:
Fig 4.3(f) The Resultant output valid digital data
The required output of valid data in magnetic field is as follows:
Fig 4.3(g) The required output of valid data in magnetic field

4.1.4.PATTERN
OUTPUT:
The Number Of Array Elements : 4
The Spacing Between Elements in Wavelength : 4
The Number Of Array Elements : 4
The Spacing Between Elements in Wavelength : 4
Current = 1
Enter the Magnitude of the Current in Amperes : 4
Enter the Phase of the Current in Radians : 30
Current = 2
Current =3
Current =4

The resultant Radiation pattern of dual band microstrip antenna in both electric and
magnetic field:
Fig 4.4(a) The resultant Radiation pattern of dual band microstrip antenna in both
electric and magnetic field
The signal waveform of observaed Radiation pattern is as follows:
Fig 4.4(b) The signal waveform of observaed Radiation pattern

4.1.5.TSMART:
OUTPUT:
The Number of Array Elements : 4
The Separation Distance Between Elements : 5
The Operation Frequency : 30
The Angle Of Un-Known Desired Signal : 90
The Number Of Training Sequence Bits : 2
The Number Of Snap Shots ( Samples ) Taken : 2
The Signal To Noise Ratio Per Sample in dB : 1
The input digital data in transmision line model is as follows:
Fig 4.5(a) The input digital data in transmision line model

The output Radiation pattern for required beam former in transmission fieldis as follows:
Fig 4.5(b) The output Radiation pattern for required beam former in transmission
fieldis
The output digital data valid in Transmission field is as follows:
Fig 4.5(c) The output digital data valid in Transmission field

4.2 COMPARISON
4.2.1 SINGLE BAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

The rectangular patch antenna is approximately a one-half wavelength long section
of rectangular Microstrip transmission line. When air is the antenna substrate, the length of
the rectangular Microstrip antenna is approximately one-half of a free-space wavelength.
As the antenna is loaded with a dielectric as its substrate, the length of the antenna
decreases as the relative dielectric constant of the substrate increases. The resonant length
of the antenna is slightly shorter because of the extended electric "fringing fields" which
increase the electrical length of the antenna slightly. This is we explained in chapter 1 in
previous.
SINGLE BAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
A single element of rectangular patch antenna, as shown in Figure 4.1, can be designed
for the 2.4 GHz resonant frequency using transmission line model taking eqn. 2.4, 2.5,
2.13 and 2.20.
Figure 4.6 Typical Rectangular Patch Antenna

In the typical design procedure of the Microstrip antenna, the desired resonant frequency,
thickness and dielectric constant of the substrate are known or selected initially. In this design of
rectangular Microstrip antenna, a RT Duriod dielectric material with dielectric loss tangent of
0.001 is selected as the substrate with 1.58 mm height. Then, a patch antenna that operates at the
specified operating frequency f0 = 2.4 GHz can be designed by the following steps using
transmission line model equations. The antenna is existed by the INSET feed away from the
center of the patch.
Figure 4.7 Flow chart based on usual design procedure for rectangular patch
antenna

The essential parameter specifications for the design of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna
are as in Table 4.1.
Shape Single Band Rectangular
Frequency of operation 2.4 GHz
Dielectric constant of substrate 2.4 (RT Duriod)
Height of the dielectric substrate 1.58 mm
Feeding method INSET feeding
VSWR 1.5:1
Beamwidth
Azimuth <100
Zenith <100
Gain 5 dBi - 8dBi
Polarization Linear
Table 4.8 Design parameter specifications of microstrip antenna.

It is also possible to determine the inset length of the patch to ensure matching from the flow
chart (Figure 4.7) taking the resonant wave length , width W and length L of the patch as
input.
Figure 4.9 Flow chart to determine the inset length of the patch

Steps required for calculating the inset depth of single band Microstrip patch antenna
Step 1: Consider that L, W of the patch is calculated and is known. (As an input)
Step 2: Depending to magnitude of W greater or less than; and then determine G1.
Step 3: Assume that G12 is negligible and fined input resistance of the patch.
Step 4: Consider that the characteristic impedance of Microstrip line feeder is 50 ohm. Thus,
equate the equation to obtain matching between the input impedance of the patch and feeder.
(i.e. inset length, ).
Calculation result of Microstrip patch antenna shown in table 4.2
Result:
Design of Single Band Microstrip Patch Antenna
Width of the Patch(W) 46.9 mm
Effective dielectric constant of the Patch,( ) 2.2922
Length of the Patch(L) 39.6 mm
Input Resistance of the Patch 50
Inset Depth of the 13 mm
Width of Microstrip line ( ) 4.2 mm
Table 4.2 Calculated result of single band rectangular microstrip antenna

