Clarifications to Queries Raised by

Various Students on Lecture Slides

Shared with the Class

Lecture Sets ME2135/ME2135E

FM2_VF_M1 and M2
FM2_BLT_M1, M2, M3 and M4
Question on Cell Volume during
Deformation
 Deformation of a Fluid
FLOW FIELDS Element

Is the volume of the fluid in the deformed cell conserved?

Fluid Element Translating
with linear deformation
YES
Area of element at t t0 : xy
Area of element at t t0 +t:
v
y t D C u v
y x x t y y t
y x y
Ax B u v u v
xy xyt xyt 2
u x y x y
xt u v
x Continuity Eqn: 0
x y
u v u v
xy 0 xyt 2 xy 1 t 2
x y x y
xy assuming t is very small so that second order
terms can be neglected
MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-3

FLOW FIELDS
Fluid Element Translating
with linear deformation
Deformation of a Fluid
Element
Is the volume of the fluid in the deformed cell conserved?
YES (Alternative)
Area of element at t t0 : xy

v Area of element at t t0 +t:

y t D C
y Area of element at t t0 Green Shaded Area
y
Ax B Green shaded area consists of two rectangles
which give a total area of
u u v u v
xt xyt xyt xyt 0
x x y x y
u v
Continuity Eqn: 0
x y
So green shaded area totals to 0 preserving the
volume of the original fluid in the elemnet at t t0

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-4

 Question on Isotropic and
Deviatoric Stress Components
Q : Why use the symbol for normal stress?

A : It does not matter what symbol is used and different books use different symbols.
As long as symbols used are clearly defined what symbols are used do not matter.

Here is used for normal stress terms and the Cauchy Eqn assumes that the normal stress
terms include the pressure terms since pressure also act normal to the faces and into the face and
has the same units as stress terms.

The pressure terms form the isotropic components of the stress tensor as we decompose the stress
tensor to consist of the isotropic and deviatoric parts.

The isotropic part correspond to the hydrostatic pressure terms.

 STATE OF STRESS IN A
VISCOUS FLOW MOVING FLUID

DU
g s n
Dt
xx xy xz

where s yx yy yz

zx zy zz

STRESS TENSOR
n is the unit vector parallel to the normal to the surface
Force per unit area which is the direction of the surface area vector
depends on x,y,z and t

Let us look at stress on surfaces due

to intermolecular forces
MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-7
 STATE OF STRESS IN A
VISCOUS FLOW MOVING FLUID

xx xy xz

s yx yy yz

zx zy zz
H 0 0 xx H xy xz

s 0 H 0 yx yy H yz
0 H zx zy zz H
0

ISOTROPIC DEVIATORIC
COMPONENT COMPONENT

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-8

 STATE OF STRESS IN A
VISCOUS FLOW MOVING FLUID

H 0 0 xx H xy xz

s 0 H 0 yx yy H yz
0 H zx zy zz H
0

H 0 0 xx xy xz

s 0 H 0 yx yy yz ISO DEV
0 H zx zy zz
0
ISOTROPIC DEVIATORIC
COMPONENT COMPONENT

xx xx H
yy yy H
zz zz H
MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-9
 STATE OF STRESS IN A
VISCOUS FLOW MOVING FLUID
DU
Dt
g isotropic deviatoric n where
H 0 0 xx xy xz


