J Therm Anal Calorim (2012) 110:14931499

DOI 10.1007/s10973-011-2111-7

Thermodynamic evaluation of heat recovery through a Canopus

heat exchanger for vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) system
S. C. Kaushik N. L. Panwar V. Siva Reddy

Received: 3 November 2011 / Accepted: 23 November 2011 / Published online: 10 December 2011
Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary 2011

Abstract This communication deals with the waste heat e Effectiveness of the CHE
recovery from the industrial refrigeration and air-condi- h Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
tioning system by introducing Canopus heat exchanger. HRF Heat removal factor
There is a considerable amount of low-grade heat available Q_ E Refrigeration effect (kW)
in large-capacity systems. To recover this low-grade heat, a qCHE Heat recovered by Canopus heat exchanger
Canopus heat exchanger is introduced between compressor per unit mass flow rate of water (kJ/kg)
and condenser components. The system feasibility is qCW Heat recovered in the condenser per unit
studied with various operating parameters and its effect on mass flow rate of water (kJ/kg)
heat recovery factor and overall COP of the system. The s Entropy (kJ/kg/K)
parametric results obtained for different eco-friendly T Absolute temperature (K)
working fluids, such as R-134a and R-507a, have been TE Evaporator temperature (K)
presented. It is found that, in general, overall COP of the TC Condenser temperature (K)
system is improved without affecting the actual perfor- TW1 Condenser inlet water temperature (K)
mance of the system. The potential of low-grade heat TW2 Condenser outlet water temperature (K)
availability is increased with increasing cooling capacity. TW3 Canopus outlet water temperature (K)
gIsoC Isentropic efficiency of the compressor
Keywords Waste heat recovery  Canopus heat
exchanger  Eco-friendly refrigerant

List of symbols Introduction

COPVCRCHE COP of the VCR system with Canopus
heat exchanger Air-conditioning/refrigeration systems are designed to
COPVCR COP of the VCR system without Canopus absorb heat at a low temperature and reject it at a higher
heat exchanger temperature and it play a very important role in industrial,
CHE Canopus heat exchanger domestic, and commercial sectors for cooling, heating, and
CF Conversion factor food preserving applications [1]. Heat rejection may occur
CW Specific heat of water (kJ/kg/K) directly to the environment, as in the case of the most
FR Fraction of total heat removed by CHE conventional air-cooling units, or to water circulating from
mR Refrigerant mass flow rate (kg/s) a cooling tower [24]. In the developing country like India,
mW Water mass flow rate (kg/s) most of the vapor compression-based refrigeration, air-
conditioning and heat pump systems continue to run on
halogenated refrigerants due to their excellent thermody-
S. C. Kaushik  N. L. Panwar (&)  V. Siva Reddy
namic and thermo-physical properties apart from the low
Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology,
Delhi 110016, India cost. Green house gas (GHG) emissions from fossil fuel
e-mail: nlpanwar@rediffmail.com combustion for power generation and emission of

123
1494 S. C. Kaushik et al.