GEOMETRY OF PROPOSED ANTENNA
Figure 4.10 Geometry of Single Band Microstrip Antenna
4.2.2 DUAL BAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
DUAL BAND CONCEPT
The boom in wireless communication technology sector has led to increased demand for
highly efficient antennas with high bandwidth and maximum gain. Microstrip patch
antennas have the advantage over other antennas being very light weight and economical.
They exhibit very low profile and can be realized very easily. However, the general
microstrip patch antennas have some disadvantages such as narrow bandwidth etc. Their
performance need to be enhanced so as to achieve greater bandwidth. There are a huge
number of methods available to enhance the bandwidth of microstrip antennas, such as
increasing the substrate thickness, using low dielectric constant for substrate, slotted
patch antenna, incorporating various techniques for impedance matching and feeding
methods.

In principle, multi-band planar antennas should operate with similar features, both
in terms of radiation and impedance matching, at two or more separate frequencies. It is
known, a simple rectangular Microstrip patch can be regarded as a cavity with magnetic
walls on the radiating edges. The first three modes with the same polarization can be
indicated by TM10, TM20 and TM30. TM10 is the mode typically used in practical
applications. TM20 and TM30 are associated with a frequency approximately twice and
triple of that of the mode. This provides the possibility to operate at multiple frequencies.
In practice, the TM20 and TM30 modes cannot be used owing to the facts that the TM20
pattern has a broad side null and the pattern has grating lobes. The easiest method to
simultaneously operate at two frequencies is to consider the first resonance of the existing
two orthogonal dimensions of the rectangular patch antenna, which are the TM10 and
TM01 modes. Here the frequency ratio is given by the ratio of two orthogonal sides
which is an approximate value. most widely used techniques to design a dual-band
antenna incorporates reactive loading by introducing stubs, notches, pins, capacitors, and
slots to the microstrip patch. By using different reactive loading various resonating modes
can be obtained and they can be modified so as to have good matching of radiation
pattern characteristics between the fundamental mode and the higher mode.
Though adjustable coaxial stub can be used as reactive loading for tuning and
design of frequency ratio but it does not suit well for high frequencies. So another way is
to introduce a spur line or inset parallel to the radiating edge of the patch antenna which
can significantly reduce the size of the antenna. However, frequency ratio greater than 1.2
cannot be designed without including pattern distortion or strong cross-polarization levels
at the additional frequency. Different approaches can be considered for achieving higher
values of the frequency raio. Like lumped capacitors or shorting vias can be used in
between the ground plane and the patch so as to modify TM100 and TM300 modes . As
presented in [16], by placing the shorting pin where the minimum current distribution
exists for TM300 mode a strong disturbance occurs at the resonating frequency, while the
TM100 mode is undisturbed. This allows the scope of increasing the number of vias to
increase frequency ratio from 2 to 2. However it has the disadvantage of undesired
radiation pattern at TM300 mode due to spurious lobes.

Pin diodes can be used to change the loading behaviour to have better frequency
agility. Two lumped capacitors can be connected between the ground plane and patch to
obtain high frequency ratios. Another way of incorporating reactive loading is by etching
slots on the patch. With the introduction of slot loading the current lines of unperturbed
mode are hindered which gives room for strong modification of the resonant modes.
Frequency ratio can be increased from 1.3 to 3 by simultaneous introduction of short
circuit vias and slots. Other ways of slot-loaded patches may include the etching of two
narrow slots which are close and parallel to the radiating edge.
GEOMETRY OF DUAL BAND ANTENNA
Figure 4.11 Geometry of dual band antenna

Calculation of length (L) and width (W) of Microstrip patch antenna is

discussed in chapter 4 when we creating a single band Microstrip antenna. In Table
5.1 shows the parameter of Dual-Band Rectangular Microstrip antenna.
Design of Dual Band Microstrip Patch Antenna
Width of the Patch(W) 46.9 mm
Effective dielectric constant of the Patch,( ) 2.2922
Length of the Patch(L) 39.6 mm
Input Resistance of the Patch 50
Inset Depth of the 13 mm
Width of Microstrip line ( wf) 4.2 mm
Width of slots(w1) 1.4 mm
Length of ( ) 14.2 mm
Width of non-radiating edge(s1) 1.4 mm
Table 4.3 Calculated result of Dual Band rectangular patch antenna
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Figure 1 show the front view geometry and the structure designed on CST
Microwave Studio software of proposed microstrip line fed patch antenna with single
band operation for WLAN application. The dimensions and feed point location for
proposed antenna have been optimized so as to get the best possible impedance match to
the antenna. The following parameters are used for design of proposed antenna.

