Accessibility For The Disabled

Accessibility for the Disabled
A Design Manual for a Barrier Free

Environment
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
I. URBAN DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. OBSTRUCTIONS
2. SIGNAGE
3. STREET FURNITURE
4. PATHWAYS
5. CURB RAMPS
6. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS
7. PARKING
II. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. RAMPS
2. ELEVATORS
3. LIFTS
4. STAIRS
5. RAILINGS AND HANDRAILS
6. ENTRANCES
7. VESTIBULES
8. DOORS
9. CORRIDORS
10. REST ROOMS
III. BUILDING TYPES
IV. IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS
PART 1 | PART 2 | PART 3
V. APPENDICES
TROUBLE SHOOTING
ANTHROPOMETRICS [ PART 1 | PART 2 ]
COMPARATIVE TABLES
HEIGHT LIMITS
REFERENCES / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Accessibility for the Disabled

A Design Manual for a Barrier Free Environment
This manual was prepared by the Urban Management Department of the Lebanese Company
for the Development and Reconstruction of Beirut Central District (SOLIDERE) in
collaboration with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
(ESCWA) and with the approval of the Ministry of Social Affairs and the National
Committee for the Disabled.
Ministry of Social Affairs

National Committee for the Disabled
United Nations
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
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PREFACE
The Ministry of Social Affairs devotes special attention to the question of disability, striving
to provide the various facilities required to ensure that every disabled person has work
opportunities that will help him or her to become a productive member of society.
The Ministry of Social Affairs is cooperating in the area with the National Committee for the
Disabled in an integrated approach and a programme to ensure that the question of disability
will be dealt with in every regard: quality of services offered, ease of procedures followed,
current legislation, and standards criteria to be adopted for training and rehabilitation.
The approach followed by the Lebanese Company for the Development and Reconstruction
of Beirut Central District (SOLIDERE) - an approach that developed into the present
Accessibility for the Disabled, a Design Manual for a Barrier Free Environment, met the
requirements of the Ministry of Social Affairs, and the two parties were largely in agreement
on both goals and methods of implementation.
The Ministry of Social Affairs therefore decided to adopt the content of this program pending
the promulgation of new laws currently being sought in Parliament.
The Ministry of Social Affairs and the National Committee for the Disabled wish to thank all
those who took part in the drafting of this manual, in particular the Lebanese Company for
the Development and Reconstruction of Beirut Central District (SOLIDERE) and ESCWA. It
is hoped that joint efforts will continue to be exerted to safeguard the rights of disabled
persons - indeed of all citizens without exception.
Ministry of Social Affairs

National Committee for the Disabled
Twenty years have passed since the General Assembly adopted resolution 31/123 of 16
December 1976, proclaiming 1981 the International Year of Disabled Persons, an event that
constituted a landmark in the long struggle towards recognizing the rights of the disabled and
creating a better understanding of their needs and appreciation of their capabilities. After the
International Year of Disabled Persons came the World Programme of Action concerning
Disabled Persons, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 37/52 of 3 December
1982. In its resolution 37/53 of the same date, the General Assembly proclaimed the period
1983-1992 the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons. These actions prompted
considerable activity in the field of disability at the international, regional and national levels.
The Conference on the Capabilities and Needs of Disabled Persons in the ESCWA Region,
which was held in November 1989, provided a regional forum for the discussion of the many
issues related to disability between individuals, organizations and officials. The issue of
accessibility for the disabled in the urban environment was given due attention and the
Conference recommended that city planning and building and construction legislation, should
take into account the conditions that facilitate the movement of disabled persons and ensure
their safety, including in the design of infrastructural services, transport and the entrances and
interiors of buildings.
Early in 1994, ESCWA was requested to provide Lebanon with assistance in developing
construction standards and policy recommendations to accommodate disabled people.
ESCWA began with an assessment of the magnitude of the issue on the national level, hoping
to devise a long-term strategy and aiming at placing urgent short-term measures within an
integral capacious perspective.
No dependable statistics exist at present defining the extent of disability in Lebanese society.
However, given the severity and duration of war and unrest that the country has experienced
and the damage to the urban fabric, which is especially evident in the urban centres, and
particularly visible in the Beirut Central District, one can deduce that the disabled form a
significant sector of the community. Some estimates put the figure at 150,000 to 250,000, of
which 80,000 are physically disabled as a result of the war. A good database on disability in
Lebanon is essential for any future development effort in this field.
The present state of development in Lebanon calls for a dual-track approach in handling the
issue of accessibility for the disabled. The first track should aim at influencing the
development and reconstruction of the Beirut Central District (BCD). At the time of
preparation of this Manual, the planning and design processes of the BCD were at a fairly
advanced stage, calling for the application of established standards and recommendations,
with appropriate review procedures. The contribution of this Manual should be viewed in this
context.
The second track should have the long-term aim of addressing the issue on the national level.
At the core, this approach is the development and legal enforcement of standards and
regulations. Although the second track would have a wider geographical and social effect
throughout the country, implementation of the first track would certainly serve to make the
BCD an excellent demonstration case on both the national and regional levels.
In physical terms, the provision of a barrier-free environment can be undertaken in four

complementary domains:
(a) Inside buildings;

(b) In the immediate vicinity of buildings;
(c) On local roads and paths;
(d) In open spaces and recreational areas.
The idea for this Manual first came to surface in early 1994 during meetings that were held
with a number of government officials and representatives of organizations concerned with
disability in Lebanon. The Manual represents the first phase in a broad effort to provide a
barrier-free environment throughout the country. It is designed so as to facilitate application
in the planning of new environments as well as in the renovation of existing ones. The
Manual can also be uesd as a reference by designers and planners throughout the Arab region.
Experience gained from the application of the Manual to new constructions and restored
buildings within the BCD will help in future development of the Manual and in arriving at
appropriate legislation on accessibility. Future efforts to implement essential parts of this
Manual on the national level will be coordinated with other concerned Lebanese agencies,
and it is hoped that the Manual will become a reference for the promotion of non-
handicapping environments in the region.
The Lebanese National Council for the Affairs of the Disabled carried out a pre-publication
review of the Manual under the chairmanship of H.E. the Minister of Social Affairs. This
Manual is the product of a joint effort between the Lebanese Company for the Development
and Reconstruction of Beirut Central District (SOLIDERE) and the United Nations Economic
and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA).
Hazem El-Beblawi
Executive Secretary
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
INTRODUCTION
We are all physically disabled (1) at some time in our lives. A child, a person with a broken
leg, a parent with a pram, an elderly person, etc. are all disabled in one way or another. Those
who remain healthy and able-bodied all their lives are few. As far as the built-up environment
is concerned, it is important that it should be barrier-free and adapted to fulfill the needs of all
people equally. As a matter of fact, the needs of the disabled coincide with the needs of the
majority, and all people are at ease with them. As such, planning for the majority implies
planning for people with varying abilities and disabilities.
PURPOSE
This publication is an attempt to provide for the first time in Lebanon a design manual on
accessibility for the disabled. It is a design guidebook made for the purpose of providing
architects and designers with the basic information and data necessary for a barrier- free
environment. Its intent is to establish standards and recommendations that will not only
influence the development and reconstruction of the BCD but assume national importance as
well. The manual is expected to be a stimulus that will lead, in the long run, to the
establishment of national building and planning legislation covering access for disabled
people.
APPLICATION
The manual does not cover all the requirements of disabled people in detail. It is a
straightforward guide expected to be the first in a series of publications having the same
theme. Most of the recommended measures have been tested in developed countries, and
while some have proven to be effective, the outcome of others is still unknown. To determine
the reliability and efficacy of these measures for Lebanon, it is important to conduct
experimental trials of all provisions. This will be of great help in determining the positive and
negative aspects of each measure. Practical advice from legal, professional and academic
institutions as well as individuals with disabilities is also of the utmost importance in shaping
the final form of an accessibility code which can be applied on a national level, as an integral
part of the Lebanese building law.
THE BCD - A CASE-STUDY
Since the BCD is a pilot project in the reconstruction process of Lebanon, implementing
accessibility requirements for the disabled will help to make the BCD a case-study or a
demonstration project on a national level. This will include the design of the traffic
infrastructure and new buildings plus the renovation of the existing infrastructure and
buildings.
AIM
The social aim of this study is to integrate disabled people into society in order for them to
take an active part in society and lead a normal life. To be active, a disabled person should be
able to commute between home, work and other destinations. The technical aim of the
manual is to provide a barrier-free environment for the independence, convenience and safety
of all people with disabilities.
TARGET GROUP
The target group is composed of five major categories:
(a) Wheelchair users

(b) People with limited walking abilities
(c) The sightless
(d) The partially sighted
(e) The hearing impaired
Other categories that may benefit to some extent from the proposed measures include the
mentally disabled, people susceptible to physical fits, people with extreme physical
proportions, and people with functional disabilities of the arm or hand.
As for the composition and size of the target group, no dependable statistics currently exist to
define the extent of disability in Lebanese society. However, taking into consideration the
duration of the war, one can deduce that the disabled form a significant percentage of the
population. A good database on disability in Lebanon is essential for any future development
in this field.
CONTENT
The manual deals with the technical considerations and design provisions or measures to be
taken into account in the planning of the built-up environment. This includes issues related to
the design of several complementary domains: open spaces and recreational areas, local roads
and pathways, the immediate vicinity of buildings, building entrances and the interiors of
buildings. For the purposes of this manual, all information is divided into five sections:

III. BUILDING TYPES
V. APPENDICES
This section deals with the design requirements of open spaces, recreational areas and
pedestrian routes. It introduces solutions to the principal problems in the design of an
accessible outdoor environment.
It is subdivided into seven chapters:
1. OBSTRUCTIONS
2. SIGNAGE
3. STREET FURNITURE
4. PATHWAYS
5. CURB RAMPS
7. PARKING
This section deals with the design requirements of vertical and horizontal access in both new
and existing constructions. It is subdivided into 10 chapters:
1. RAMPS
2. ELEVATORS
3. PLATFORM LIFTS
4. STAIRS
6. ENTRANCES
7. VESTIBULES
8. DOORS
9. CORRIDORS
10. REST ROOMS
III. BUILDING TYPES
This section deals briefly with the accessibility requirements of selected building types.
Special buildings for people with disabilities, such as health and residential facilities and
schools, do not fall within the scope of this section. To establish building and planning
legislation regarding access for disabled people, this section needs to be thoroughly
developed by local authorities, based on the size of the target group, a classification of the
various building types and a study of the specific needs of each district.
This section can be used by both designers and inspectors to identify and assess physical
barriers in the built-up environment, for both new and existing constructions. The checklists
are arranged according to the categories listed in sections I and II. Questions on almost all
problem areas are asked, and possible solutions are offered.
V. APPENDICES
1. TROUBLESHOOTING
2. ANTHROPOMETRICS
3. COMPARATIVE TABLES
4. HEIGHT LIMITS
CHAPTER ORGANIZATION
Each chapter is composed of four parts:
1) Problem identification
This part defines problems encountered by the disabled in the built-up environment owing to
the absence or improper application of a certain measure or provision.
2) Planning principle
This part defines the target group, the general goal and the need for a certain measure.
3) Design considerations
This part deals with the technical and architectural aspects of implementing certain measures
with regard to general and particular application characteristics, criteria, minimum
dimensions and measurements, materials, etc.
4) Existing constructions
This part defines the problems encountered in existing constructions which hinder the
implementation of a certain measure. Accordingly, alternative solutions and modifications are
suggested.
REFERENCES
The information provided is based on the accessibility codes and relevant knowledge
available in various countries. A comparative study of the available sources was conducted
regarding each measure. The information was then synthesized and organized according to
the needs of the target group. (See the list of references at the end of the book).
DIMENSIONAL DATA
Dimensional data are given in metric units. The graphic illustrations show only the minimum
allowable dimensions. Where appropriate, the maximum or approximate dimension or an
allowable range is given.
Notes:
(1) It should be noted that a handicap is not a synonym for disability. A disability refers to a
physical, sensory or mental limitation that interferes with a person's ability to move, see, hear
or learn; a handicap refers to a condition or barrier imposed by the environment, society or
oneself. As such, physical obstructions of the built-up environment constitute a handicap to a
disabled person. For example, a stairway is a handicap to a wheelchair user. On the other
hand, feeling different and inferior to other people constitutes a handicap imposed by oneself