halogenated refrigerants from vapor compression-based temperatures and effectiveness of the CHE. The effects of
refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump systems the water mass flow rate and inlet water temperature are
contribute significantly to the global warming [5]. also studied for design purposes.
The so-called environmentally friendly refrigerant
R-134a and R-507, combination of R-143a and R-152a are
found suitable for both industrial and domestic applica- Vapor compression refrigeration system behavior
tions. At the commercial level refrigeration or air-condi- with Canopus heat exchanger
tioning plants large amount of low-grade heat being
rejected. Due to the high cost associated with the recovery A vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) cycle is a work-
of such heat and the availability of alternate means for absorbing thermodynamic system based on the reversed
meeting this Low-grade waste heat, it is generally rejected heat engine principle. It consists of a mechanical com-
to the atmosphere [6, 7]. Heat exchangers can be intro- pressor, a condenser, an expansion device for throttling,
duced to recover waste heat. Heat exchangers are an and an evaporator as illustrated in Fig. 1.
important component for processes where energy conser- The processes constituting the cycle for present system
vation is the prime concern. Basically, it provides for the is as follows (see Fig. 2):
flow of thermal energy and allows heat transfer between
12 Adiabatic compression of the refrigerants vapor to
two fluids at different temperatures separated by a flow
the pressure of the condenser.
passage wall [8, 9].
Schibuola [10] introduced double effect heat recovery
Tw1 Tw3
system for improving overall efficiency and energy saving Tw2
in an air-conditioning system in a mild climate. Combined
air-cooling and water-cooling technique for condensing
Condenser CHE
heat recovery system from the air conditioning and heat 3 2
pump was developed by Gong et al. [11]. It improves
Expansion
cooling and heating effects, and recovers condensing heat device Compressor
for heating sanitary water.
A rough estimate of waste heat available from a 4 1
refrigeration and air-conditioning (RAC) system indicates Evaporator
that about 35 kW of waste energy is rejected to the
environment for every kilowatt of energy expended by the
compressor. Recovery of this energy will contribute to
Fig. 1 Heat recovery by Canopus heat exchanger in vapor compres-
the saving of overall energy costs. However, the potenti- sion refrigeration cycle
ality of such energy recovery has not been considered
while designing RAC systems in most of the installed units,
obviously due to limited avenues where the recovered
energy could be put to use [12].
The availability of rejected heat from such a system is
dependent on ambient weather conditions. 2
2l
As far as industrial applications are concerned, the TW3
considerable amount of low-grade heat is being rejected 3
TW2
and there is large scope to utilize this low-grade energy in
TW1
grain drying, and food processing where low temperature
T
heat is required. An attempt has been made to investigate
the feasibility of heat recovery from the condenser of the
VC system through an additional heat exchanger known as
4 1
the Canopus heat exchanger (CHE). This heat recovery
heat exchanger is incorporated between the compressor and
condenser of a VCR system and has been given its name
Canopus heat exchanger on the basis of the concerned
project undertaken in the USA, as mentioned in the
S
available literature [13]. A simple thermodynamic and heat
transfer analysis is carried out to evaluate the heat recovery Fig. 2 Temperature entropy diagram of vapor compression cycle
factor and the operating conditions for different component with Canopus heat exchanger

123
 Table 1 Effect of TE on heat recovery parameters for different mW in various refrigerants for VCR system with CHE
mW = 0.28 kg/s mW = 0.29 kg/s
TE qCW qCHE COPVCR TW2 TW3 FR HRF COPVCRCHE qCW qCHE COPVCR TW2 TW3 FR HRF COPVCRCHE
Thermodynamic evaluation of heat recovery

Q_ E = 10.0 TR; TC = 313 K; TW1 = 283 K; e = 0.80; R-134a refrigerant

243 94.57 73.61 2.05 308.1 327.7 1.407 1.778 3.252 65.57 96.81 2.05 300.4 326.2 1.85 2.476 3.687
248 93.43 68.81 2.298 307.8 326.1 1.363 1.737 3.557 65.46 91.19 2.298 300.4 324.6 1.807 2.393 4.026
253 92.95 63.75 2.59 307.7 324.7 1.308 1.686 3.904 65.93 85.36 2.59 300.5 323.2 1.751 2.295 4.413
258 92.99 58.53 2.938 307.7 323.3 1.242 1.629 4.308 66.87 79.42 2.938 300.8 321.9 1.685 2.188 4.863
263 93.47 53.21 3.361 307.8 322 1.166 1.569 4.785 68.18 73.45 3.361 301.1 320.6 1.609 2.077 5.397
268 94.29 47.87 3.882 308.1 320.8 1.082 1.508 5.362 69.78 67.48 3.882 301.5 319.5 1.526 1.967 6.042
mW = 0.32 kg/s mW = 0.34 kg/s
TE qCW qCHE COPVCR TW2 TW3 FR HRF COPVCRCHE qCW qCHE COPVCR TW2 TW3 FR HRF COPVCRCHE