Figure.4.12(a): Designed Structure on CST Microwave Studio
Figure 4.12(b): Simulated Return Loss Curve

5.1 CONCLUSION
This thesis gives a detailed analysis of dual band microstrip patch antenna. The
proposed antenna is a dual-band microstrip patch antenna whose resonant frequencies are
3.05 GHz and 7.24 GHz. Also the return loss and VSWR are quite appreciable. The
maximum gain and directivity is also good and the bandwidth covers good fraction of S
band and C band. The upper resonant frequency varies inversely to the inset depth
whereas the lower resonant frequency exhibits direct variation. Also there is a direct
variation of upper resonant frequency with respect to inset width whereas the lower
resonant frequency does not varies. Thus frequency ratio of the proposed antenna is very
sensitive to notch dimensions.
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE
The following numerical and experimental investigations may be sought in continuation
with the present work :
Cavity modelling of the proposed design can be done to have a better insight of
the normalized fields and the field configurations existing within the dielectric
substrate.
A better MATLAB code can be designed to mathematically analyse the return

loss and various other antenna characteristics.
Various shorting techniques can be tried to load the patch antenna which can
further reduce the patch size for a fixed operating frequency.
Bandwidth enhancement techniques may be looked into to cover the whole of S

band and C band that suits various communication standards while retaining the
good gain and bandwidth.

REFERENCES
[1] R.Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, A. Itipiboon (2000), Microstrip Antenna Design

Handbook, Artech House, Boston London.
[2] Constantine A. Balanis Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, Third edition: A
JOHN WILEY & SONS, IncPublication.
[3] STC on Antenna Design held at Thappar University,Patiala.
[4] Rammal, M., Abou Chahine, S., Fadlallah, N. (2003), An Improved FDTD
Design of a Wideband GSM Patch Antenna, Proceedings of the Twentieth
National Radio Science Conference, March.
[5] M A Matin, M.P Saha, H. M. Hasan (2010), Design of Broadband Patch
Antenna for WiMAX and WLAN ICMMT 2010 Proceedings.
[6] H. F. Abu Tarboush, H. S. Al-Raweshidy, and R.Nilavalan (2008), Triple Band
Double U-slots Patch Antenna for WiMAx Mobile Applications, In Proc. Of
APCC, Tokyo, Feb.
[7] Kin-Lu Wong, Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Copyright 2002
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[8] J.H. Lu and K.L.Wong (1999), Dual-frequency Rectangular Microstrip Antenna
with Embedded Spur Lines and Integrated Reactive Loading, Microwave Opt.
Technol. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 272-275, May 20.
[9] H. Iwasaki (1996), A Circularly Polarized Small-size Microstrip Antenna with a
Cross Slot, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. Vol. 44, pp. 1399-1401, Oct.
[10] D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert, Microstrip Antennas (1995), The Analysis and
Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays, IEEE Press.
[11] C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, 2nd Ed., John wiley & sons, inc., New York.1982
[12] Ross Kyprianou, Bobby Yau, and aris, Investigation into Novel Multi-band
Antenna Design, Defence science and technology organization, Australia, 2006

APPENDIX
CODE
1.BUTLER
%This Program is Designed To Simulate The Operation Of Butler Matrix Using
Hamming Window
%General Antenna Array Specifications
m = input ('The Number of Array Elements : ') ;
Msgbox ('Enter The Inputs of The Ports Respectively') ;
pause
%Butler Matrix Input Operation
for I = 1 : m
A(I) = input ('The Input To This Port : ') ;
end
%Fast Fourier Transform For The Output Computation of Butler Matrix
for J=1:m
F(J)=0 ;
for I = 0 : m-1
F(J) = F(J) + (1/m^0.5)*(A(I+1)*exp(-1i*2*pi*I*J/m)) ;
end
end
%Plot of The Output Radiation Pattern
t = 0 : 0.05 : 2*pi ;
U=0 ;
for I = 1 : m
U = U + (F(I)*exp(1i*pi*cos(t)*(I))) ;
end
U = abs (U) ;
polar ( t , U ) ;
2.ESMART
P = input ('The Channel Signal To Noise Ratio : ') ;

for I = 1 : 2
A ( I ) = input ('The Signal Arrival Phase Angle : ') ;
A ( I ) = A ( I ) * pi / 180 ;
end
H = randint ( 2 , 10 ) ;
%Estimation of The Covariance Matrix
S = zeros ( 4 , 2 ) ;
R = zeros ( 4 , 4 ) ;
ZZ = zeros ( 4 , 10 ) ;
for K = 1 : 10
for J = 1 : 2
for I = 1 : 4