ISO DEV 0 H 0 yx yy yz
0 0

H zx zy zz
STRESS TENSOR
Force per unit area
depends on x,y,z and t

n is the unit vector parallel to the normal to the surface

which is the direction of the surface area vector

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-10

 Differential Angular
VISCOUS FLOWS Momentum Relation

yy
yy dy
y

xx
xx dx
xx x

Shear yy Normal
Stresses Stresses

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-11

 Differential Angular
VISCOUS FLOWS Momentum Relation

yy p
yy dy p dy
y y

xx p
xx dx p dx
xx x p x

yy Normal p
Stresses Pressure Terms

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-12

 Differential Angular
VISCOUS FLOWS Momentum Relation
yy
yy p yy dy
yy p y
dy y

xx
xx
xx p
dx
xx x
xx p
xx p dx
x

xx xx p
yy p yy
Deviatoric yy yy p yy dy
Isotropic
y Stress Terms
Stress Terms

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-13

 Differential Angular
VISCOUS FLOWS Momentum Relation

yy p
yy dy p dy
y y

xx p
xx dx p dx
xx x p x

xx xx p
yy yy yy p p
Deviatoric Stress Terms Isotropic Stress Terms

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-14

 STATE OF STRESS IN A FLUID
VISCOUS FLOW AT REST

For a fluid at rest

y
is independent of n
and is parallel to n yy
is compressive i.e. - p
where p is the hydrostatic pressure x
xy yz zx 0 zz xx
xx yy zz p
z
p 0 0 1 0 0 Isotropic Stress Terms

0 p 0 p 0 1 0
0 0 p 0 0 1

pI
MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-15
Question on Non-dimensionalization
and the Scaling of Velocity

in reference to

Question 5 of Tutorial 3

x y 2 w 2 w 1 p
If we define scaling parameters x ; y ; w w in 2 2
a b b 2 p x y z
z
2w 2 w 1 p b 2 2 w 2 w b 2 p
2 2 2 2 2
a x b 2 y 2 z a x y z

b 2 p
Question : Why is w scaled by ?
z
x y w
Assume that we scale x ; y ; w where we wish to know what is the scaling factor
a b
we wish to choose.
2 w 2 w 1 p
Then we write the non-dimensional form of 2 2 as
x y z
2w 2w 1 p
2 2 2

a x b y
2
z If we are uncertain of how to scale
b2 2 w 2 w b 2 p Certain parameters use an arbitrary
2 2
a x y 2 z Scaling parameter and work it out
b2 2 w 2 w Later according to desired criteria
2 2 2 1

a x y
b 2
p
On the desired for the scaled equation
z
b 2 p
If we desire to make this term unity, then chosen criteria to determine
b 2 p z

z

w w
w w
b 2 p 2 p
b
z z
 Question on Direction of Shear Force
in Fully Developed Pipe Flow

Why the direction of shear is not in the

direction opposite to that shown?
 u ur
f
Y
g
zr
uz X z h
r z e
rz rz
zr
d r
r
O
a

b
c

Shear Stresses on Faces

abcd,dcfe and adfg
Z
 Wall shear direction

Sum of forces on the cylindrical element:

F r 2 p1 p2 2 rl
The net force acting on the element must be in the direction of motion.
Hence F r 2 p1 p2 2 rl 0
2u p p2 r r dp
2 1
y 2l 2 dz
dp p2 p1 2u p1 p2 r r dp
If then 2
dz l y 2l 2 dz
Question:

On the lecture BLT-M1 Slide

16, the g force doesn't appear
any more in the non
dimensional Navier-Stokes
equation. Why ?
Question:
On the lecture BLT-M1 Slide 16,
the g force doesn't appear any
more in the non dimensional
Navier-Stokes equation. Why ?

Considering the Momentum Equation in Answer:

the Cartesian Coordinate System
Here we compare the viscous force with
Inertial Term in the x - momentum equation : the inertial force (which is influenced by
u U 2 convective acceleration for steady flows)
u O
x L to make sense of thin boundary layer
flows. Body force terms arising can
Viscous Term in the x - momentum equation : usually be absorbed in the pressure
2u U gradient term (i.e. hydrostatic pressure).
2 O 2
y
Scaled Navier-Stokes including body
force terms lead to a Froude Number
which is important if we are looking at
surface waves in shallow and deep water.
EXPLANATION OF THE REDUCTION OF
THE EQUATION IN BOUNDARY LAYER
THEORY BLT- M01-Slide No: 116
Explanation of the Reduction of the Equation in Slide 116