Q_ E = 10.0 TR; TC = 313 K; TW1 = 283 K; e = 0.80; R-507a refrigerant

243 103.7 54.24 1.675 310.6 325 0.966 1.523 2.502 57.26 91.41 1.675 298.2 322.5 1.628 2.596 3.155
248 92.19 58.71 1.903 307.5 323.1 1.094 1.637 2.919 47.81 94.22 1.903 295.7 320.8 1.756 2.971 3.636
253 82.18 62.28 2.172 304.8 321.4 1.213 1.758 3.403 39.69 96.27 2.172 293.6 319.1 1.874 3.425 4.193
258 73.49 65.09 2.494 302.5 319.8 1.321 1.886 3.971 32.73 97.7 2.494 291.7 317.7 1.983 3.985 4.85
263 65.95 67.25 2.885 300.5 318.4 1.42 2.02 4.651 26.77 98.59 2.885 290.1 316.3 2.082 4.683 5.635
268 59.45 68.83 3.369 298.8 317.1 1.509 2.158 5.479 21.72 99.02 3.369 288.8 315.1 2.171 5.56 6.593
1495

123
1496 S. C. Kaushik et al.

23 Constant-pressure rejection of heat, causing desu-

COPVCRCHE
perheating and condensation of the refrigerant.
34 Throttling (i.e., isoenthalpic expansion) of the

3.345
3.639
3.985
4.397
4.894
5.505

2.707
2.973
3.287
3.664
4.121
4.686
refrigerants saturated/subcooled, liquid from the con-
densers to the evaporators pressure.
COPVCR

41 Constant-pressure heat absorption, causing evapo-

2.298

2.938
3.361
3.882

1.675
1.903
2.172
2.494
2.885
3.369
2.05

2.59
ration of the refrigerant to produce saturated/super-
heated vapor.
Q_ E = 200.0 TR

5.671
5.531
5.399
5.274
5.157
5.046

8.004
7.752
7.519
7.304
7.105
6.921
TW2TW1 Water temperature rise in condenser.
mR

TW3TW2 Water temperature rise in Canopus heat

exchanger.
5.882
5.889
5.899
5.914
5.932

6.825
6.736
6.655

6.511
6.449
5.88

6.58
mW

Thermodynamic analysis and heat recovery through

COPVCRCHE

a Canopus heat exchanger

3.345
3.639
3.985
4.397
4.894
5.505

2.707
2.973
3.287
3.664
4.121
4.686
Thermodynamically, heat recovery through the Canopus
heat exchanger can be evaluated for presently fre-
COPVCR

quently using environment friendly refrigerants (R-134a

2.298

2.938
3.361
3.882

1.675
1.903
2.172
2.494
2.885
3.369
2.05

2.59

and R-507a) according to the following procedure [14, 15].

Table 2 Effect of TE on heat recovery parameters for different Q_ E , in various refrigerants for VCR system with CHE

The properties of the selected refrigerants in the state

Q_ E = 100.0 TR

2.836
2.766

2.637
2.578
2.523

4.002
3.876

3.652
3.553
3.461

points are taken from the EES. To analyze the possible

3.76
2.7
mR

realistic performance, a detailed thermodynamic analysis

of vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) system has been
2.941
2.944

2.957
2.966

3.412
3.368
3.327

3.256
3.225
2.94

2.95

3.29
mW

carried out by ignoring the kinetic and potential energy

change. For that a computational model was developed for
COPVCRCHE

carrying out the analysis of the system using Engineering

Equation Solver software [16].
3.345
3.639
3.985
4.397
4.894
5.505

2.707
2.973
3.287
3.664
4.121
4.686

In an open flow system, there are three types of energy

transfer across the control surface namely working transfer,
heat transfer, and energy associated with mass transfer and/
COPVCR

or flow. The first law of thermodynamics or energy balance

2.298

2.938
3.361
3.882

1.675
1.903
2.172
2.494
2.885
3.369
2.05

2.59

for the steady flow process of an open system is given by:

X    
C2 C2
Q_ E = 50.0 TR

1.418
1.383

1.319
1.289
1.261

2.001
1.938

1.826
1.776

Q_ k m_ hi i gZi m_ h0 0 gZ0 W_
1.35

1.88

1.73
mR

2 2
1
1.472
1.475
1.478
1.483

1.706
1.684
1.664
1.645
1.628
1.612
1.47
1.47
mW

TC = 313 K; TW1 = 283 K; e = 0.80; R-134a refrigerant

TC = 313 K; TW1 = 283 K; e = 0.80; R-507a refrigerant

where Qk is heat transfer to system from source at tem-

perature Tk, and W_ is the network developed by the system.
COPVCRCHE

The other notations are: C is the bulk velocity of the

working fluid, Z is the altitude of the stream above the sea
3.345
3.639
3.985
4.397
4.894
5.505

2.707
2.973
3.287
3.664
4.121
4.686

level, and g is the specific gravitational force.

For steady state flow, the energy balance for a thermal
COPVCR

system can be estimated by using Eq. 1. Cycle diagram of

2.298

2.938
3.361
3.882

1.675
1.903
2.172
2.494
2.885
3.369
2.05

2.59

vapor compressor refrigeration is illustrated in Fig. 1,

TS cycle diagram is presented in Fig. 2. Actual compressors
0.2836
0.2766

0.2637
0.2578
0.2523

0.4002
0.3876

0.3652
0.3553
0.3461

take more work than isentropic compressors.

0.376
0.27
mR

Isentropic compression work m_ R h2i  h1

gIsoC
Actual compression work m_ R h2  h1
0.2941
0.2944

0.2957
0.2966

0.3412
0.3368
0.3327

0.3256
0.3225
Q_ E = 10.0 TR

0.294

0.295

0.329
mW

2
where h2i is the enthalpy corresponding to the isentropic
243
248
253
258
263
268

243
248
253
258
263
268
TE

compression. The actual enthalpy h2 can be evaluated from

123
 Table 3 Effect of TE on heat recovery parameters for different mW in various refrigerants for VCR system with CHE
mW = 0.28 kg/s mW = 0.29 kg/s
TE qCW qCHE COPVCR TW2 TW3 FR HRF COPVCRCHE qCW qCHE COPVCR TW2 TW3 FR HRF COPVCRCHE
Thermodynamic evaluation of heat recovery

Q_ E = 10.0 TR; TC = 313 K; TW1 = 283 K; e = 0.80; R-134a refrigerant

243 94.57 73.61 2.05 308.1 327.7 1.407 1.778 3.252 65.57 96.81 2.05 300.4 326.2 1.85 2.476 3.687
248 93.43 68.81 2.298 307.8 326.1 1.363 1.737 3.557 65.46 91.19 2.298 300.4 324.6 1.807 2.393 4.026
253 92.95 63.75 2.59 307.7 324.7 1.308 1.686 3.904 65.93 85.36 2.59 300.5 323.2 1.751 2.295 4.413
258 92.99 58.53 2.938 307.7 323.3 1.242 1.629 4.308 66.87 79.42 2.938 300.8 321.9 1.685 2.188 4.863
263 93.47 53.21 3.361 307.8 322 1.166 1.569 4.785 68.18 73.45 3.361 301.1 320.6 1.609 2.077 5.397
268 94.29 47.87 3.882 308.1 320.8 1.082 1.508 5.362 69.78 67.48 3.882 301.5 319.5 1.526 1.967 6.042
mW = 0.32 kg/s mW = 0.34 kg/s
TE qCW qCHE COPVCR TW2 TW3 FR HRF COPVCRCHE qCW qCHE COPVCR TW2 TW3 FR HRF COPVCRCHE