1. OBSTRUCTIONS
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Obstacles and protruding

elements in the path of travel.
Low overhanging signs.
Lack of warning signs around

obstructions.
2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE
To design a barrier-free path

for the safety and
independence of disabled Fig. 1
people, especially the sightless.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Obstructions include street

furniture, traffic signs,
direction signs, street plans, Fig. 2
bollards, plants, trees, shop
awnings and advertising signs,
etc.
Obstructions should be
placed outside the path of
travel wherever possible.
Obstructions in the pathway

should be easy to detect, and if
possible, should be placed
along one continuous line.
Protruding elements should

be avoided.
The minimum width of a Fig. 3

clear unobstructed path should
be 0.90 m.
3.2 Obstructions on the

pathway surface
Obstructions on the pathway

surface should have one of the
following design features in
order to be detected by the
cane of a sightless person:
(a) A straight shape rising from

the pathway surface (fig. 1).
(b) A 0.10 m raised platform Fig. 4

(fig. 2).
(c) Tactile warning markings

on the ground around the
obstruction. The warning
markings should extend over a
width of at least 0.60 m outside
the projected area at the base
of the obstacle (fig. 3).
3.3 Overhanging obstructions
Overhanging signs in Fig. 5

accessible pathways should be
mounted at a minimum clear
height of 2.00m to allow a
sightless person to pass safely
(fig. 4).
Overhanging vegetation
should be clipped to a
minimum clear height of 2.00
m (fig. 5).
Undetectable obstacles Fig. 6

mounted lower than 2.00 m
may project a maximum
distance of 0.10m into the
pathway. Otherwise they
should be recessed or covered
(fig. 6).
3.4 Fixed poles
Fixed poles should have

contrasting durable colour
marking strips of at least 0.30
m in length, placed with the
centre line at a height between
1.40 m and 1.60 m, to warn
pedestrians with limited vision
(fig. 1).
3.5 Garbage bins
Garbage bins attached to

lampposts should not face the
line of pedestrian flow so as to
minimize collisions and should
be painted in a contrasting
colour so that people with
limited vision may easily
identify them (fig. 7).
3.6 Spaces below ramps and

Fig. 7
stairs
Spaces below ramps and

stairs should be blocked out
completely by protective rails
or raised curbs or marked with
a tactile surface (fig. 8).
3.7 Bicycle stands
Bicycle stands should be

located on a raised platform. Fig 8.
3.8 Wires
Stabilizing wires and wire

netting should be painted in a
contrasting colour or blocked
out. 3.9 Bollards (1) (fig. 9)
Fig. 9
Bollards should be painted
in a contrasting colour or in
coloured stripes.
The distance between

guiding posts should be around
1.20 m.
3.10 Roadworks
Excavations and roadworks

form temporary obstructions
within the route of travel. They
should be protected by easily
detected continuous barriers,
scaffolding, and fences for
safety reasons.
Barriers should be identified

by stripped colour markings
and should be lit at night, to
guide people with limited
vision.
The barrier height should be

between 0.75 m and and 0.95
m. The distance between the
bottom of the barrier and the
pathway surface should not
exceed 0.10 m.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
Existing obstructions within

the path of travel should be
redesigned to conform to all
the above requirements
Notes:
(1) Bollards or guard posts are
placed to keep out undesired
motor traffic from pedestrian
areas or to indicate a non
parking area.
2. SIGNAGE
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Orientation difficulties
resulting from illegible
directional signs, street names
and numbering and/or the lack
of them.
Pedestrian accidents due to

badly positioned signs.
Hazards due to lack of warning

and traffic signals. Fig. 1
Non-identification of access
routes and accessible facilities.
To facilitate orientation mainly

for the disabled.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS Fig. 2
3.1 General
Signage include direction

signs, signs of locality, street
names and numbering,
information signs, etc.
All types of signs should be

visible, clear, simple, easy to
read and understand, and
properly lit at night.
In general, signs should not

be placed behind glass because
of possible reflection.
Signage placed on the

pedestrian path of travel are
considered obstructions; thus,
they should be detectable (see
Obstructions).
3.2 International symbol of

accessibility
Accessible spaces and

facilities should be identified
by the international symbol of
accessiblity (fig. 1).
The symbol is composed of

a wheelchair figure with either
a square background or a
square border (fig. 2).
Contrasting colours should

be used to differentiate the Fig. 3
figure from the background.
The commonly employed
colours are white for the figure
and blue for the background.
The wheelchair figure

should always be seen from
drawn facing right.
For completely accessible

buildings, it is enough to have
one explanatory sign at the
Fig. 4
entrance.
3.3 Direction signs
Graphic or written directions

should be used to indicate
clearly the type and location of
the available facility (fig. 3).
Directional signs need
not be excessive in number, but

they should be placed at main
entrances and doors and in
places where changes in
direction or level occur.
3.4 Street names
Fixed signs indicating street

names should be placed at a
maximum height of 2.50 m
(fig. 4).
3.5 House numbers
Fixed signs indicating house

numbers should be placed at a
(fig. 4).
3.6 Maps and information Fig. 5

panels
Maps and information panels

at building entrances, along
roads, and on public buildings
should be placed at a height
between 0.90 m and 1.80 m
(fig. 5).
3.7 Installation
Signs can be wall-mounted,

suspended or pole-mounted.
(a) Wall-Mounted signs:
Wall-mounted signs, such as

those indicating room numbers,
Fig. 6
should be placed with the
centre line at a height between
1.40 m and 1.60m from the
finished floor level.
(b) Overhanging signs:
Overhanging signs should

allow a minimum clearance of
2.00 m (see Obstructions).
(c)Pole-Mounted signs:
(see Obstructions)
3.8 Shape of signboards
Information signboards
should be rectangular.
Warning signboards should

be triangular.
Interdictory signboards
should be circular.
3.9 Colour
Fig. 7
The colour of signs should
contrast with the surrounding
surface so as to be clearly
distinguishable.
The commonly used colours

are: white, black, yellow, red,
blue and green.
The colour combinations

red/green and yellow/blue
should not be used in order to
avoid confusing colour- blind
persons.
3.10 Surface
The sign surface should be

processed to prevent glare.
Engraved texts should be

avoided unless they are
coloured. Relief prints are
advisable.
Key plans, orientation
signs and push buttons in lifts

must have a text in Braille or in
relief. (1)
3.11 Lettering
The size of letters should be

in proportion to the reading
distance (fig. 6).
Character width-to-height
ratio should be between 3:5
and 1:1 and the character
stroke width-to-height ratio
should be between 1:5 and 1:10
(fig. 7).
The letters and signs should

preferably be raised at least 1
mm from the background, to
enable sightless people to read
the information using the tips
of their fingers.
The smallest letter type

should not be less than 15 mm.
Normal spacing between

words and letters should be
used.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
The international symbol of

accessibility should be added
to mark accessible spaces and
facilities.
Directional signs should be

added to indicate clearly the
location and function of
accessible spaces and facilities.
Signs that do not comply

with the above design
requirements should be
modified or replaced.
Notes:
(1) Not all sightless persons are

familiar with Braille.

3. STREET FURNITURE
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Fig. 1
Lack of or improper design of
street furniture.
Obstructed pathways.
Inaccessible street facilities.
To design accessible amenities Fig. 2

convenient to all people,
without obstructing the free
passage of pedestrians along
travel routes.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Fig. 3
Street furniture includes bus
stops, benches, mail boxes,
lampposts, signboards,
telephone booths, public
toilets, newspaper kiosks,
planting tubs, garbage bins,
etc.
3.2 Location (1)
Street furniture should be

located so as to allow for the
free passage of all people
without creating hazards.
Textural changes in the

footpath surface help sightless
people to identify the location
of public amenities (see
Obstructions).
3.3 Resting facilities

Fig. 4
Level rest areas with seats
are helpful for all pedestrians,
especially for those with
mobility problems.
Resting facilities should be

placed outside the main
circulation path in public
parks, recreational places,
pathway crossings, in front of
accessible entrances and exits
and wherever necessary.

provided at regular intervals
between 100.00 m and 200.00
m (2) (fig. 1).
Some seating
accommodations should be Fig. 5
placed close to public toilets,
telephones, etc.
Resting spaces with

benches should allow a
minimum of 1.20 m of
adjoining space for a
wheelchair (fig. 2).
Public seats and benches

should be approximately 0.45
m above floor level, with
backrests at approximately
0.70 m above floor level (fig.
3).
Fig. 6
The height of a table should
be between 0.75 m and 0.90 m
and the minimum depth under
the table should be 0.60 m, in
order to fit a wheelchair under
all sides (fig. 4).
3.4 Public telephone booths (3)
At public telephone booths,

one telephone should be Fig. 7
accessible to a wheelchair user
and another to a person with a
hearing impairment.
Telephones for the hearing

impaired should be equipped
with hearing aid devices and
amplifiers. The location of
telecommunication devices
should be indicated by signs.
A push-button telephone
numbering system, with raised
letters which can also be read
by touch, should be used for
the convenience of sightless
users and other disabled
people. A dial numbering
system is not recommended
unless the dial tension is
reduced so as to require less
effort to rotate the dial.
A folding seat should be

provided in accessible
telephone booths for the
convenience of people with
mobility problems.
The minimum unobstructed

area in front of the telephone
counter should be 1.20 m x
0.85 m, allowing either a
parallel or a frontal approach
(fig. 5).
The coin slot should be

mounted at an accessible
comfortable height between
0.90 m and 1.20 m.
The telephone cord length

should be at least 0.75m.
Accessible public
telephones should be marked
by appropriate signs.
3.5 Mailboxes
Mailbox slots should be

mounted at an accessible
height between 0.90 m and
1.20 m (fig. 6).
3.6 Water Fountains (fig. 7)
Drinking fountain spouts

should be located at an
approximate height of 0.90 m.
Drinking fountains can have

two spouts located at different
heights, one convenient to
wheelchair users at
approximately 0.85 m, and
one at approximately 0.95 m
for non-disabled people.
3.7 Signs (see Signage;

Pedestrian Crossings)
3.8 Garbage bins (see

Obstructions)
3.9 Public toilets (see Rest
Rooms)
3.10 Ticket vending machines

(see Height Limits)
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS

rearranged where possible to
allow an adjoining space for a
wheelchair.
Facilities mounted at a
maximum height of 1.40 m are
acceptable, while those
located at a higher level
should be modified.
Notes:
(1) Landscaped strips act as a

buffer zone between
pedestrian and vehicular
zones, and street furniture can
be located within these strips.
(2) It might be beneficial to

locate rest areas at more
frequent intervals on long
gradients
(3) Public telephone

requirements also include
those in hotels, information
booths and other public areas.
4. PATHWAYS
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Uneven curbs with

obstacles and holes.
Fig. 1
Inconvenient or dangerous
interruptions in the path of
travel.
Insufficient width.
Changes in level.
To provide clear,
obstruction-free, level and
wide pathways for the
convenience of all users,
especially the sightless and
people with mobility
problems.
3. DESIGN
Fig. 2
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Street pavements,
pedestrian passages in open
spaces and recreational
areas, pedestrian
underpasses and overpasses
are all considered pathways
or ramps.
Pedestrian routes in
recreational areas and open
spaces should be broken
Fig. 3
regularly by detectable
obstructions such as plants
and/or by changing the
alignment to discourage
bicyclists (see
Obstructions).
3.2 Guide strips
The path of travel should

be easy to detect by a
sightless person using a
long white cane. Natural
guide lines (1) and guide
strips are used to help
Fig. 4
identify travel routes.
A guide strip is a line

means constructed in or on
the road surface to facilitate
orientation for sightless
pedestrians in the following
manner:
(a) To replace missing

natural guidelines fill gaps
of more than 10.00 m in a
guide strip (fig.1);
(b) To guide to pedestrian

crossings (fig.2) (see Curb
Ramps; Pedestrian
Crossings).
Guide strips should be

laid in a simple and logical Fig. 5
manner and should not be
located close to manholes
or drains to avoid confusing
sightless people.
Guide strips should have

a colour which contrasts
with the surrounding
surface for the benefit of
people with sight problems. Fig. 6
The guide strip ridge

profile should be parallel to
the main direction of
movement and should be
flush with the top layer of
the adjacent road surface so
as not to hinder people with
mobility problems.
Where travel routes

change direction, there
should be a gradual change Fig. 7
in the direction of the
guiding strip (fig. 3).
3.3 Tactile marking
Tactile tiling on the

pedestrian route of travel
should be placed at the
following locations:
(a) On a guide strip where

alternative routes exist or at Fig. 8
a junction of guide strips
(fig. 4).
(b) At a pedestrian crossing

(see Curb Ramps;
Pedestrian Crossings ).
(c) Around obstructions

which are difficult for the
sightless to detect (see
Obstructions).
A tactile guiding area,

preferably of rubber tiles (2)
with minimum dimensions
of 0.90 m x 0.90 m, should
be constructed in a guide
strip at cross pathways
where the route branches
off in several directions
(fig.4).
3.4 Curbs
The height of a curb

should be between 0.07 m
and 0.15m.
Stepped curbs should be

avoided, as they are
hazardous to all
pedestrians, especially in
darkness.
3.5 Curb ramps
Curbs should not

obstruct the free passage of
physically disabled people,
mainly wheelchair users
(see Curb Ramps).
3.6 Width (fig. 5)
The minimum width of

an unobstructed pathway
should be 0.90 m.
The minimum width of a

two-way wheelchair traffic
passage is 1.50 m. The
preferable width is 1.80 m.
3.7 Slope
The slope of an
accessible path should not
exceed 1:20. Pathways with
a slope of more than 1:20
should be designed as
ramps (see Ramps).
The slope across a path

should not exceed 1:50.
3.8 Surface
The surface of an
accessible pathway should
be smooth, continuous,
non-slip and even.
Pathways which are level
and even with adjacent
surfaces should be given a
different texture and colour
finish for differentiation.
Intersecting pathways
should blend at one
common level.
3.9 Gratings (fig. 6)
Gratings can be
hazardous to wheelchair
users, cane and crutch
users, parents with prams
and women with high heels.
Manholes, drains and

gratings should generally be
placed outside the
pedestrian pathway.
Gratings should be flush

with the pathway surface
and should have narrow
patterns of not more than 13
mm.
Elongated grating
openings should be
perpendicular to the
pedestrian travel path.
3.10 Guards
For changes in level of

more than 13 mm between
the pathway and the
surrounding surface,
guards, upstands or other
types of barriers should be
used.
Guards with a minimum

height of 0.15 m should be
used to separate pathways
from planting areas, pools
and landscape features (fig.
7).
The edges of the pathway

should be beveled wherever
changes in level between 6
mm and 13 mm exist
between the pathway and
the surrounding area (fig.
8). 3.11 Landscaping
Plant varieties and

locations within the travel
route should be chosen with
caution.
Thorny and poisonous

plants should not be used
immediately adjacent to
pedestrian paths.
Plants that drop seeds

and leaves creating a hazard
underfoot should be
avoided.
Trees with shallow roots

are hazardous as the roots
may breakthrough the
pathway surface.
3.12 Obstacles and Signs

(see Obstructions)
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
Textured rubber adhesive

tiles can be applied to
existing pavement to avoid
slipping and to warn
sightless people.
Existing curbs that

obstruct the pedestrian flow
should be ramped (see Curb
Ramps)
Existing pathways with

steps, stairs or steep slopes
need not be modified if an
alternative accessible route
exists.
Notes:
(1) A guiding line is a

straight continuous line of
detectable natural objects
and defined edges (i.e.,
building frontages, grass
verges, raised platforms,
continuous railing, curbs,
guards, low barriers, etc.).
(2) The acoustic effect of

the rubber tiles as compared
with the surrounding
surface will provide both a
tactile and audible warning
of the change in direction.