S ( I , J ) = exp ( i*( pi * ( I - 1 ) * cos ( A ( J ) ) ) ) ;

end
end
S = awgn ( S * H ( : , K ) , P ) ;
ZZ ( : , K ) = S ;
R = R + S * S' ;
end
R = R / 10 ;
[ V , E ] = eig ( R , 'nobalance' ) ;
%ESPRIT Algorithm Estimation
VV = V ( : , [ 3 4 ] ) ;
VV1 = VV ( [ 1 2 3 ] , : ) ;
VV2 = VV ( [ 2 3 4 ] , : ) ;
Cv = [ VV1' ; VV2' ] * [ VV1 VV2 ] ;
[ Vc , Ec ] = eig ( Cv , 'nobalance' ) ;
G1 = Vc ( [ 1 2 ] , [ 3 4 ] ) ;
G2 = Vc ( [ 3 4 ] , [ 3 4 ] ) ;
Lg = -G1 * inv ( G2 ) ;
Eg = eig ( Lg ) ;
G = asin ( angle ( Eg ) / pi) ;
%Estimation The Weight Vector of A Null Steering Beamformer
for I = 1 : 2
for J = 1 : 4
SS ( I , J ) = exp ( i*( pi * ( J-1 ) * cos ( G ( I ) ))) ;
end
end
B = eye ( 2 ) ;
for J = 3 : 4
Z = B ( J-2 , : ) ;
W = SS \ Z' ;
MM = 0 ;
TT = 0 : 0.005 : pi ;
for I = 1 : 4
HH = exp ( i*( pi * ( I-1 )*cos ( TT ))) ;
MM = MM + ( HH * W(I) ) ;
end
TT = ( TT * 180 ) / pi ;
MM = 20 * log10 ( abs ( MM )/ max ( abs ( MM ) ) ) ;
for K = 1 : 10
OO ( K ) = W.' * ZZ ( : , K ) ;
end
OO = abs ( OO / max ( OO )) ;
OO ( 11 ) = 0 ;
U=J-2 ;
UU = J ;
UUU = J + 2 ;
figure ( U ) , plot ( TT , MM ) , xlabel ('The Direction Angle In Degrees')
ylabel ('The Electric Field In dB')
title ( 'A Choice Radiation Pattern Of A Spatial Beamformer')
axis ( [ 0 180 -10 0 ] ) ,

grid on ;
figure ( UU ) , stairs ( OO , 'linewidth' , 2 )
title ('A Choice Output Digital Data')
xlabel ('The Bit Transition Period')
ylabel ('The Output Digital Signal')
grid on ;
%Comparator Operation
for I = 1 : 10
if OO ( I ) > 0.5 OO ( I ) = 1 ;
else OO ( I ) = 0 ;
end
end
figure ( UUU ) , stairs ( OO , 'linewidth' , 2 ) , title ('The Output Valid Digital Data') ,
xlabel ('The Bit Transition Period') , ylabel ('The Output Digital Signal') , grid on ;
end
3.MSMART:
%Input Received Signals Arrival
P = input ('The Channel Signal To Noise Ratio : ') ;

for I = 1 : 2
A ( I ) = A ( I ) * pi / 180 ;
end
H = randint ( 2 , 10 ) ;
S = zeros ( 4 , 2 ) ;
R = zeros ( 4 , 4 ) ;
ZZ = zeros ( 4 , 10 ) ;
for K = 1 : 10
for J = 1 : 2
for I = 1 : 4
end
end
S = awgn ( S * H ( : , K ) , P ) ;
ZZ ( : , K ) = S ;
R = R + S * S' ;
end
R = R / 10 ;
[ V , E ] = eig ( R , 'nobalance' ) ;
%MUSIC Algorithm Estimation
for J = 1 : 4
for I = 1 : 2
VV ( J , I ) = V ( J , I ) ;
end
end

I=1;
F = zeros ( 1 , 629 ) ;
for T = 0 : 0.005 : pi
K=0:3;
B = exp ( j .* K * pi * cos ( T ) ) ;
C = B.' ;
F ( I ) = ( C' * C ) / ( C' * VV * VV' * C ) ;
I=I+1;
end
%Plot of The MUSIC Angular Pseudo Spectrum
T = 0 : 0.005 : pi ;
T = ( T * 180 ) / pi ;
FF = 10 * log10 ( abs ( F ) / max ( abs ( F ) ) ) ;
figure ( 1 ) , plot ( T , FF ) , xlabel ('The Direction Angle In Degrees') , ylabel ('The
Angular Pseudo Spectrum') , title ('The Spatial MUSIC Spectrum') , grid on ;
%Estimation The Angle of Arrival For The Received Signals
for I = 1 : 629
if FF ( I ) == 0 FF ( I ) = 1000 ;
end
end
FF = imregionalmax ( FF ) .* FF ;
for I = 1 : 629
if FF ( I ) == 0 FF ( I ) = -1000 ;
end
end
for I = 1 : 2
Y = max ( FF ) ;
for J = 1 : 629
if Y == FF ( J ) ;
G ( I ) = ( T ( J ) * pi ) / 180 ;
FF ( J ) = -1000 ;
end
end
end
%Estimation The Weight Vector of A Null Steering Beamformer
for I = 1 : 2
for J = 1 : 4
SS ( I , J ) = exp ( i*( pi * ( J-1 ) * cos ( G ( I ) ))) ;
end
end
B = eye ( 2 ) ;
for J = 3 : 4
Z = B ( J-2 , : ) ;
W = SS \ Z' ;
MM = 0 ;
TT = 0 : 0.005 : pi ;
for I = 1 : 4
HH = exp ( i*( pi * ( I-1 )*cos ( TT ))) ;
MM = MM + ( HH * W(I) ) ;
end