Q_ E = 10.0 TR; TC = 313 K; TW1 = 283 K; e = 0.80; R-507a refrigerant

243 103.7 54.24 1.675 310.6 325 0.966 1.523 2.502 57.26 91.41 1.675 298.2 322.5 1.628 2.596 3.155
248 92.19 58.71 1.903 307.5 323.1 1.094 1.637 2.919 47.81 94.22 1.903 295.7 320.8 1.756 2.971 3.636
253 82.18 62.28 2.172 304.8 321.4 1.213 1.758 3.403 39.69 96.27 2.172 293.6 319.1 1.874 3.425 4.193
258 73.49 65.09 2.494 302.5 319.8 1.321 1.886 3.971 32.73 97.7 2.494 291.7 317.7 1.983 3.985 4.85
263 65.95 67.25 2.885 300.5 318.4 1.42 2.02 4.651 26.77 98.59 2.885 290.1 316.3 2.082 4.683 5.635
268 59.45 68.83 3.369 298.8 317.1 1.509 2.158 5.479 21.72 99.02 3.369 288.8 315.1 2.171 5.56 6.593
1497

123
1498 S. C. Kaushik et al.

the compressor isentropic efficiency, which is defined as the

COPVCRCHE
ratio of the isentropic work to the actual compression work.
The refrigerating effect is calculated from the relation

3.345
3.639
3.985
4.397
4.894
5.505

2.707
2.973
3.287
3.664
4.121
4.686
Q_ E m_ R  h1  h4 3
COPVCR

Cooling COP of VCR system is given by the relation

2.298

2.938
3.361
3.882

1.675
1.903
2.172
2.494
2.885
3.369
2.05

2.59
Q_ E h1  h4
COPVCR : 4
Q_ E = 200.0 TR

W h2  h1
5.671
5.531
5.399
5.274
5.157
5.046

8.004
7.752
7.519
7.304
7.105
6.921
mR

Heat rejected by the condenser to the surroundings is

given as:
5.882
5.889
5.899
5.914
5.932

6.825
6.736
6.655

6.511
6.449
5.88

6.58
mW

Q_ C Q_ E W:
_ 5
COPVCRCHE

To recover water temperature higher than the condenser

temperature, a Canopus heat exchanger of effectiveness e is
3.345
3.639
3.985
4.397
4.894
5.505

2.707
2.973
3.287
3.664
4.121
4.686
introduced between the compressor and the condenser. For
a given mass flow rate of water (m_ W ) and inlet temperature
COPVCR

(TW1), the outlet water temperature through the Canopus

2.298

2.938
3.361
3.882

1.675
1.903
2.172
2.494
2.885
3.369
heat exchanger is given as:
2.05

2.59

_ 
Table 4 Effect of TE on heat recovery parameters for different Q_ E , in various refrigerants for VCR system with CHE

TW3 TW1 QC m_ W  CW ;
Q_ E = 100.0 TR

6
2.836
2.766

2.637
2.578
2.523

4.002
3.876

3.652
3.553
3.461
3.76
2.7
mR

TW3 TW2 e  T2  TW2 : 7

2.941
2.944

2.957
2.966

3.412
3.368
3.327

3.256
3.225
2.94

2.95

3.29

The outlet temperature of water from the condenser

mW

(TW2) never comes out to be higher than the condenser tem-

COPVCRCHE

perature TC. It is 46 K less than the condenser temperature

[17].
Heat removed by the Canopus heat exchanger (CHE) is
3.345
3.639
3.985
4.397
4.894
5.505

2.707
2.973
3.287
3.664
4.121
4.686

given as:
_ 
qCHE QCHE m_ W CF  CW  TW3  TW2 :
COPVCR

8
2.298

2.938
3.361
3.882

1.675
1.903
2.172
2.494
2.885
3.369
2.05

2.59

Heat gain by water in the condenser (CW) is given as:

_ 
Q_ E = 50.0 TR

1.418
1.383

1.319
1.289
1.261

2.001
1.938

1.826
1.776

qCW QCW m_ W CF  CW  TW2  TW1 :