Correct form of the term shown in red to replace existing term

2u u u 2u v u d 2U dU dU 3u
u v 2 U 3
xdy y x y y y dxdy dy dx y
On the wall y=0, u 0, v 0
u u v u d 2U dU dU 3u
U 3
y x y y dxdy dy dx y
u v u v
0
x y x y
d 2U dU dU 3u
0 U 3
dxdy dy dx y
d dU 3u 3u
0 U 3 3 0 U U ( y)
dy dx y y
 Explanation of the boundary condition
u
d2
U 0 at y 0
y
2

d

for the case of non - zero pressure gradient
boundary layer flow on a surface

(BLT - M02 Slide 47)

 u
d2
A brief note on the boundary condition 2 0 at 0
U y
y
d

y u u 1 p 2u
At 1 the momentum equation is u v 2
x y x y
u U ; v 0 and as the flow is inviscid at the edge of the boundary layer
1 p U
U (Euler's Equation)
x x
U U U 2u
U 0 U 2
x y x y
For uniform free stream flow (zero-pressure gradient flow) at the edge of the boundary layer
U 2u 2u U U
U 2 0 2
x y y x
p
Since 0 in the boundary layer it follows that the
y
momentum equation is also valid at the wall where u 0; v 0
u u 1 p 2u 2u U U
0 0 2 2
x y x y y x
A Note on the Transformation of
Variables
u y
u and
U
u 1 y
and
u U

2u u y u u y

2
y u y
2 u 1 u 2 2u

2


y

U y U y 2

2u U dU

y 2 dx
2u 2 U dU
at 0
2 U dx
 QUESTION ON IMPLICATIONS OF LARGE REYNOLDS
NUMBER ASSUMPTION IN DEVELOPING APPROXIMATE
FLOW MODELS AND ALSO TURBUELNET FLOWS

1) A high Re no. represents Turbulent flow, however

why is there negligible viscous effects at high Re no.?
Shouldn't there be larger viscous effects for Turbulent
flow?

2) The Prandtl's Laminar Boundary Layer Equations is

derived only for Laminar flow so why do we
assume that that Re no. is large (turbulent)?
CLARIFICATION:

If you look at the slides on the approximation of NS Equations based on the

scaled NS Equations (where Re shows up) to Potential Flow the requirement is
large Re because then the viscous terms vanish and we have the limiting form of
NS Eqns as Invisicid Euler Equations leading to potential flow for irrotational flow.
Also at High Re number the regions of viscous effects diminishes (see slides on
viscous effects on flat plate in BLT1 showing the effect of Re number on viscous
regions. For low Re flows the viscous effects dominate a large region of the flow
and hence in the other limit of very low Re flow you have creeping flows- very
slow viscous flow

It is the high Re number assumption that lead to the development of Prandtl's

boundary layer theory because at High Re the viscous regions are confined to
thin layers.

All these have been explained clearly with pictures in the slides BLT1 and also in
VF2
Clean closed form analytical solutions only exist for laminar flows. Inviscid flow
and Potential Flow is the large Re limit approximate flow model from NS
Equations. You may think high Re means turbulent flow. However for this flow
there is no mechanism for generating turbulence as the viscous terms have
been neglected. So solutions of Inviscid potential flow are basically laminar!

Now after you have developed the laminar boundary layer theory, you need to
ask how to handle turbulent boundary layers. Turbulent flow shows up at a
particular Reynolds Number which depends on the flow geometry. For flat plate
it is usually after the Critical Re which is about 10^5 and for pipes etc it has a
different value of around 10^4. Hence you need to compute Re for any flow
and see if it is laminar or turbulent according to know guidelines based on
empirical correlations on the basis of experimentally observed data.

It is impossible to develop analytical solutions like Blasius laminar boundary

layers for turbulent boundary layer. So you assume a empirically correlated
turbulent velocity profile, insert that in von-Karman's Integral Momentum Eqn
and estimate the turbulent boundary layer properties. Thats the best one can
do to handle turbulent boundary layers