TT = ( TT * 180 ) / pi ;
MM = 20 * log10 ( abs ( MM )/ max ( abs ( MM ) ) ) ;
for K = 1 : 10
OO ( K ) = W.' * ZZ ( : , K ) ;
end
OO = abs ( OO / max ( OO )) ;
OO ( 11 ) = 0 ;
U=J-1 ;
UU = J + 1 ;
UUU = J + 3 ;
figure ( U ) , plot ( TT , MM ) , xlabel ('The Direction Angle In Degrees') , ylabel ('The
Electric Field In dB') , title ( 'A Choice Radiation Pattern Of A Spatial Beamformer') ,
axis ( [ 0 180 -10 0 ] ) , grid on ;
figure ( UU ) , stairs ( OO , 'linewidth' , 2 ) , title ('A Choice Output Digital Data') ,
%Comparator Operation
for I = 1 : 10
if OO ( I ) > 0.5 OO ( I ) = 1 ;
else OO ( I ) = 0 ;
end
end
figure ( UUU ) , stairs ( OO , 'linewidth' , 2 ) , title ('The Output Valid Digital Data') ,
end
4.PACKAGE:
%This Program Is Designed To Simulate The Angle Of Arrival Estimation Algorithms
D = input ('Number Of Elements : ') ;
N = input ('Number Of Users : ') ;
L = input ('Number Of Samples : ') ;
P = input ('Signal To Noise Ratio Per Sample : ') ;
for I = 1 : N
A ( I ) = A ( I ) * pi / 180 ;
end
H = randint ( N , L ) ;
S = zeros ( D , N ) ;
Rp = zeros ( D , D ) ;
for K = 1 : L
for J = 1 : N
for I = 1 : D
end
end
S = awgn ( S * H ( : , K ) , P ) ;

Rp = Rp + S * S' ;
end
Rp = Rp / D ;
R = inv ( Rp ) ;
F = zeros ( 1 , 629 ) ;
%Angle of Arrival Estimation ( F1 > Bartlett , F2 > Capon , F3 > Linear Prediction , F4
> Maximum Entropy )
Q = eye ( D ) ;
G = Q ( : , floor ( ( D + 1 ) / 2 ) ) ;
V = R ( : , floor ( ( D + 1 ) / 2 ) ) ;
[ V1 , E1 ] = eig ( Rp ) ;
Um = Q ( : , 1 ) ;
for I = 1 : D-N
VV1 ( : , I ) = V1 ( : , I ) ;
end
for T = -pi/2 : 0.005 : pi/2
K = 0 : D-1 ;
B = exp ( j * K * pi * cos ( T ) ) ;
C = B.' ;
F1 ( I ) = C' * Rp * C ;
F2 ( I ) = 1 / ( C' * R * C ) ;
F3 ( I ) = ( G' * R * G )/ ( abs ( G' * R * C ) ^2 ) ;
F4 ( I ) = 1 / ( C' * V * V' * C ) ;
F5 ( I ) = 1 / ( ( abs ( C' * V1 ( : , 1 )) )^2 ) ;
F6 ( I ) = 1 / ( ( abs ( C' * VV1 * VV1' * Um ))^2 ) ;
F7 ( I ) = 1 / ( ( abs ( C' * VV1 * VV1' * C )) ) ;
I=I+1;
end
for I = 1 : 629
FF1 ( I ) = F1 ( I + D - 3 ) ;
FF2 ( I ) = F2 ( I + D - 3 ) ;
FF3 ( I ) = F3 ( I + D - 3 ) ;
FF4 ( I ) = F4 ( I + D - 3 ) ;
FF5 ( I ) = F5 ( I + D - 3 ) ;
FF6 ( I ) = F6 ( I + D - 3 ) ;
FF7 ( I ) = F7 ( I + D - 3 ) ;
end
%Plot of the Output Corresponding Angular Pseudo Spectrum T = -pi/2 : 0.005 : pi/2 ;
T = ( T * 180 ) / pi ;
F1 = 10 * log10 ( abs ( FF1 ) / max ( FF1 ) ) ;
F2 = 10 * log10 ( abs ( FF2 ) / max ( FF2 ) ) ;
F3 = 10 * log10 ( abs ( FF3 ) / max ( FF3 ) ) ;
F4 = 10 * log10 ( abs ( FF4 ) / max ( FF4 ) ) ;
F5 = 10 * log10 ( abs ( FF5 ) / max ( FF5 ) ) ;
F6 = 10 * log10 ( abs ( FF6 ) / max ( FF6 ) ) ;
F7 = 10 * log10 ( abs ( FF7 ) / max ( FF7 ) ) ;

figure ( 1 ) , plot ( T , F1 ) , xlabel ('The Direction Angle In Degrees') , ylabel ('The