5. CURB RAMPS
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Improperly designed
transition or no transition at
all between the curb and the
street at pedestrian
crossings and in the vicinity Fig. 1
of building entrances.
To overcome changes in
level between the pavement
and the road surface and
also on the pavement itself.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Curb ramps are used Fig. 2

wherever there is a
difference in level on
pedestrian paths or cross
paths.
To avoid confusing
sightless pedestrians, curb
ramps should be positioned
out of the usual line of
pedestrian flow. The
unobstructed width of the
pathway should be not less Fig. 3
than 0.90 m (see Pathways).
Curb ramps should be

located away from places
where water accumulates.
3.2 Types (a) Standard curb

ramps: Cut back into the
pavement with flared sides
providing transition in three
directions (fig. 1).
(b) Returned curb ramps: (1) Fig. 4

Providing slope in one
direction. This could be a
dangerous measure if the
sides are not protected (fig.
2).
(c) Built-up curb ramps: (2)

Usually with flared edges
(fig. 3).
3.3 Application
At each quadrant of each Fig. 5
street intersection (fig. 4).
At each pedestrian
crossing, on opposite sides
of the street (fig. 4).
At drop-off zones, near

building entrances (fig. 5).
Between accessible
parking areas and pathways
(fig. 6).
3.4 Curb ramps at Fig. 6

intersections
At intersections, curb
ramps can be installed in
any of the following ways:
(a) Directly in the path of

travel (fig. 4).
(b) Diagonally across the

corner (3) (fig. 7).
(c) Continuously wrapped

around the corner (fig. 8).
3.5 Narrow pavement Fig. 7
Where the construction of

curb ramps would affect the
width of the travel route, the
whole pavement should be
lowered, at a maximum
slope of 1:12, to provide the
necessary level transition
(fig. 9).
For narrow pavements

lowered at a corner, the
tactile tiling indicating the
location of the pedestrian Fig. 8
crossing could be
constructed as indicated in
figure 10.
3.6 Width

curb ramp should be 0.90
m, excluding the sloping
sides. The recommended
width is 1.20 m (4) (fig. 11).
3.7 Slope
The maximum slope of a Fig. 9

curb ramp should be 1:12.
The maximum slope of

flares should be 1:12.
Level transfer is
recommended between the
curb ramp and the surface
of a pathway. A lip not
exceeding 15 mm can be
used (fig. 11).
3.8 Guide strips

Fig. 10
A guide strip painted in a
contrasting colour should be
constructed to guide
sightless and partially
sighted pedestrians to the
location of the curb ramp
(fig. 4). (see Pathway;
Pedestrian Crossings)
3.9 Surface and colour
Curb ramps, including

flares, should have a rough
texture or ground pattern to
make them detectable and
slip-resistant. Fig. 11
The surface colour should

be distinct and should
contrast with the
surrounding surfaces to
guide pedestrians with
limited vision.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
The maximum allowable

slope for a curb ramp
constructed along high
pavements should not be
more than 1:10. The
maximum slope of the flares
should also be 1:10.
If existing curb ramps do

not comply with the above
mentioned requirements,
they should be modified.
For narrow pavements

more than 0.15 m high,
where the construction of
curb ramps would obstruct
the free passage of
pedestrians:
(a) The pavement can be

lowered to the road level to
obtain the required
transition between the
pavement and the road
surface (fig. 9) (fig.10).
(b) Built-up curb ramps can

be constructed if they would
not obstruct the required
width of the road (fig. 3).
Notes:
(1) Returned curb ramps are

unaccepted measures in
some countries.
(2) In some countries, such

as Canada, built-up curb
ramps are accepted only as
remedial measures to
overcome existing barriers,
but not on public streets or
pathways.
(3) Corner curb ramps could

be dangerous to wheelchair
users if the pedestrian
crossing is not wide enough.
(4) The curb ramp

construction at pedestrian
crossings does not need to
cover the whole width of
the crossing.
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Uneven road surface.
Lack of guide strips.
Lack of warning marking for

crossings.
Gratings on the road surface.
To facilitate the safe and

independent crossing of
disabled people.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Pedestrian crossings should

be equipped with traffic
control signals. Fig. 1
Low-traffic crossings
frequently used by disabled
people can be controlled by a
pedestrian push-button
system.
Constructing traffic islands

to reduce the length of the
crossing is recommended for
the safety of all road users.
Fig. 2
3.2 Guide strips (fig. 1)
Guide strips should be

constructed to indicate the
position of pedestrian
crossings for the benefit of
sightless pedestrians (see
Pathways; Curb Ramps).
A guide strip should lead to

pedestrian light poles with
push buttons for the benefit of
the visually disabled.
3.3 Traffic signals
Pedestrian traffic lights

should be provided with
clearly audible signals for the
benefit of sightless
pedestrians.
Acoustic devices (1) should

be installed on a pole at the
point of origin of crossing and
not at the point of destination.
The installation of two

adjacent acoustic devices such
as bleepers is not
recommended in order to
avoid disorientation.
The time interval allowed

for crossing should be
programmed according to the
slowest crossing persons.
3.4 Push buttons
Push buttons should be easy

to locate and operate and
should be placed between 0.90
m and 1.20 m off the ground
for the benefit of wheelchair
users.
3.5 Traffic islands
The traffic island depth

should not be less than 1.50
m.
The width of a traffic island

should not be less than 1.50
m.
A coloured tactile marking

strip at least 0.60 m wide
should mark the beginning
and the end of a traffic island,
to guide pedestrians with
impaired vision to its location.
3.6 Road hump
The road surface at

pedestrian crossings can be
raised to the same level as the
pathway so that wheelchair
users do not have to overcome
differences in height (2) (fig.
2).
3.7 Surface
The road surface should be

firm, well-drained, non-slip
and free of construction joints.
3.8 Drains and gratings (see

Pathways)
4. EXISTING
CONTRUCTIONS
The road surface should be

firm, well-drained, non-slip
and free of construction joints.
Notes:
(1) Experience shows that

acoustical signals encourage
safer crossing behavior among
children as well
(2) Road bumps are also

helpful in reducing the speed
of traffic approaching the
intersection.

7. PARKING
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Poor parking facilities.
Insufficient width of the

parking aisle.
No allocation of parking space Fig. 1

for the disabled.
To provide accessible parking

facilities as close as possible to
the point of destination.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Fig. 2
Accessible parking
provisions apply to both
outdoor and underground
facilities.
For multi-storey indoor

parking facilities, at least one
level should be served by an
accessible elevator.
3.2 Number
For parking facilities of less Fig. 3

than 50 cars, at least one
accessible parking space
should be provided in every
parking facility.
For parking facilities of a

maximum number of 400
spaces, accessible parking
spaces should at least be
provided in the ratio of 1:50
(one accessible space for every
50 spaces).
For parking facilities of

more than 400 spaces, at least Fig. 4
8 accessible parking spaces
should be provided plus 1
space for each additional
increment of 100 cars over
400.
3.3 Location
For outdoor parking,

accessible parking spaces
should be located not more
than 50 m from accessible
building entrances.
For indoor parking, Fig. 5

accessible parking spaces
should be located right next to
accessible elevators, or as
close as possible to exits.
The ends of rows are

preferable for vans with lifts
for wheelchair users.
3.4 Dimensions
Fig. 6
The minimum width of an
accessible parking space is
3.60 m. The recommended
width is 3.90 m (fig. 1).
An access aisle 1.20 m wide

can be located between two
ordinary parking spaces (fig.
2).
For indoor parking, the

minimum height clearance for
vans with hydraulic lifts is
2.40 m.
Fig. 7
Where parking spaces are
angled, the extra space at the
end of a row can be used as a
parking aisle for disabled
persons (fig. 3). 3.5 Parking
curb
If a curb exists, curb ramps

should be provided to link
accessible parking spaces to
accessible pathways (fig. 2).
If no curb exists, a textured

surface at least 0.60 m wide is Fig. 8
needed to separate the
pathway from the vehicular
area; otherwise bollards
should be used (see Street
Furniture). Pre-cast
wheelstops can also be used to
set apart a passage at least 0.90
m wide (fig. 4) (fig. 5).
3.6 Curbside parking
Curbside parking is
dangerous for disabled people
unless it is designed as an
accessible drop-off area.
Fig. 9
3.7 Drop-off areas (fig. 6)
Drop-off areas are

beneficial for picking up and
dropping off people with
physical limitations, parents
with children, people carrying
loads, etc.
Drop-off zones should be

provided at public transport
stops such as bus stops, and
not more than 30.00 m from
accessible building entrances.
The drop-off area should be

at least be 3.60 m wide and
incorporate an aisle 1.20 m
wide to allow for
manoeuvring. The length
should accommodate at least
two cars.
Appropriate curb ramps

should be provided to facilitate
circulation over paved
surfaces.
Where no curb exists to

mark the separation between
pedestrian and vehicle zones,
the installation of a cue is
necessary to guide sightless
pedestrians:
(a) Bollards may be used (see

Street Furniture); (b) A tactile
marking strip at least 0.60 m
wide can be constructed at the
edge of the pathway to warn of
the transition to a vehicular
area.
A protected shelter or
canopy with seating facilities
is a recommended design
feature at passenger loading
zones.
Signs should be installed to

identify a drop-off zone and
prevent its misuse as a parking
space.
3.8 Surface
The surface of a parking

facility should beuniform and
smooth.
The slope of a parking ramp

should not exceed 1:20.
3.9 Signs (fig. 7)
Accessible parking areas

should be marked by the
international symbol of
accessibility. (1)
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
If the parking area is more

than 50.00 m from the
building entrance, a vehicular
drop-off area within 30.00 m
of the entrance should be built
or an accessible parking space
close to the entrance should be
constructed.
If no accessible parking
space is available, one of the
following measures should be
implemented:
(a) Block a peripheral regular

stall with bollards to get one
accessible parking space (fig.
8).
(b) Block a central regular stall

with bollards to get two
accessible parking spaces (fig.
9).
(c) Two accessible parking

aisles (fig. 9).
For indoor parking spaces

with clear height of less than
2.40 m, alternative outdoor
provisions for vans carrying
disabled people should be
provided.
Notes:
(1) An exacting fine can be

imposed on non-disabled
drivers who park in a parking
space designated for the
disabled.
II. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

CONSIDERATIONS
1. RAMPS
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Inaccessible building entrances

due to difference between indoor
and outdoor levels.
Inaccessible routes due to

differences in level.
Lack of or improper design of Fig. 1

ramps.
Very steep and/or long ramps with

no resting landings.
To provide ramps wherever stairs

obstruct the free passage of
pedestrians, mainly wheelchair
users and people with mobility
problems.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
An exterior location is preferred

for ramps. Indoor ramps are not
Fig. 2
recommended because they take
up a great deal of space.
Ideally, the entrance to a ramp

should be immediately adjacent to
the stairs.
3.2 Ramp configuration (1)
Ramps can have one of the

following configurations:
(a) Straight run (fig. 1);
(b) 90 turn (fig. 2);

Fig. 3
(c) Switch back or 180 turn (fig.
3).
3.3 Width
Width varies according to use,

configuration and slope.
The minimum width should be Fig. 4

0.90 m.
3.4 Slope
The maximum recommended

slope of ramps is 1:20. Steeper
slopes may be allowed in special
cases depending on the length to
be covered (fig. 4).
Maximum Maximum Maximum
slope length rise
1:20 i.e., - -
5%
1:16 i.e., 8m 0.50 m
6%
1:14 i.e., 5m 0.35 m
7%
1:12 i.e., 2m 0.15 m
8%
1:10 i.e., 1.25 m 0.12 m Fig. 5
10%
1:08 i.e., 0.5 m 0.06 m
12%
3.4 Landings
Ramps should be provided with

landings for resting, maneuvering
and avoiding excessive speed.
Landings should be provided

every 10.00 m, at every change of
direction and at the top and
bottom of every ramp.
The landing should have a

minimum length of 1.20 m and a
minimum width equal to that of
the ramp
3.5 Handrail
A protective handrail at least