1.35

1.88

1.73

9
mR

The fraction of the condenser heat removed by the

1.472
1.475
1.478
1.483

1.706
1.684
1.664
1.645
1.628
1.612
1.47
1.47
mW

Canopus heat exchanger (FR) is given as:

TC = 313 K; TW1 = 283 K; e = 0.80; R-134a refrigerant

TC = 313 K; TW1 = 283 K; e = 0.80; R-507a refrigerant

Q_ CHE
COPVCRCHE

FR : 10
Q_ C
3.345
3.639
3.985
4.397
4.894
5.505

2.707
2.973
3.287
3.664
4.121
4.686

The heat removal factor (HRF) is given by the relation:

TW3  TW1
HRF : 11
COPVCR

TW2  TW1
2.298

2.938
3.361
3.882

1.675
1.903
2.172
2.494
2.885
3.369
2.05

2.59

Overall COP of the VCR system with Canopus heat

exchanger for combined cooling and heating is given by
0.2836
0.2766

0.2637
0.2578
0.2523

0.4002
0.3876

0.3652
0.3553
0.3461
0.376
0.27

the relation:
mR

QE CHE
COPVCRCHE
0.2941
0.2944

0.2957
0.2966

0.3412
0.3368
0.3327

0.3256
0.3225
Q_ E = 10.0 TR

0.294

0.295

0.329

W
mW

m_ R h1  h4 m_ W  CW  TW3  TW2
:
m_ R h2  h1
243
248
253
258
263
268

243
248
253
258
263
268

12
TE

123
Thermodynamic evaluation of heat recovery
Results and discussion
A computational model is developed to carry out the
thermodynamic analysis and heat recovery from the system
using Engineering Equation Solver software [16]. The
input data assumed for the computation of results are given
below:
Evaporator temperature (TE) 243248253258
263268 K
Condenser temperature (TC) 313318 K
Inlet water temperature (TW1) 283285 K
Inlet water mass flow rate (FMW) 0.280.34 kg/s
Refrigeration capacity 10 TR
The effect of evaporator temperature, condenser tem-
perature, water inlet temperature, and mass flow rate with
constant effectiveness of the Canopus heat exchanger on
various heat recovery parameters are presented in Table 1.
It reveals that:
(i) As the condenser temperature increases, TW2
increases, ratio of refrigerant to water mass flow rates
increases, the fraction of the condenser heat removed
by the Canopus heat exchanger (FR) and heat removal
factor (HRF) also increases.
(ii) As TW1 increases, the discharged temperature TW2,
the fraction of the condenser heat removed by the
CHE (FR) and heat removal factor (HRF) decreases.
(iii) As mass flow rate of water (mW) increases, the
discharged temperature (TW2) and the system per-
formance almost remain constant, the ratio of the
refrigerant to water mass flow rates decreases, while
the fraction of the condenser heat removed by the
CHE (FR) and heat removal factor (HRF) increases.
Tables 2, 3, and 4 reveal the effect of TE on heat
recovery parameters for different Q_ E , in various refriger-
ants for VCR system with CHE. As cooling capacity
increases, the COP of VCR with Canopus heat exchanger
remain same for particular TE, mW, and mR whereas overall
COP of the system considerably increases by introducing
CHE.
Conclusions
At industrial level refrigeration and air-conditioning sys-
tems, considerable amount of low-grade heat is available as
waste energy. The available waste heat can be utilized in
drying or food processing sector by simply introducing a
Canopus heat exchanger with existing system. The novelty
of this CHE is that it does not affect the COP of system in
spite of increasing overall COP of the system. Hence, heat
1499
recovery through Canopus heat exchanger is feasible and
can be maximized by selecting optimum water flow rate,
inlet water temperature, suitable operating conditions, and
working fluid. It is also concluded that for the same oper-
ating conditions, the R-134a yield better performance as
compared to R-507a. The Canopus heat exchanger options
for heat recovery for low evaporator temperature R-134a
giving higher heat removal factor whereas R-507a giving
higher heat removal factor at higher temperature.
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