Angular Pseudo Spectrum') , axis ( [ -90 90 -80 0 ] ) , title ('The Spatial Bartlett
Spectrum') , grid on ;
Angular Pseudo Spectrum') , axis ( [ -90 90 -80 0 ] ) ,title ('The Spatial Capon Spectrum')
, grid on ;
Angular Pseudo Spectrum') , axis ( [ -90 90 -80 0 ] ) ,title ('The Spatial Linear Prediction
Angular Pseudo Spectrum') , axis ( [ -90 90 -80 0 ] ) ,title ('The Spatial Maximum
Entropy Spectrum') , grid on ;
Angular Pseudo Spectrum') , axis ( [ -90 90 -80 0 ] ) ,title ('The Spatial Pisarenko
Harmonic Decomposition Spectrum') , grid on ;
Angular Pseudo Spectrum') , axis ( [ -90 90 -80 0 ] ) ,title ('The Spatial Minimum Norm
Angular Pseudo Spectrum') , axis ( [ -90 90 -80 0 ] ) ,title ('The Spatial Multiple Signal
Classification Spectrum') , grid on ;
5.PATTERN:
%A General Code for The Radiation Pattern Representation of The Array Factor of A
Linear Antenna Array
N = input ('The Number Of Array Elements : ') ;
K = input ('The Spacing Between Elements in Wavelength : ') ;
msgbox ('Enter The Currents flowing through the Elements Respectively') ;
pause
A = hamming ( N ).' ;
for I = 1 : N
Current = I
Cm(I) = input ('Enter the Magnitude of the Current in Amperes : ') ;
Cp(I) = input ('Enter the Phase of the Current in Radians : ') ;
C(I) = Cm(I) * exp(-j*Cp(I)) * A ( I ) ;
end
%Plot of The Output Polar And Space Radiation Pattern
u = 0:0.01:2*pi ;
H=0;
for I = 1 : N
H = H + ( C(I) .* exp ( j * ( I-1 ) * K * cos (u) ) ) ;
end
F = abs ( H ) ;
figure ( 1 ) , polar ( u , F ) ;
F = 20*log10 ( F / max ( F ) ) ;
u = u * 180 / pi ;
figure ( 2 ) , plot ( u , F ,'-k') , xlabel ('The Direction Angles In Degrees') , ylabel ('The
Normalized Electric Field In dB') , axis ([ 0 180 -40 0 ]) , grid on ;

5.STEER
%This Program is Designed for Calculation of A Generalized Null Steering Broadside
Beam former Weights Vector
a = input ('The Number of Array Elements : ') ;
d = input ('The Separation Distance Between Elements : ') ;
f = input ('The Operation Frequency : ') ;
b = input ('The Angle of Incidence of The Desired Source Signal : ') ;
Msgbox ('Enter The Angle of Incidence of The Interference Un-Desired Source Signals
Respectively ') ;
pause
for I = 1 : a-1
A(I) = input ('The Angle of Incidence of the Undesired Interference Source Signal : ') ;
end
%Estimation of The Weight Vector of A Null Steering Beamformer

for I = 1 : a
for J = 1 : a
if I ==1
S ( I , J ) = exp ( i*( 2*pi*f*d*( J-1 )*cos ( b ))/( 3*10^8 )) ;
Z(I)=1;
else
S ( I , J ) = exp ( i*(2*pi*f*d*( J-1 )*cos ( A(I-1) ))/( 3*10^8 )) ;
Z ( I )= 0 ;
end
end
end
W = ( pinv ( S ) * Z' ) ;
t = 0 : 0.05 : 2*pi ;
M=0;
for I = 1 : a
H = exp ( i*(2*pi*f*d*( I-1 )*cos ( t ))/( 3*10^8 )) ;
M = M + ( H * W(I) ) ;
end
M = abs ( M ) ;
Polar ( t , M , '-r' ) , title ( 'The Generalized Null Steering Beam Former Output Radiation
Pattern ') , grid on ;