0.40 m high must be placed along
the full length of ramps.
For ramps more than 3.00 m

wide, an intermediate handrail
could be installed (fig. 5).
The distance between handrails

when both sides are used for
gripping should be between 0.90
m and 1.40 m (fig. 5).
3.6 Surface
The ramp surface should be

hard and non-slip.
Carpets should be avoided.
3.7 Tactile marking
A coloured textural indication

at the top and bottom of the ramp
should be placed to alert sightless
people as to the location of the
ramp.
The marking strip width should

not be less than 0.60 m.
3.8 Drainage n Adequate drainage

should be provided to avoid
accumulation of water.
3.9 Obstacles
The same clearance

considerations that apply to
pathways apply to ramps (see
Obstructions).
3.10 Mechanical Ramps
Mechanical ramps can be used

in large public buildings but are
not recommended for use by
persons with physical
impairments.
If the ramp is to be used by a

wheelchair-confined person, the
slope should not exceed 1:12.
The maximum width should be

1.00 m to avoid slipping.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
If the topography or structure of
the existing building is restrictive,
minor variations of gradient are
allowed as a function of the ramp
length:
Maximum Maximum Maximum

slope length rise
1:20 i.e., - -
9%
1:16 i.e., 8m 0.50 m
6%
1:14 i.e., 5m 0.35 m
7%
1:12 i.e., 2m 0.15 m
8%
1:10 i.e., 1.25 m 0.12 m
10%
1:08 i.e., 0.5 m 0.06 m
12%
A non-slip surface finish should

be added to slippery ramps.
Notes:
(1) Circular or curved ramps are

not recommended
2. ELEVATORS
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Inadequate space inside the

elevator cab.
High position of switches,

buttons and control panel.
Narrow entry doors.
Insufficient opening time

interval. Fig. 1
To provide well-dimensioned
elevators, that disabled people
can use conveniently.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
The accessible elevator

should serve all floors
normally reached by the
public.
Key-operated elevators
should be used only in private Fig. 2
facilities or when an elevator
operator is present.
Wide elevator cabs are

preferable to long ones.
3.2 Elevator cab
The minimum internal

elevator dimensions, allowing
for one wheelchair passenger
alone, are 1.00 m x 1.30 m Fig. 3
(fig. 1).
The door opening should

not be less than 0.80 m.
The inside of the elevator

should have a handrail on
three sides mounted 0.80 to
0.85 m from the floor (fig. 2).
The maximum tolerance for

stop precision should be 20
mm.
3.3 Control panel
The control panel can be

mounted at one of the
alternative locations shown in
figure 3.
For ease of reach, the

control panel should be Fig. 4
mounted 0.90 m to 1.20 m
from the floor (fig. 2).
Control buttons should be in

an accessible location and
illuminated. Their diameter
should be no smaller than 20
mm.
The numerals on the floor

selector buttons should be
embossed so as to be easily
identifiable by touch.
3.4 Call buttons
For ease of reach, call

buttons should be mounted
0.90 m to 1.20 m from the
floor (fig. 4). 3.5 Floor
identifiers
Tactile numerals should be

placed on both sides of the
door jambs at an approximate
height of 1.50 m to help a lone
sightless passenger to identify
the floor reached (fig. 4). 3.6
Hall signal
The elevator hall signal

should be placed at an
approximate height of 1.80 m
(fig. 4).
3.7 Door re-opening activators
The door opening interval

should be no less than five
seconds. Re-opening
activators should be provided.
3.8 Audiovisual signals
The elevator should signal

arrival at each floor by means
of a bell and a light to alert
sightless and hearing-impaired
passengers simultaneously.
3.9 Floor surface
The floor of the elevator

and the area in front of the
elevetor on each floor should
have a non skid resilient
surface or a low-pile fixed
carpet.
3.10 Colour
The colour of the elevator

door should contrast with the
surrounding surface so as to be
easily distinguishable by
persons with visual
impairments.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
The minimum acceptable

size of an existing elevator
cab, allowing for a single
wheelchair passenger, is 0.95
m x 1.25 m. Smaller cabs
should be replaced.
The minimum acceptable

width of an existing elevator
door opening is 0.75 m.
Call buttons and control

panels mounted higher than
the recommended height may
be left in place if they are
within 1.40 m of the floor, this
being the maximum reach of a
wheelchair user.
Controls mounted higher

than 1.40 m should be
replaced.
Where there are two

identical control panels, only
one need be replaced.
3. PLATFORM LIFTS (1)

1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Changes in level between

indoor and outdoor areas.
Changes in level inside a

building.
Insufficient space for ramps.
To allow people with mobility

problems to have free vertical
access between different
levels.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
Fig. 1
3.1 General
Platform lifts are special

passenger-elevating devices
for the disabled.
Platform lifts can have

either a vertical or an inclined
movement.
3.2 Vertical movement

platform lifts
For maximum level changes

of 2.50 m, vertical movement
platform lifts may be installed
adjacent to the stairs (fig. 1).
For level changes of more Fig. 2

than 1.20 m, the lift should be
placed in a closed structure
with doors at the different
accessible levels (fig. 2).
Vertical platform lifts can

have a variety of opening for
entry and exit (fig. 3). Fig. 3
3.3 Inclined movement

platform lifts
Inclined movement platform

lifts consist of three elements:
a railing, an electric generator
and a moving platform or seat.
The operating system of the Fig. 4

lift can be either lateral (fig. 4)
or suspended (fig. 5).

lifts can be installed along the
stair wall, as long as they do
not obstruct the required width
of the exit. The seat or
platform can be folded when
not in use.
The minimum width of the

stairs should be 0.90 m to
allow the installation of a lift
(fig. 6).
Platform lifts can be

installed on all types of stairs
including switch-back stairs
i.e. those with a rotation angle Fig. 5
of 180 (fig. 7) and spiral
staircases (fig. 5).
3.4 Lift size

lift platform should be 0.90 m
and the minimum length
should be 1.20 m (fig. 3).
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
Platform lifts can provide

Fig. 6 Fig. 7
access to existing buildings
where it would be difficult or
unfeasible to install a ramp or
an elevator.

lifts are usually used to
connect one or more floors or
to overcome split levels in
existing buildings. In buildings
that are or would be frequently
used by persons with mobility
problems, such devices should
not be utilized.
Notes:
(1) Platform lifts are also

known as stairway lifts or
wheelchair lifts.
4. STAIRS
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Steep staircases.
Poorly designed steps that

hinder foot movement.
2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE Fig. 1
To provide safe and well-

dimensioned staircases for the
comfort of all people,
especially those with mobility
problems.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Differences in level should

be illuminated or minimized as
much as possible for the
comfort of disabled people.
A complementary ramped
route, elevator or lift should be
provided where there are steps
in an otherwise accessible
path.
All steps should be uniform.
Circular stairs and stepped Fig. 2

landings should be avoided
(fig. 1).
Open risers are not

recommended.
3.2 Width

stairway should be 0.90 m for
one-way traffic and 1.50 m for
two-way traffic. Fig. 3
For indoor stairs, the riser

should be between 0.12 m and
0.18 m, and the tread between
0.28 m and 0.35 m.
For outdoor stairs, the

maximum riser should be 0.15
m and the minimum tread
should be 0.30 m.
3.3 Landing (fig. 2) (fig. 3)

Fig. 4: Recommended nosing types
An intermediate landing
should be provided when the
stairs cover a difference in
level of more than 2.50 m.
The length of the landing

should be at least 1.20 m
extending along the full width
of the stairs.
3.4 Nosing (fig. 4)
Sharp edges and

overhanging nosing should not
be used for treads.
Fig. 5
Nosing should be flush or
rounded and should not project
more than 40 mm.
3.5 Handrails
Handrails must be installed

on both sides of the stairs and
around the landing for gripping
(fig. 3).
For stairs more than 3.00 m

wide, one or more intermediate
handrails could be provided
(fig. 5).
The distance between the

handrails when both sides are
used for gripping should be
between 0.90 m and 1.40 m Fig. 6
(fig. 5).
Handrails must extend a

distance between 0.30 m and
0.45 m at the top and bottom
of the stairs (see Railings and
Handrails) (fig. 3).
3.6 Tactile marking (fig. 2)

(fig. 3)
A textural marking strip Fig. 7

should be placed at the top and
bottom of the stairs and at
intermediate landings to alert
sightless people as to the
location of the stairs.
The tactile marking strip

should be at least 0.60 m wide
and should extend over the full
width of the stairs.
To guide users with poor

vision, the colour of the strip
should contrast with the
surrounding surface. 3.7
Surface
Landings, treads and nosing

should be slip-resistant and
free of projections.
Exterior stairs should be

pitched forward at 10 mm per
metre to drain surface water.
Slip-resistant stair nosing

should be used to fix carpets
on stairs.
3.8 Emergency stairs
Emergency stairs should be

identified by tactile markings.
3.9 Mechanical stairs

(escalators)
Mechanical stairs can be

provided with an adaptable
tread at least 1.20 m long, if
they are to be used by persons
confined to wheelchairs (fig.
6).
The edges of escalators

should be painted in a
contrasting colour for the
benefit of poor- sighted users.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
When the configuration of

the nosing cannot be modified,
slip-resistant strip scould be
applied to the nosing as an
alternative solution (fig. 7).
Slip-resistant strips should

be 40 mm wide and should not
extent more than 1 mm above
the tread surface.
To guide people with sight

problems, the colour of the
strips should contrast with that
of the stairs.
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Unsafe railings.
Fig. 1
Hard to grip handrails.
No railings or handrails.
To install adequate railing,

wherever needed for the
comfort and safety of all
people, especially those with
mobility problems.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Safety guards or railings

should be installed around Fig. 2
hazardous areas, stairs, ramps,
accessible roofs, mezzanines,
galleries, balconies and raised
platforms more than 0.40 m
high.
On stairways, windows
positioned less than 1.00 m
from the landing should have
railings.
Fig. 3
Handrails should be
installed to assist disabled
persons in bathrooms and
toilets (see Rest Rooms).
Spacing between the vertical

and horizontal bars of railings
should be narrow for the safety
of children.
Handrails should not

obstruct the path of travel.
3.2 Height (fig. 1) (1) Fig. 4
To facilitate use by
ambulant disabled and elderly
people, handrails should be
mounted between 0.85 m and
0.95 m above the finished floor
level.
For the benefit of

wheelchair users, a second
handrail can be mounted
between 0.70 m and 0.75 m Fig. 5
from the floor.
To facilitate use by children

and short people, a third
handrail can be mounted at a
height of 0.60 m.
To guide sightless people

using a long cane, a rail should
be mounted at a height
(fig. 1); or a low curb should
be installed at a height between
50 mm and 75 mm (fig. 2).
Low curbs also act as
wheelstops.
3.3 Mounting
Fig. 6
Railings should be securely
attached to the wall or to a
supporting structure so as to
withstand heavy loads.
Railings should not end

abruptly but extend to the floor
or blend into the wall so as not
to create a hazard for sightless
people.
3.4 Form (fig. 3)
Handrails should allow a

firm and easy grip.
Circular cross-sections with

a diameter of 40 mm are
preferable.
Sharp edges should be

avoided.
3.5 Handrails for ramps and

stairs
Handrails should continue

uninterrupted (except for
doorways) on both sides and
around the landing.
Handrails should extend

horizontally for a distance
between 0.30 m and 0.45 m at
the top and bottom of stairs
and ramps, except in places
where extensions could
obstruct the pedestrian flow
(fig.4).
For stairs or ramps more

than 3.00 m wide, a continuous
intermediate handrail could be
provided (see Ramps; Stairs).
3.6 Wall-mounted handrails
The space between the

handrail and the wall should be
between 40 mm and 50 mm for
smooth walls and 60 mm for
rough textured walls (fig. 5).
Where handrails are fully

recessed into walls, a space of
at least 0.15 m should be
allowed between the top of the
rail and the top of the recess
(fig. 6).
3.7 Tactile marking
For emergency exit stairs or

ramps, a contrasting tactile
strip at least 0.90 m long
should be applied to the top
and bottom edges of the
handrail to alert the partially
sighted.
3.8 Colour
A contrasting colour is
recommended for handrails to
alert people with sight
problems.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
If existing railings and

handrails do not comply with
the above requirements, they
should be modified or
replaced.
Notes:
(1) Measurements are taken

from the front of the tread.
6. ENTRANCES
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
No distinct accessible
entrance.
Inadequate space in front of

the entrance.
To provide accessible and

easy-to-find building
entrances.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
For new accessible

constructions, all main public
entrances should be
accessible to an ambulant Fig. 1
disabled person.
At least one entrance per

facility should be accessible
to a wheelchair user. In new
buildings, the accessible
entrance(s) should be the
main entrance(s) intended for
use by the general public.
Each accessible entrance

should be connected by
accessible pathways to
accessible indoor or outdoor
parking areas, local public
transit stops and drop-off
areas (fig. 1).
In multi-storey buildings,
the accessible entrance should
permit access to a Fig. 2
conveniently located
accessible elevator or lift.
3.2 Signs
Accessible entrances
should be clearly identified
using the international
symbol of accessibility
including alternate locations
of accessible entrances (fig.
2).
No signs are needed if the

whole building is accessible.
Fig. 3
3.3 Entrance landing
Where the entrance door

opens outward, the minimum
landing dimensions should
comply with figure 3.
Where the entrance door

opens inward, the minimum
landing dimensions should
comply with figure 4.
The surface of the landing

should have a slope of 2% for Fig. 4
drainage.
The finish material should

be non-slippery.
Jute door mats should be

avoided. When used however,
the upper surface of the mat
should be level with the floor
finish (fig. 5).
Fig. 5
Sheltered landings are
preferable.
3.5 Threshold
Thresholds should be
removed wherever possible
(see Doors).
3.6 Colour
The colour of the entrance

door should contrast with the
surrounding surface so as to
be distinguishable by people
with sight problems.
3.7 Entrance vestibules (see

Vestibules)
3.8 Entrance doors (see

Doors)
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
Public buildings should

have at least one accessible
entrance. Wherever possible,
this should be the main
entrance intended for use by
the general public (1) (see
Building Types).
If for architectural or
technical reasons the main
entrance cannot be made
accessible, an alternative
accessible entrance should be
provided. The location of the
alternative entrance should be
clearly indicated by signs.
To allow for an accessible

entrance, one of the following
solutions can be adapted:
(a) Ramps, bridges or

mechanical lifts be used; (2)
(b) The entrance level might

be modified earthfill, or by
changing the grade or the
landscaping of the
surrounding site;
(c) A window or another door

at ground might be converted
into an accessible entrance.
Notes:
(1) For existing constructions,

a service entrance can be used
temporarily as an accessible
entrance, but it should not be
the only accessible entrance.
(2) Mechanical lifts are

recommended for buildings
where modifications are
impossible or unacceptable.
7. VESTIBULES
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Narrow doorways and

vestibules.
To provide sufficient space to

manoeuvre a wheelchair
between two sets of doors. Fig. 1
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Vestibule entrance doors can

be either the sliding type or the
swinging type.
Fig. 2
For swinging doors, the door
mechanism should allow the
maximum opening swing.
3.2 Layout
The layout of two swinging

doors in a series can be one of
the following:
(a) Outward-swinging (fig. 1);
(b) Double-swinging (fig. 2);
(c) Swinging in the same

direction (1) (fig. 3);
Fig. 3
(d) Inward-swinging (fig. 4).
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
For narrow vestibules either

of the following solutions can
be employed:
(a) Replace swinging doors

with sliding doors; Fig. 4
(b) Change the direction of the

door swing so that both doors
can be made to swing
outwards, if possible (fig. 5).
(c) Install double-swinging

doors for small exit vestibules
with a minimum width of 1.20
m.
Fig. 5
(d) Remove the inside or
second door.
(e) Enlarge the existing

vestibule if possible (2) (fig. 6).
Notes:
(1) Doors swinging in the same Fig. 6

direction can be aligned, offset
on opposite walls or offset on
adjacent walls.
(2) This is recommended for

vestibules that also serve as
emergency exits because other
solutions, such as changing the
direction of the door swing,
might not solve the problem.
8. DOORS
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Narrow doorways.
Doors hinged on the wrong

side, thus hindering
accessibility.
Doorways with high

thresholds.
Heavy and hard-to-operate Fig. 1

door leaves.
To facilitate the passage of a

wheelchair user through doors.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Fig. 2
Accessible doors should be
so designed as to permit
operation by one person in a
single motion with little effort.
Power-operated doors are

the best for people with
disabilities. The activator
system should be automatic or Fig. 3
placed within easy reach.
An accessible door should

have the following features: a
sign, a door handle, an extra
pull handle, glazing and a kick
plate.
3.2 Door types (a) Automatic

doors: - Can be of the sliding
or swinging type. In general
sliding doors are preferable to
swinging doors (fig. 1) (fig. 2).
- Automatic doors are useful Fig. 4
when traffic is heavy.
- Automatic doors should have

an adequate opening interval.
-Guard-rails can be installed
near double-swinging doors to
indicate a door-opening area
and to prevent people from
being hit by the door.
(b) Revolving doors: -

Revolving doors are not Fig. 5
suitable for the use of disabled
people or people with prams.
- Wherever there are revolving

doors, an adjacent accessible
swinging or sliding door
should be provided (fig. 3).
- Auxiliary gates should be

provided next turnstiles (fig.
3).
Fig. 6
(c) Pivoted doors: - Pivoted
doors should swing away from
the direction of travel
wherever possible.
- Pivoted doors in series are

considered as vestibules (see
Vestibules).
(d) Sliding and folding doors: -

Manual sliding and folding
doors are recommended for
narrow spaces not heavily used Fig. 7
by the public (fig. 4).
3.3 Door opening
For exterior doors, the

minimum opening is 0.90 m
when the door is open.
For interior doors, the

minimum opening is 0.80 m
The minimum door opening

can be 0.75 m if the access is
straight or if the door can stay
open by itself (fig. 5).
The minimum door width of

rest rooms should be 0.75 m.
For doors installed in an

opening more than 0.60 m in
depth, the clear door opening
should be at least 0.90 m (fig.
6).
For double-leaf doors, at

least one leaf should have a Fig. 8
minimum clear width of 0.80
m (fig. 7).
3.4 Manual door hardware
Operational devices on
doors, such as handles, pulls,
latches and locks, should be
easy to grasp with one hand
(fig. 8).
(a) Handles: - Lever-type

handles, push plates or pull
handles are recommended for
swinging doors because they
are easy to open. (1)
- Round knobs are not

recommended.
- Door handles should be

located at a comfortable height
from the floor surface.
(b) Locks: Locks on entrance

doors should be mounted at a
0.90 m and 1.00 m from the
floor.
(c) Extra pull handle: To

facilitate closing, a door fitted
with spring closers should be
equipped with an extra pull
handle approximately 0.30 m
in length, located between 0.20
m and 0.30 m from the hinged
side of the door and mounted
from the floor.
3.5 Automatic doors hardware
Automatic doors can be

activated by:
(a) Push buttons located at a

0.90 m and 1.20 m; (b)
Activating mats, which can
also serve as a location cue
(fig. 2);
(c) Card-insert switch;
(d) Remote control.
3.6 Threshold (fig. 8)
omitted wherever possible.
Weather-stripping at the door
bottom is preferred to
thresholds.
The threshold should not be

more than 20 mm higher than
the finished floor level.
Thresholds higher than 6

mm should be beveled or have
sloped edges to facilitate the
passage of a wheelchair.
3.7 Exit doors landing

The exit landing should not
be lower than the finished floor
level by more than 20 mm.
3.8 Glazing and glazed doors
Outward swinging doors and

doors in public corridors
should have low windows to
enable users to see oncoming
traffic. The bottom edge of the
window should not be higher
than 1.00 m from the finished
floor level (fig. 8).
Completely glazed doors

should be avoided in buildings
frequented by people with
visual impairments.
Glazed doors should be

clearly marked with a coloured
band or mark placed for the
benefit of all users at a height
(fig. 2).
3.9 Kick plates
Kick plates are useful in

protecting the finish on the
lower part of the door. Kick
plates should be between 0.30
m and 0.40 m in height (fig. 8).
3.10 Signage
In public buildings, the

function or room number,
incorporating international
symbols should be identified at
eye level, i.e. between 1.40 m
and 1.60 m (fig. 8).
Room numbers should be

placed on door frames and not
on doors themselves so that the
room number is visible even
3.11 Colour
The door or the door frame

can be painted in a colour that
contrasts with the adjoining
wall to facilitate its
identification by people with
visual impairments.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
It is recommended that
automatic doors replace heavy,
hard-to-open swinging doors.
Door openings narrower

than 0.75 m should be
widened. A swing-clear hinged
door may be used to slightly
enlarge an opening.
Notes:
(1) Lever type handles can be

activated by hand, elbow or
other means.
II. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

CONSIDERATIONS
9. CORRIDORS
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Long and narrow corridors

creating orientation difficulties.
To provide well-dimensioned
corridors to facilitate the
passage and maneuvering of a
wheelchair. Fig. 1
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Wide corridors are useful for

wheelchair users, service
equipment, high traffic areas,
etc.
Fig. 2
3.2 Width
The unobstructed width of a

low-traffic corridor should not
be less than 0.90 m. This also
allows maneuverability in 90
turns (fig. 1).
The unobstructed width of a

public corridor should not be
less than 1.50 m. The Fig. 3
recommended width is 1.80 m
(1)
(fig. 2).
To allow maneuverability in
180 turns, the minimum
circulation space should be as
shown in figure 3.
The corridor width should

allow maneuverability through
the doors located along its
length (fig. 2) (fig. 4).
3.3 Obstructions
Obstacles protruding into the

corridor, such as drinking
fountains or public telephones,
should be placed outside the
circulation path, in alcoves or
cul-de-sacs (fig. 5).
Overhanging signs and

obstacles should be mounted at
least 2.00 m high (fig. 6).
3.4 Surface Fig. 4
Changes in surface level of

more than 13 mm should be
ramped.
Floor surfaces should be

non-slip and even. Carpets
should be securely fastened.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
Narrow corridors should be

widened along their full length
if feasible; otherwise, passing
areas should be located at
appropriate intervals along the
corridor length. Fig. 5

passing area should be 1.50 m
and the minimum length
should be 2.40 m.
In highly restricted spaces,

the height of an obstacle or
sign can be dropped to 1.95 m.
Notes:
Fig. 6
(1) 1.50 m is the minimum
width for two wheelchairs to
pass each other or for one
wheelchair to make a full turn.
10. REST ROOMS
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Insufficient space inside

a rest room.
Poor design and

positioning of fixtures
and fittings. Fig. 1
Taps that are difficult to
grip.
2. PLANNING
PRINCIPLE
To provide sufficient
accessible space inside
rest rooms, with all
fixtures and fittings
being within easy reach.
Fig. 2
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Turning circles of 1.50

m diameter are
recommended inside the
rest room to allow for
full-turn maneuvering of
a wheelchair.
The ease of Fig. 3

transfering from a
wheelchair to a toilet
seat or bidet depends on
the approach. In general
there are four different
approaches:
(a) The parallel

approach, which is the
easiest (fig. 1);
(b) The diagonal

approach, which is
difficult (fig. 2);
Fig. 4
(c) The perpendicular
approach, which is also
difficult (fig. 3);
(d) The frontal approach

which is the most
difficult and needs
particular care (fig. 4).
3.2 Public rest rooms
In any public rest

room, at least one
compartment for each
sex should be accessible
to an ambulant disabled
person.
In any public rest

room at least one unisex
com partment should be
accessible to a
wheelchair user.
Accessible rest rooms Fig. 5

should be marked with
the international symbol
of accessibility. No
indication is needed if all
rest rooms are
accessible.
Pivoted doors should

open outward unless
sufficient space is
provided within the
toilet stall.
3.3 Special public rest

rooms
Installation of a
separate unisex unit is
always desirable in
public buildings, even
when all rest rooms are
accessible, so as to allow
a disabled person to be
assisted by an attendant
of the opposite sex.
Special rest rooms

should be marked with
the international symbol
of accessibility but
should not be the only
accessible rest rooms.
A water-closet and a
lavatory should be
provided within special
rest rooms.
Fig 6.
The size and layout of
special rest rooms
should comply with the
minimum requirements
(fig. 5).
3.4 Residential rest

rooms
Residential rest rooms

include those in private
residences, health
facilities, dormitories
and other residential
institutional settings.
Residential bathrooms
are usually equipped
with a toilet, a bidet, a
wash-basin and a bath-
tub or shower.
In multiple-rest-room
arrangements (such as
dormitories):
(a) Only one wash-basin

per rest room needs to be
accessible; (b) At least
one shower stall and one
toilet stall should be
designed for a
wheelchair user.
To save space in
private occupancies:
(a) The tiled floor area

adjacent to the tub can
be used as a shower
space; (b) The wash-
basin seat might be used
as a seat during the use
of the wash-basin or the
hand shower.

residential rest rooms
should comply with the
minimum requirements
(fig. 6).
3.5 Rest room fixtures
1) Water closets:

water-closets and toilet
stalls should comply
with the minimum
requirement (fig. 7) (fig.
8).
The height of the

toilet seat should be
m from the finished floor
level. (1) Fig. 7

the center line of the
toilet seat and the
adjacent wall, if
provided with a grip bar,
should be between 0.45
m and 0.50 m.
Grab bars should be

mounted on the wall
behind the water closet,
if it is of the tankless
type, and on the side
wall closest to the water
closet, or mounted on
the floor at the edges of
the seat. (2)
Grab bars should be

mounted at a height
m from the floor.
Flushing
arrangements and toilet
paper should be placed
within reach at a height
m.
Accessible hand- Fig. 8

operated flushing
controls, located on the
open side of the water-
closet, are
recommended.
Wall-mounted water
closets are
recommended.
2) Lavatories:
The dimensions of
lavatories should comply
with the minimum
requirements (fig. 9).
The height of a wash

basin should be between
0.80 m and 0.85 m
above the finished floor
level.