6.TSMART:
A = input ('The Number of Array Elements : ') ;
B = input ('The Separation Distance Between Elements : ') ;
C = input ('The Operation Frequency : ') ;
%Input Desired Signal Specifications
E = input ('The Angle Of Un-Known Desired Signal : ') ;
D = input ('The Number Of Training Sequence Bits : ') ;
N = input ('The Number Of Snap Shots ( Samples ) Taken : ') ;
P = input ('The Signal To Noise Ratio Per Sample in dB : ') ;
E = ( E * pi ) / 180 ;
for J = 1 : D
H ( J ) = rem ( J , 2 ) ;
end
%Estimation of Spatial Covariance Matrix
X = zeros ( D , A ) ;
XX = zeros ( D , A ) ;
Y = zeros ( D, A ) ;
for K = 1 : N
for I = 1 : D
for J = 1 : A
Y ( I , J ) = ( H ( I ) * exp ( i*( 2 * pi * C * B * ( J - 1 ) * cos ( E ) ) / ( 3*10^8
))) ;
X(I,J)=X(I,J)+Y(I,J)/N;
end
XX = XX + awgn ( Y , P ) / N ;
end
end
R = cov ( XX ) ;
HH = abs ( XX ( : , 1 )) ;
%Plot of The Input Erroneous Received Digital Data Without Adaptation
HH ( D+1 ) = 0 ;
figure ( 1 ) , stairs( HH , 'linewidth' , 2 ) , title ('The Input Erroneous Digital Data') ,
xlabel ('The Bit Transition Period') , ylabel ('The Input Digital Signal') , grid on ;
%Estimation of The Cross Correlation Vector
for J = 1 : A
S=0;
SS = 0 ;
Z=0;
for I = 1 : D
S=S+X(I,J);
SS = SS + XX ( I , J ) ;
Z = Z + SS * S' ;
end
Z(J)=Z/D;
end
%Estimation of The Weight Vector Using Steepest Descent Method of Wiener Hopf
Solution equation

TI = 1 ;
for CC = 1 : A
if TI == 1 W ( CC ) = 1 ;
else W ( CC ) = 0 ;
end
TI = 0 ;
end
M = ( 1 / max ( eig ( R ))) ;
for CC = 1 : 100
W = W + M * ( Z.' - ( R * W.' )).' ;
W = -W ;
end
T = 0 : 0.005*pi : pi ;
O=0;
for I = 1 : A
L = exp ( i * ( 2 * pi * C * B * ( I-1 ) * cos ( T ))/( 3 * 10 ^8 )) ;
O = O + ( L .* W ( I ) ) ;
end
O = abs ( O ) ;
O = 20 * log10 ( O / max ( O )) ;
T = ( T * 180 ) /pi ;
figure ( 2 ) , plot ( T , O , '-r' , 'linewidth' , 2 ) , title ('The Output Radiation Pattern For
The Adaptive Temporal Reference Beam Former') , xlabel ('The Direction Angle in
Degrees') , ylabel ('The Normalized Electric Field in dB') , axis ([ 0 180 -25 0 ]) , grid on
;
%Plot of The Output Valid Temporally Filtered Received Digital Data
Q = zeros ( D ) ;
for I = 1 : D
for J = 1 : A
Q ( I ) = Q ( I ) + XX ( I , J ) * W ( J ).' ;
end
end
OO = abs ( Q / max ( Q ) ) ;
OO ( D + 1 ) = 0 ;
figure ( 3 ) , stairs ( OO , 'linewidth' , 2 ) , title ('The Output Valid Digital Data') , xlabel
('The Bit Transition Period') , ylabel ('The Output Digital Signal') , grid on ;

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
The name MATLAB stands for MATrix Laboratory. MATLAB was written
originally to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK (linear
system package) and EISPACK (Eigen system package) projects. MATLAB is a high-
performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization,
and programming environment. Furthermore, MATLAB is a modern programming
language environment: it has sophisticated data structures, contains built-in editing and
debugging tools, and supports object-oriented programming.
These factors make MATLAB an excellent tool for teaching and research.
MATLAB has many advantages compared to conventional computer languages (e.g., C,
FORTRAN) for solving technical problems. MATLAB is an interactive system whose
basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. The software package
has been commercially available since 1984 and is now considered as a standard tool at
most universities and industries worldwide. It has powerful built-in routines that enable a
very wide variety of computations. It also has easy to use graphics commands that make
the visualization of results immediately available. Specific applications are collected in
packages referred to as toolbox. There are toolboxes for signal processing, symbolic
computation, control theory, simulation, optimization, and several other fields of applied
science and engineering.
COMMANDS FOR MANAGING A SESSION

Command Purpose
Clc Clears command window.
Clear Removes variables from memory.
Exist Checks for existence of file or variable.
Global Declares variables to be global.
Help Searches for a help topic.
Lookfor Searches help entries for a keyword.
Quit Stops MATLAB.
Who Lists current variables.
Whos Lists current variables (long display).
MATLAB provides numerous commands for plotting graphs. The following table shows
some of the commonly used commands for plotting
Command Purpose

Axis Sets axis limits.
Fplot Intelligent plotting of functions.
Grid Displays gridlines.
Plot Generates xy plot.
Print Prints plot or saves plot to a file.
Title Puts text at top of plot.
Xlabel Adds text label to x-axis.
Ylabel Adds text label to y-axis.
Axes Creates axes objects.
Close Closes the current plot.
close all Closes all plots.
Figure Opens a new figure window.
Gtext Enables label placement by mouse.
Hold Freezes current plot.
Legend Legend placement by mouse.