wash-basin and the
adjacent side wall should
at least be 0.45 m.
The wash-basin may

be drawn forward from
the wall a distance
m.
No shelves must be
located above the wash-
basin.
3)Bath-tubs: Fig. 9
In general bath-tubs
are difficult to use by
those confined to a
wheelchair without the
help of an attendant.
The dimensions of
bath-tubs should comply
with the minimum
requirements (fig. 10).
The minimum
dimensions of the bath-
tub should be 1.60 m x
0.70 m.
The height of the tub

should be between 0.45
m and 0.50 m from
finished floor level.
An in-tub seat or a
seat at the same height
of the tub should be
provided at the head side
of the tub. (1)
A grab bar should be

mounted on the wall
level. (2)
Tubs with a toe recess

are recommended.
4) Showers:
The dimensions of
showers should comply
with the minimum
requirements (fig. 11)
(fig. 12). Fig. 10
The shower should

have a seat conveniently
positioned for the
shower head at a height
of 0.45 m and 0.50 m.
(1)
The shower seat

should be of the hinged
pull-down or removable
type, not spring-loaded.
Fig. 11
A grab bar should be
placed on the wall
opposite the seat and
around the back wall,
mounted at a height
m.
Drain openings should

be placed in a corner of
the stall so that slip-
resistant rubber mats can
be used.
The floor of the

shower stall should not
be more than 20 mm
below the level of the
surrounding floor area.
The shower stall Fig. 12

should have a beveled
threshold not exceeding
13 mm above the
finished floor.
5) Bidets:
The dimensions of
bidets should comply
with the minimum
requirements.
Fig. 13
The upper edge of the
bidet should be between
0.45 m and 0.50 m from
the finished floor level.
(1)

bidet and the adjacent
wall should be at least
0.45 m.
Wall mounted bidets

are recommended.
6) Urinals: (fig. 13)
At least one accessible

urinal should be
provided in public rest
rooms.
Urinals should have a

clear space on both
sides.
A full-length urinal is
the most accessible.
Urinals with a
protruding lip should be
mounted at a height of
0.45 m from the finished
floor level.
3.6 Rest room door
The clear door

opening should be at
least 0.75 m with the
door in the open
position.
Doors should be
lockable from inside and
releasable from outside
under emergency
situations.
Regardless of the door

type, a handle should be
placed on the door from
the inside to facilitate
closing. Another handle
should be provided on
the outside (see Doors).
3.7 Accessories
All accessories, such

as soap, towel and toilet
paper dispensers, should
be placed at a height
level.
3.8 Grab bars
Grab bars should be

installed in water-
closets, bath-tubs and
showers to assist
disabled persons to use
the facilities safely and
easily. (2)
Grab bars should have

a diameter of 30 mm to
40 mm.
Wall-mounted grab
bars should extent
between 35 mm and 45
mm from the wall.
Grab bars should be

firmly fixed with stand
loads and should have
non-slip surfaces;
knurled surfaces usually
prevent slipping.
3.9 Mirrors
Mirrors should be
suitable for use by both
standing and seated
persons. Low mirrors or
downward tilted mirrors
can be used.
The bottom edge of

mirrors should be
located at a maximum
height of 1.00 m from
the finished floor level
(fig. 9).
3.10 Faucets
Single-lever mixing-
type faucets, which are
easily operated by hand
or elbow, are
recommended. Faucets
with push buttons are
also convenient.
The clearance
between the grip of the
tap and any adjacent
vertical surface should
not be less than 35 mm.
The space between

two taps should not be
less than 0.20 m.
The left tap should be

connected to the hot
water supply.
Telephone fixtures
with a cord at least 1.50
m long are
recommended for use in
showers and bath-tubs.
These can be hand-held
or fixed at an adjustable
height between 1.20 m
and 1.80 m from the
floor to suit all users.
3.11 Flooring
Rest rooms must not

have doorsteps. The
gradient of the floor
should be as low as
possible.
avoided. When
inevitable, the maximum
threshold height should
be 20 mm (see Doors).
Flooring materials
should be skid-proof and
easy to clean.
The floor should be

well-drained and
provided with adequate
waterproofing.
3.12 Alarms
Rest rooms should be

equipped with an alarm
system.
3.13 Pipes
All exposed hot water

pipes should be insulated
or covered.
It is preferable that
pipes be fitted in the
wall.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
4.1 Public rest rooms
For accessible buildings,

at least one accessible
unisex rest room should
be provided per facility
(see Building Types).
4.2 Wate-closets
To obtain an accessible
toilet combine two
adjacent stalls by
removing one water-
closet and the mutual
partition, provided that
the number of remaining
fixtures is sufficient for
the floor population.
4.3 Urinals
Existing high urinals

need not be replaced if
accessible toilet fixtures
are available.
One urinal per rest

room can be lowered.
4.4 Rest room vestibules
For narrow vestibules,

replace doors with
automatic door openers
or use swing clear
hinges.
Doors that restrict

maneuvering space,
should be removed so
long as this does not
inhibit privacy.
4.5 Grab bars
If grab bars are not

provided in the initial
construction, walls
should be reinforced to
withstand loads.
4.6 Accessories
Rest room accessories

located at a maximum
height of 1.40 m need
not be modified if they
are accessible.
4.7 Mirrors
If existing mirrors are

too high, they can be
tilted or a full-length
mirror can be installed
on another wall.
Notes:
(1) Toilet seats, bidets,

shower seats and bath-
tub seats are required to
be mounted at the same
height of the wheelchair
seat, i.e. between 0.45m
and 0.50 m above floor
level.
(2) Grab bars are

manufactured in various
dimensions and shapes.
They can either be wall-
mounted or floor-
mounted. Retractable
bars are also available.
III. BUILDING TYPES
1. PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Lack of special provisions for

the disabled regarding
accessible buildings and
facilities.
To design, to the extent

possible, public buildings
accessible to all.
3. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
Buildings that have to

comply with accessibility
requirements for the disabled
include all public buildings,
governmental facilities and
institutions, office buildings,
residential buildings,
commercial buildings, health
facilities, educational
institutions restaurants,
recreational facilities, sports
facilities, religious buildings
and all other building types
normally used by the general
public.
Except as specified below,

only buildings for private use,
such as private residences,
clubs, offices or studios, etc.
need not comply with
requirements for accessibility
for the disabled.
For accessible buildings, at

least one entrance per facility
should be accessible to a
wheelchair user. For new
buildings, the accessible
entrance(s) should be the main
entrance(s) intended for use by
the general public.
Wherever waiting areas,

coffee shops, display areas,
merchandising departments,
service areas, ticket counters,
refreshment stands, etc. are
provided for public use, these
facilities should be accessible
to disabled people, mainly to
wheelchair users.
All work areas in which

physically disabled persons
may be employed should be
accessible.
In any public rest room, at

least one unisex compartment
wheelchair user.
3.2 Residential buildings
Private residences may be

left inaccessible to a
wheelchair user. However, it is
desirable to consider a
minimum of accessibility
requirements so as to
accommodate disabled guests.
In new apartment buildings

constructed for rent or sale,
provisions for disabled persons
should be considered. The
number of wheelchair housing
units should be provided at a
rate of one unit for a typical
population of 1000. (1)
3.3 Office buildings
New office buildings should

be as accessible as possible so
as to accomodate all persons
and not hinder employment of
disabled persons.
New low-rise office blocks

with no elevators need not be
accessible to a wheelchair user.
Office space at ground level, if
any, should be accessible.
For small office buildings

where the floor area limits the
provision of accessible rest
rooms on each floor, one
accessible rest room could be
provided to serve the entire
building. The accessible rest
room should be located
adjacent to an accessible
elevator.
Where an office building is

subdivided among various
tenants, wheelchair rest rooms
should be provided on each
floor.
3.4 Commercial uses
Accessibility requirements
for wheelchair users should be
applied to all new large
speciality shops having a sales
area of 100 m or more.(2) In
small shops, provisions for
wheelchair users should be
applied wherever possible.
In large multi-storey
department stores and
supermarkets, accessible
elevators should be installed to
provide access to lower and/or
upper levels for the benefit of
wheelchair users and people
with mobility problems.
Merchandise display areas

in accessible shops should be
as conveniently located as
possible to a wheelchair user.
Angled mirrors can be placed
above high shelves for
visibility.
In accessible clothes shops,

at least one changing room
should allow for a full 360 turn
of a wheelchair.
3.5 Assembly halls
Under this category fall

movie-theaters, lecture halls,
spectator seating in sports
centres, and other assembly
halls with fixed seating.
The number of spaces

designated for wheelchair
users in a seating area can be
estimated according to the
following table:
Number of
Number of required
seats in a spaces for
seating area wheelchair
users
up to 600 6 i.e. 1/100
up to 1000 6+2
Fig. 1
8+1 for
each
over 1000 additional
increment of
1000 seats
Some seats with removable

or flip-up armrests should be
provided at row ends to
accommodate a wheelchair
user or a person with limited
ambulatory mobility.
A level floor area for

wheelchair users should be
placed at row ends and should
be scattered on different levels
so as to have a variety of
seating and viewing locations
(fig. 1).
3.7 Cafeterias and restaurants

New restaurants or parts of
new restaurants and eating
spaces should be as accessible
as possible to a wheelchair
user.
In self-service restaurants
tray slides and counters should
be mounted approximatly 0.90
m from the floor. Food shelves
should be mounted at a
(fig. 2).
Cantilevered tables or tables

with straight legs at each
corner are preferable to central
pedestals that might restrict
wheelchair access.
Stools and high tables are

not suitable for wheelchair
users. Low tables should be
provided as well.
Fig. 2
3.8 Hotels
At least one room per new

hotel or motel should be
Bathrooms connected to these
rooms have to be fully
equipped. The layout should
allow a lateral transfer to the
toilet seat.
Rooms designated for

wheelchair users should, where
possible, be placed at ground
level so as to have a direct
means of escape in case of fire.
3.9 Hospitals and health

facilities
All entrances should be

All rooms should be
accessible for the benefit of
patients, disabled visitors and
disabled staff members.
All clinics on all floors

should be accessible.
All patients' rest rooms

should be accessible to
wheelchair user.
All administrative
departments should be
accessible to staff members
confined to wheelchairs.
3.10 Educational buildings
All teaching, administrative

and common areas should be
Suitable arrangements
should be made for stepped
lecture halls or auditoriums
(see table above).
At least one accessible

unisex rest room should be
provided in each building other
than student dormitories and
residential accommodations.
All recreational facilities

should be usable by disabled
people, to the extent possible.
Colleges for physical

education, police or military
training and other activities
requiring full physical abilities
need not be accessible to
disabled people. However,
provisions should be made for
disabled administrative staff
members.
3.11 Libraries
All open book stacks should

be accessible.
All library facilities and

equipment should be
accessible.
A special room should be

provided for sightless and for
hearing-impaired people who
need assistance while reading.
3.12 Sports buildings
Sports halls should be as

accessible as possible to a
wheelchair user.
At least one shower room,

one rest room and one
changing room per facility
wheelchair user.
Spectators' seating areas

should be provided for
wheelchair users as specified
(see table above).
3.13 Public transit buildings
All public areas used by

passengers such as banks,
shops, waiting areas, customs
areas baggage halls, booking
halls, waiting areas, inquiry
offices, etc. should be
accessible to a wheelchair user,
wherever possible.
In bus, air and sea terminals,

adjoining spaces next to
seating facilities should be
provided for wheelchair users.
3.14 Industrial buildings
Arrangements for disabled

employees are directly related
to the type of work they
perform. Arrangements for
disabled people need not be
considered in heavy
manufacturing factories.
Arrangements for all

disabled people should be
incorporated into the design of
new light manufacturing
factories where disabled
people may be employed.
4. EXISTING
CONSTRUCTIONS
The highest degree of

accessibility to all people
should be provided to the
extent possible in accordance
with the requirements
mentioned above.
For historic buildings,

impossible to adapt to suit the
requirements of disabled
people without affecting the
historical character, the
challenge is to find alternative
solutions or other innovative
methods that do not conflict
with preservation
requirements. However, under
all circumstances the character
of a historical building should
be preserved. Any
modification that seriously
harms its character, material,
features or spaces is
prohibited.
Notes:
(1) This figure is just a

preliminary estimation based
on a summary of suggested
housing provisions by Selwyn
Goldsmith in Designing for the
Disabled (p .418). It is up to
every local authority to
determine the exact number
and the distribution of housing
accommodations for disabled
people, mainly those confined
to a wheelchair, based on the
needs of individual districts.
(2) This figure is also a

preliminary estimation based
on the same source.
III. IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS
1. OBSTRUCTIONS
Question Possible solutions
Can all protruding objects within Remove or block out protruding parts.
the path of travel be detected by a Place tactile markings in an area extending at
sightless person with a cane? least 0.60 m beyond the projection area of the
obstruction.
Are all overhanging obstructions Construct a raised platform 0.10m high

mounted at a minimum height of 2.00 around the obstacle.
m (1.95 m)? Place an object, easily detectable with a cane,
on the ground or floor beneath low-mounted
overhanging obstructions.
Can all obstacles within the path of Mark obstructions at eye level with
travel be easily identified by a person contrasting colour marking strips at least 0.30 m
with partial sight? long in a contrasting colour.
2. SIGNAGE
Are accessible spaces identified by Mark accessible spaces with the international
the international symbol of symbol of accessibility.
accessibility?
Are there directional signs Provide directional signs.

indicating the location of accessible
facilities?
Are maps, information panels and Adjust the height of signs mounted too high
wall-mounted signs placed at a height or too low.
between 0.90 m and 1.80 m.?
Are signs clear, simple and easy to Colour engraved texts.

read? Replace sign.
Is the colour of signs clearly Use contrasting colours.

distinguishable?
Is the surface of the sign processed Provide a non-gloss surface.

so as to prevent glare?
Is the sign supplement by a text in Add a text in embossed letters or in Braille.

embossed letters or in Braille available
next to information signs?
Is the lettering size proportional to Change the lettering size.

the reading distance?
3. STREET FURNITURE

Does the location of street furniture Change the location of street furniture.
obstruct the free passage of Mark the location of street furniture with
pedestrians? tactile marking.
Resting facilities
Are resting facilities provided at Provide seating facilities at regular intervals
regular intervals? between 100.00 m and 200.00m.
Is there an adjoining space for a Rearrange the layout of seats to allow an

wheelchair next to benches and public adjoining space of at least 1.20 m.
seats?
Are public seats between 0.45 m Modify or replace seats and tables that are too
and 0.50 m high? low or too high.
Are the tops of tables between 0.75
m and 0.90 m high?
Are knee spaces at accessible tables
at least 0.70 m high, 0.85 m wide and
0.60 m deep?
Public telephones
Is there at least one telephone Enlarge or adjust one telephone booth.
accessible to a wheelchair user?
Is there at least one telephone Install volume controls and induction loops.
equipped with hearing aids?
Are the numerals on the telepone Install push-buttons with raised numerals.
raised to allow identification by touch?
Is the coin slot mounted at a Reduce the mounting height.

maximum height of 1.20 m (1.40 m)?
Are accessible facilities identified? Add signage.
Mailboxes
Are mail box slots mounted at a Modify the height of the letter slot.
maximum height of 1.20 m (1.40 m)?
Water fountains
Are water fountain spouts mounted Modify the height of high drinking fountains.
at an approximate height of 0.90 m? Install a double-tiered fountain.
Are controls easy to operate with Replace controls.
one closed fist?
4. PATHWAYS
Is the pathway clear of Remove or relocate obstructions.

obstructions? Mark obstructions with tactile marking.
Is the path of travel free of steps or Provide an alternative accessible pathway.

stairs? Construct a ramp.
Is the path of travel easy to detect? Continue natural guide lines.

Construct guide strips.
Provide a tactile marking area of at leat 0.90
m x 0.90 m at changes in the pathway direction
Construct tactile marking to indicate the
location of curb ramps, stairs, ramps and
obstructions.
Is the pathway at least 0.90 m wide? Widen the pathway.

Remove obstructions and landscape features
that limit the pathway width.
Is the surface, level, smooth and Replace gravel paths with a surface of
non-slip? Does the pathway have a uniform texture.
different colour and texture than the Repair holes and uneven paving.
adjacent surfaces? Apply textured rubber stick - on tiles to
slippery paving.
Are manholes placed outside the Relocate grating outside the path of travel.
pedestrian path of travel?
Is grating flush with the surface of Make grating flush with the pathway surface.
the pathway? Replace gratings with wide opening patterns.
Are the grating openings narrow,
not more than 13 mm?
Are the edges of raised pathways Construct guards with a minimum height of
protected? 0.15 m.
Are there barriers separating the
pathway from planting areas, pools
and other landscape features?
Are the plant varieties used Replace plant varieties.

obstructive to the pathway ? Relocate plant varieties.
Are the plant varieties used Clean pathway surface constantly.
harmful? Erect warning signs.
Are the plant varieties used harmful
to the surface of the pathway?
5. CURB RAMPS
Are curb ramps provided to Install curb ramps.

overcome differences in level between Slope narrow pavements to street level.
the road surface and pathway level at:
* Pedestrian crossings?
* Drop-off zones?
* Accessible parking spaces?
* Building entrances?
Are curb ramps located at each Install curb ramps.

corner of each street intersection?
Is every curb ramp faced by another
curb ramp on the opposite side of the
street?
Are curb ramps easy to identify? Apply a coloured texture to the surface of the
curb ramp.
Construct guide lines to direct pedestrians to
the location of curb ramps.
Are curb ramps placed outside the Widen pathway.

usual line of pedestrian flow? Add a small built-up curb ramp.
Is the maximum slope of a curb Redesign or replace steep, unsafe curb ramps.
ramp 1:12 (1:10)?
Is the road surface even and slip- Add a slip-resistant surface.

resistant at pedestrian crossings?
Is the road surface at pedestrian Mark the pedestrian crossing area on the road
crossings easy to identify? surface with coloured stripes.
Are pedestrian traffic lights Install traffic lights.

installed?
Do traffic lights have both audible Provide both audible and visual traffic light
and visual signals? signals.
Is the minimum time interval for Delay the crossing time interval.
crossing adapted to the slowest
person?
Are push-buttons located at a Install push-buttons at a maximum height of

maximum height of 1.20 m? 1.20 m.
Do traffic islands have street-level Cut a level area, at least 1.50 m wide through
pathways cut through them? traffic islands.
Is the minimum width of the cut
1.50 m?
7. PARKING
Are there accessible parking Re-strip to obtain the required number of

facilities? spaces.
Is the number of accessible parking Combine two parking spaces to obtain one
spaces sufficient? accessible space.
Are the designated spaces wide Combine three parking spaces to obtain two
enough? accessible spaces.
Are accessible indoor parking Locate accessible parking spaces close to

spaces located closest to accessible accessible elevators.
elevators or lifts?
Are accessible parking spaces Construct accessible parking spaces close to

within 50.00 m of building entrances? the accessible entrance.
Provide a drop-off zone near the accessible
entrance.
Is the minimum height clearance in Modify the parking slab height.

indoor parking 2.40 m? Provide alternate outdoor provisions for
disabled peoples' vans.
Do curb ramps connect accessible Construct curb ramps.

parking spaces with side curbs?
If there is no curbs, can the parking Provide a tactile marking at least 0.60 m wide
space be differentiated from the to separate the pathway from the vehicular area.
pedestrian path? Use pre-cast wheel stops.
Use bollards.
Are accessible parking spaces Add signage.

marked by the international symbol of
accessibility?
Are there enforcement procedures to
ensure that accessible parking spaces
are not misused or used by non-
disabled people?
Is there a 3.60 m wide drop-off area Provide a drop-off area.

within 30.00 m of the accessible
entrance?
If the drop-off area has a curb, is Provide a curb-ramp.

there a curb ramp leading to the
pathway?
If the drop-off area has no curb, is Provide a tactile marking at least 0.60 m wide
there a warning to sightless people? to separate the pathway from the vehicular area.
Use pre-cast wheel stops.
Use bollards.
Is the drop-off area marked by Add signage.

signage?
Is there an accessible path of travel Provide an accessible route.

from the drop-off area to the main Use another entrance, accessible from the
entrance? drop-off area.
8. RAMPS

Is there a complementary ramped Construct a ramp.
route next to stairs or steps?
Is the ramp slope no greater than Redesign or relocate ramp.

1:20? Lengthen ramp to reduce slope.
Do steeper ramps comply with
requirements?
Is there a landing of at least 1.20 m Remodel or relocate the ramp.

length, at 10.00 m intervals, at every
change in direction and at the top and
bottom of every ramp?
Are ramps with a rise of 0.45 m or Add railings.

more protected on both sides?
Are wide ramps( more than 3.00 m) Add an intermediate handrail where
provided with an intermediate necessary.
handrail?
Is the width of the ramp at least 0.90 Widen the ramp.

m?
Is the surface of ramps non-slip? Add non-slip surface material.
Is the ramp surface clear of Remove obstructions.

obstructions?
Is the location of the ramp clearly Construct coloured tactile marking strips at
identifiable least 0.60 m wide at the top and bottom of the
landing and at every change of direction.
9. ELEVATORS
Is there an accessible path leading to Add a ramp or a platform lift if stairs exist.
the elevator?
Are all levels generally used by the
public accessible?
Are the minimum internal Enlarge the elevator dimensions.

dimensions of a residential elevator Install a new cab.
cab no less than 1.00 m x 1.30 m.(0.95
m x 1.25 m)?
Is the clear door opening no less Enlarge the door opening.

than 0.80 m (0.75 m)? Install new doors.
Is the elevator cab provided with Install handrails.

handrails on three sides?
Are the handrails mounted at a Modify height of handrails.

height between 0.80 m and 0.85 m?
Is the maximum tolerance for stop Adjust the stop precision.

precision 20 mm?
Is the control panel mounted at a Modify the height of control panels.

height between 0.90 m and 1.20 m
(not exceeding 1.40 m)?
Are control buttons large and Change control panel.

provided with embossed numerals? Install tactile or Braille numerals next to
buttons.
Are lobby call buttons placed at a Adjust the position of call buttons.
height between 0.90 m and 1.20 m
(not exceeding 1.40 m)?
Is the elevator provided with Add bells and flashing light signals.
audible and visual warning signals
indicating arrival at a floor?
Is the finish of the elevator cab non Change finish.

skid-resistant?
Is the elevator door easy to identify? Change the colour of the elevator door frame.
Is the emergency intercom usable Replace the communication system.

without voice communication?
Are there tactile or Braille Add simple tactile instructions.

instructions for the communication
system?
Is the door opening/closing interval Install devices to delay the motion of the
long enough? door.
Is there a sign on the jamb of the Install tactile signs at an approximate height
elevator door identifying the floor of 1.40 m from the floor to identify the floor
number in raised or Braille letters? number.
10. PLATFORM LIFTS
Can the lift be used without Post clear instructions for use of the lift at
assistance? each stopping level.
Provide a call button.
When vertical movement platform Replace the special platform lift with an
lifts are installed, is the maximum elevator.
level change 2.50 m?
Is the lift placed within a closed Place the lift within an enclosed structure.
structure for level changes of 1.20 m
or more?
Where inclined movement platform Widen the stairs.

lifts are installed, is the minimum
width of the stairs 0.90 m?
Is the minimum lift size 0.90 m x Replace the lift.

1.20 m?
Are controls placed at a height not Lower the controls.

exceeding 1.20 m (1.40 m)?
11. STAIRS
Is the minimum width of the stairs Widen the stairs.

0.90 m?
Is an intermediate handrail installed Install an intermediate handrail, where

for stairs 3.00 m wide or more? necessary.
Is there an intermediate landing Remodel the stairs.
with a length no less than 1.20 m,
when the stairs cover a difference in
level of more than 2.50 m?
Is the landing length at the top and Enlarge the landing space.
at bottom of the stairs no less than
1.20 m?
Do stairs have flush or rounded Remodel nosing.

nosing? Add slip-resistant strips to nosing.
Do treads have a non-slip surface? Change finish material.
Is the location of the stairs clearly Construct coloured tactile marking strips at
identifiable? least 0.60 m wide, at the top and bottom of the
stairs and intermediate landings of each stairs.
Identify emergency stairs with signage.
Are safety guards or railings Install safety guards or railings.

installed around all hazardous areas
and raised platforms more than 0.40 m
high?
Is the spacing between the vertical Change railings.

and horizontal elements of railing
around dangerous areas narrow?
Are handrails mounted at a height
between 0.85 m and 0.90 m?
Are handrails easy to grip? Change handrails.
Are railings securely attached? Reinforce the fixtures.
Do handrails extend horizontally Add or replace railings.

between 0.30 m and 0.45 m at the top
and bottom of every staircase or ramp?
Are handrails continuous Continue or replace handrails.

throughout the full length of ramps
and stairs?
Are handrails continuous
throughout the landing of ramps and
stairs except when interrupted by
doorways?
Are low positioned windows at Install railings.

landings protected by railings?
Is the space between the handrail Adjust the location of the handrail.
and the wall no less than 40 mm for
smooth walls, and 60 mm for rough
textured walls?
For fully recessed handrails, is the
distance between the top of the rail
and the top of the recess no less than
0.15 m?
Are handrails easy to identify? Paint the handrail in a contrasting colour.