Refresh Redraws current figure window.
Set Specifies properties of objects such as axes.
Subplot Creates plots in subwindows.
Text Places string in figure.
Bar Creates bar chart.
Loglog Creates log-log plot.
Polar Creates polar plot.
Semilogx Creates semilog plot. (logarithmic abscissa).
Semilogy Creates semilog plot. (logarithmic ordinate).
Stairs Creates stairs plot.
Stem Creates stem plot.

MATLAB'S ADVANTAGES
Matlab is an interpreted language for numerical computation.

It allows one to perform numerical calculations, and visualize the results without
the need for complicated and time consuming programming.
Matlab allows its users to accurately solve problems, produce graphics easily and
produce code effeciently.
MATLAB'S DISADVANTAGES
Because Matlab is an interpreted language, it can be slow, and poor programming

practices can make it unacceptably slow.
APPLICATIONS OF MATLAB IN ANTENNAS
Antenna Toolbox provides functions for the design, analysis, and visualization of antenna
elements and arrays. You can design standalone antennas and build linear, rectangular,
and conformal arrays of antennas using predefined elements with parameterized geometry
or custom elements.
Antenna Toolbox uses the method of moments (MoM) to compute port properties
such as impedance, surface properties such as current and charge distribution, and field
properties such as the near-field and far-field radiation pattern. You can visualize antenna
geometry and analysis results in 2D and 3D.
You can integrate antennas and arrays into wireless systems, and use impedance analysis
to design matching networks. Antenna Toolbox provides radiation patterns for simulating
beam forming algorithms.
KEY FEATURES
High-level language for scientific and engineering computing.

Desktop environment tuned for iterative exploration, design, and problem-solving
Graphics for visualizing data and tools for creating custom plots.
Apps for curve fitting, data classification, signal analysis, and many other domain-
specific tasks.

1.1 Project Overview: Design and Analysis of Dual Band Antenna Using Matlab

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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DUAL BAND ANTENNA USING MATLAB 2017

1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 1

1.3 TYPES OF ANTENNAS

An antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 2

A helical antenna is an antenna consisting of a conducting wire wound in the form

A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 3

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 4

1.4 MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 5

These following are the types of microstrip antennas

Fig 1.2 Common shapes of the Microstrip patch antennas

1.3.2 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 6

Although these parameters can be measured in principle, such measurements are

Fig 1.3 Rectangular Microstrip antenna

Microstrip antenna should be designed so that its maximum wave pattern is

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 7

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS

Characteristics Microstrip Patch Microstrip Slot Printed Dipole

profile Thin Thin Thin

Fabrication Very easy Easy Easy

Polarization Both linear and Both linear and Linear

Dual-Frequency Possible Possible Possible

Shape Flexibility Any shape Mostly rectangular Rectangular

Spurious Radiation Exists Exists Exists

Bandwidth 2-50% 5-30% 30%

Table 1.1: Characteristics of the Microstrip Patch Antennas

1.4 FEEDING METHODS OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

There are several techniques available to feed or transmit electromagnetic

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 8

1.4.1. COAXIAL FEED

Figure 1.4 Rectangular Microstrip antenna coaxial feed

1.4.2 MICROSTRIP FEED LINE

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 9

Figure 1.5 Rectangular Microstrip antenna Microstrip Line feeding

1.4.3 APERTURE COUPLED FEED

Figure 1.6 Rectangular Microstrip antenna Aperture coupled feed

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 10

1.4.4 PROXIMITY COUPLED FEED

Fig.1.6 Rectangular Microstrip Antenna proximity coupled field

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 11

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 12

2.1 ANTENNA PARAMETERS

2.1.1 GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 13

Nevertheless, the isotropic antenna is very important as a reference. It has a gain of

2.1.2 ANTENNA POLARIZATION

2.1.3 INPUT IMPEDANCE

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 14

Fig 2.1 Typical variation of resistance and reactance of rectangular Microstrip

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 15

where Z is the antenna impedance at the terminals

R is the antenna resistance at the terminals

X is the antenna reactance at the terminals

2.14 VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 16

Fig 2.2 Typical Polar Radiation Plot

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 17

Fig.2.3 A rectangular radiation plot, an alternative presentation method to a polar

SWARNANDHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Page 18