Provide a tactile strip indication for
emergency stairs.
13. ENTRANCES
Are the primary entrances to Redesign the entrance so that it will be

buildings accessible? accessible.
Is the approach to the entrance free Construct a ramp.

of stairs and steps?
In multi-storey buildings, does the Provide an accessible route.

accessible entrance permit access to a
conveniently located elevator?
Is the accessible entrance clearly Add the international symbol of accessibility.

identifiable?
Paint the entrance door with a colour that will
contrast with the surrounding surface.
Are the entrance landing dimensions Enlarge the landing area.

sufficient?
Is the landing surface level and non- Add a slip-resistant finish.
slippery?
Can entrance doors operate Install a lighter door.

independently? Change the door opening mechanism.
Is the clear door width at least 0.90 Enlarge the door opening.
m? Install automatic sliding doors.
Use swing clear hinge doors.
14. VESTIBULES
Is there enough space to maneuver Enlarge the vestibule space.

between two sets of doors? Install automatic sliding doors. n Install
double-swinging doors.
Remove the inside or second set of doors.
Change the direction of the swing of the door.
15. DOORS
Can doors be opened without much Install lighter doors.

effort? Install power-assisted door openers.
Do automatic doors have a Adjust the opening interval.

sufficiently long opening interval?
Are push-buttons for automatic Lower the height of buttons.

doors located at a maximum height of
1.20 m (not exceeding 1.40 m)?
Is there sufficient space beside the Move the door.

latch side of the door? Move or remove obstructing partitioning.
Are accessible doors placed Install adjacent sliding or pivoting doors.

adjacent to revolving doors and
turnstiles?
Are glazed doors marked with a Add a coloured band.

coloured band at eye level?
Is the clear width of straight access Enlarge door opening.

interior doors at least 0.75 m? Install offset or swing clear hinges.
Is the minimum clear width of
interior doors at least 0.80 m?
For double leaf doors, is the width
of one of the leaves at least 0.80 m?
Do door handles have a shape that is Install lever-type handles easy to operate with
easy to grasp with one hand? a closed fist.
Install power-assisted door openers.
Do bathrooms doors and doors Install an extra pull handle.

fitted with spring closers have an extra
pull handle?
Is manual door hardware (handles, Adjust the height of the door hardware.
locks, pulls, etc.) located no higher
than 1.20 m (not exceeding 1.40 m)?
Are door mats flush with the floor Replace or remove mats.
surface and secured to the floor at all Secure mats at edges.
edges?
Is the threshold no more than 20 Remove high thresholds.

mm high and beveled? Bevel both sides.
16. CORRIDORS
Is the minimum unobstructed width Widen the corridor.

of low traffic corridors no less than Locate passing areas at frequent intervals.
0.90 m?
Is the unobstructed width of a public
corridor no less than 1.50 m?
Does the corridor width allow Change the direction of the door swing.
maneuvring through doors located Widen the corridor.
along its length? Remove door if possible.
Are differences in level bridged by Install a lift.

ramps or lifts? Construct a ramp.
17. REST ROOMS
Public rest rooms

Is there at least one unisex rest room Reconfigure rest rooms.
accessible to a wheelchair user? Combine two water-closet stalls to create one
unisex accessible rest room.
Widen toilet stalls by moving one of the side
partitions and/or installing outward-swinging
door.
Is the accessible rest room identified Place the international symbol of

by a sign? accessibility.
Residential rest rooms

Is there sufficient space inside the Enlarge rest room space.
rest room to maneuver a wheelchair?
Is there at least one accessible Reconfigure shower stalls.

shower and/or bath-tub? Enlarge rest room.
Use the tiled floor area inside the rest room as
a shower space.
Fixtures
Are water-closets and bidets Adjust the height of wall mounted fixtures.
mounted at a height between 0.45 m Replace low floor mounted fixtures.
and 0.50 m?
Is the distance between the toilet Adjust the location of fixtures.

seat and the closest adjacent wall fitted Install floor-mounted grab bars.
with a grab bar between 0.45 and 0.50
m?
Is the accessible wash-basin Adjust the height of wall-mounted fixtures.

mounted at a height between 0.80 m Replace floor-mounted fixtures.
and 0.85 m?
Are the accessible shower and the Install a shower seat at a height between 0.45
bath-tub provided with folding seats ? m and 0.50 m.
Adjust the height of seats.
Is the floor of the tub slip-resistant? Change the finish material.

Install a slip-resistant rubber mat.
Does the shower tub have a beveled Modify the shower tub.
threshold not exceeding 13 mm above
the finished floor?
Is the shower tub floor no lower
than 20 m below the surrounding floor
area?
Are grab bars installed in water Install grab bars.

closets, bath tubs and showers at a Adjust mounting height.
height between 0.85 m and 0.95 m?
Do grab bars have a diameter
between 30 mm and 40 mm?
Do wall mounted grab bars have a
clearance between 35 mm and 40 mm?
Are grab bars non slip? Replace grab bars.

Add a knurled slip-resistant surface.
Can grab bars withstand loads? Reinforce walls on which grab bars are
installed.
Faucets Replace faucets with single lever or push-

Are faucets easy to grip and operate button type.
with one hand?
Are telephone like shower fixtures Replace hose.

with at least 1.50 m long hoses used in
showers and bath tubs?
Pipes
Are hot water pipes insulated or Insulate or cover hot water pipes.
covered?
Accessories and controls

Is the lower edge of mirrors Lower or tilt high mirrors.
positioned at a height not exceeding Install another mirror on another wall.
1.00 m?
Is the rest room equipped with an Install an alarm that can be set off by a push-
alarm system? button located at a maximum height of 1.20 m.
Are flushing arrangements, Adjust the height of too high and too low
dispensers and toilet paper mounted fixtures.
between 0.50 m and 1.20 m?
Are flushing mechanisms easy to Change the flushing mechanism.

operate?
Flooring
Is the flooring material skid-proof, Change flooring material.
well drained and waterproofed?
Doors
Is the door opening at least 0.75 m? Enlarge the door opening.
Remove doors if privacy is not diminished.
Can doors be lockable from inside Adjust door lock mechanism.

and releasable from outside under
emergency situations?
Do pivoted doors open outward? Change the direction of the swing of the door.
V. IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS
TROUBLESHOOTING
1. Wheelchair users
Problem Measure
Overcoming differences in level Install curb ramps

between road and pavement
Bridging great differences in Provide ramps, wide elevator cabs or

height usually tackled by platform lifts
providing stairs
Maneuvering in tight spaces Provide wide routes and spaces
Passing through narrow door Provide sufficiently wide door openings

openings and over high with low beveled thresholds or none at all
thresholds
Reaching high-mounted Provide low-mounted controls
controls and objects
Maneuvering in rest rooms Install grab bars, bath-tub and shower

seats
2. People with limited walking abilities
Problem Measure
Overcoming differences in level Provide curb ramps, ramps, elevators

or platform lifts
Maneuvering in situations Increase the pedestrian crossing time

requiring speed interval
Increase the opening interval of
elevators and automatic doors
Climbing stairs and ramps Provide handrails for gripping
Maneuvering in rest rooms Provide sufficiently wide rest rooms

Provide grab bars, bath-tub and a
shower seat
Passing through narrow door Provide sufficiently wide door openings

openings and over high with low beveled thresholds or none at all
thresholds
3. People with limited use of hands or arms
Problem Measure
Opening heavy doors Use automatic or easy-to-open doors
Gripping door knobs Use lever-type door handles

Gripping faucets Use lever-type or push-buttons faucets
4. The sightless
Problem Measure
Orientation Provide guide strips within the pathway

surface
Provide raised curbs and other
detectable guiding elements
Provide tactile marking strips to
indicate changes in direction and the
location of stairs and ramps
Identifying obstructions within Provide textured paving or tactile

the path of travel marking strips around obstructions
Crossing roads Provide audible traffic signals
Maneuvering in elevators Provide audible signals and call buttons

with tactile text
Recognizing emergency Provide audible alarm signals

situations
Locating exit doors and stairs Provide tactile marking around the
knobs of exit doors and the handrails of
exit
5. The partially sighted
Problem Measure
Identifying obstructions within Provide bright-coloured markings or

the path of travel signals to identify obstructions
Orientation Provide clearly legible lettering and
sufficiently large dimensions for direction
signs
Crossing roads Provide audible traffic signals
Maneuvering in elevators and Use contrasting colour for doors,

in emergency situations handrails, tactile signs, etc
Locating facilities Provide alarm signals
6. The hearing impaired
Problem Measure
Crossing roads Provide clearly visible coloured signs

and traffic signals
Managing in situations Use clearly written messages,

involving the use of speech especially in emergency situations Install
messages, verbal transmission induction loops in assembly halls and in
and interaction public telephones
Not hearing door, elevator and Provide flashing light signals

emergency
ANTHROPOMETRICS (part 1 of 2)
Dimensional data varies from

one person to another, and the
average dimensions vary from
one country to another. The
dimensions of the individual
human being vary with time. The
tables below provide a range of
dimensions derived from various
studies (see Comparative
Tables). The given
measurements take into
consideration size variation
between males and females as
well as between different
persons of the same sex.
Wheelchair Dimensions
(fig.1)
Dimensions shown in the figure
are of a conventional manual
wheelchair. The larger, encircled
dimensions refer to electric
wheelchairs.
Fig.1
Dimensional data to a
normal person (fig. 2)
1.50 m - 1.90
Height
m
1.40 m - 1.75
Eye
m
1.20 m - 1.55
Shoulder
m
Fig. 2
Dimensional data of a wheelchair user
Fig. 3
Reaching zones of a normal
person (fig. 4)
1.85 m - 2.10
Max. Reach Up
m
Oblique Reach 1.65 m - 2.00

Up m
1.30 m - 1.45
Forward Reach
m
Fig. 4
Vertical reaching zones of a wheelchair user
Fig. 5
Horizontal forward reach of a

wheelchair user (fig. 6)
1.16 m - 1.33
Eye
m
0.99 m - 1.14
Shoulder
m
Fig. 6
Common reaching zone
Fig. 7
ANTHROPOMETRICS (part 2 of 2)
Field of Vision
Fig.8
Pathway dimensions
Visually impaired person
using a long white cane.
Person using a cane Persons using crutches
Detectable path dimension

Fig. 9
Wheelchair maneuvering space
Fig. 10
Maneuvering at doors
Fig 11.
V. IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS
COMPARATIVE TABLES
Under development
HEIGHT LIMITS
Under development
EFERENCES
"Accessibility in Public Accommodations". 581: Readily Achievable Checklist .ADA
Compliance Guide, USA, Thompson Publishing Group, December 1991. pp. 113-119.
Adaptive Environments Center, Inc., Access Boston. Boston Redevelopment Authority,

1990. 42 pages.
Adaptive Environments Center, Inc. and Barrier Free Environments, Inc., "The
Americans with Disabilities Act Checklist for Readibly Achievable Barrier Removal." USA,
31 March 1992. 12 pages.
American National Standards Institute. American National Standard for Buildings and
Facilities: Providing Accessibility and Usability for Physically Handicapped People. New
York, 1986. 84 pages.
Beckman, Mats. Building for Everyone. Stockholm, Ministry of Housing and Physical
Planning, 1976. 108 pages.
The Canadian Paraplegic Association, Manitoba Division. Access: A Guide for

Architects and Designers. Second Edition, Manitoba, Canada, the Canadian Paraplegic
Association, Manitoba Division, 1989.
Central Coordinating Committee for the Promotion of Accessibility for the Disabled
(CCPT). Accessibility of Buildings and the Outdoor Environment. Delft, Dutch Standard
Institute, 1988. 67 pages.
Dansk Ingenirforning (Danish Engineering Association) Planning of Open Spaces as

regards Access for Disabled People. Translated by Eva Eriksen, Copenhagen, Forlag
Normstyrelsen Publicationer, 1984. 51 pages.
Denmark. Ministry of Housing, Circular No.49 of 23 MARCH 1972. 6 pages.
Goldsmith, Selwyn, Designing for the Disabled. Third Edition. London, RIBA
Publications Ltd, 1976. 525 pages.
Grosbois, Louis- Pierre. Handicap Physique et Construction. Third Edition. Paris: Le

Moniteur, 1991. 327 pages.
The Housing Committee for the Handicapped (NKB). "Accessibility of Buildings to

Handicapped Persons: Guidlines for Nordic Building Regulation" (preliminary draft).
Copenhagen, 1973. 14 pages.
_____. "Bathrooms and Toilets for Everybody". Copenhagen, 1974. 5 pages.
_____. "Dwelling for Everybody". Copenhagen, 1974. 5 pages.
Netherlands. Ministry of Transport and Public Works. Manual Traffic Provisions for
people with a Handicap. The Hague, 1986. 138 pages.
Park, Sharon C. and Thomas C Jester "Strategies for Making Historic Properties
Accessible to Persons with Disabilities". United States National Park Service,
Preservation Assistance Division. 6 pages.
The Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) in collaboration with the

United Nations and Habitat. Designing with Care: A guide to Adaptation of the built
Environment for Disabled People. United Nations, International year of Disabled Persons
(IYDP) 1981. 102 pages.
The Research & Training Center of Independent Living. Guidelines for Reporting and
Writing About People With Disabilities. Third Edition. Lawrence, Kansas, USA, 1990. 4
pages.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This manual has been prepared by SOLIDERE in collaboration with ESCWA and with the
approval of the Ministry of Social Affairs and the National Committee for the Disabled.
ESCWA expert RIAD TAPPUNI
Research and text preparation MONA KHECHEN
KHALED AL-AZHARI ISMAIL AL-

Autocad illustration
TAWIL
Editing ORESTES PLASENCIA (ESCWA)
Proofreading LORI SATRISI (ESCWA)
Arabic translation Saudi Arabia Research Institute (SARI)
Production The Communications Division- SOLIDERE

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Accessibility for the Disabled

A Design Manual for a Barrier Free

I. URBAN DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

II. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

III. BUILDING TYPES

IV. IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS

PART 1 | PART 2 | PART 3