Steve Jobs - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

1/19/13 Steve Jobs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Steve Jobs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Steven Paul Jobs (/dbz/; February 24, 1955

October 5, 2011)[5][6] was an American entrepreneur.[7] He Steve Jobs
is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of
Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a
charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution[8][9]
and for his influential career in the computer and consumer
electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief
executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member
of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in
2006, when Disney acquired Pixar.
In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak

engineered one of the first commercially successful lines of
personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was among the
first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's
mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide
creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. Developers Conference 2010
He also played a role in introducing the LaserWriter, one of Steven Paul Jobs
Born
the first widely available laser printers, to the market.[10] February 24, 1955[1][2]
After a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, San Francisco, California, U.S. [1][2]
Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform Died October 5, 2011 (aged 56)[2]
development company specializing in the higher-education Palo Alto, California, U.S.
and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer
Cause of Metastatic Insulinoma
graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as
death
Pixar.[11] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an
executive producer. He served as CEO and majority Nationality American
shareholder until Disney's purchase of Pixar in 2006.[12] In Alma mater Reed College (dropped out)
1996, after Apple had failed to deliver its operating system,
Occupation Co-founder, Chairman and CEO,
Copland, Gil Amelio turned to NeXT Computer, and the
NeXTSTEP platform became the foundation for the Mac OS Apple Inc.
X.[13] Jobs returned to Apple as an advisor, and took control Co-founder and CEO,
of the company as an interim CEO. Jobs brought Apple from Pixar
near bankruptcy to profitability by 1998.[14][15] Founder and CEO,
NeXT Inc.
As the new CEO of the company, Jobs oversaw the
Years active 19742011
development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad,
and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, Influenced by Edwin H. Land
iTunes Store and the App Store.[16] The success of these Board The Walt Disney Company[3]
products and services provided several years of stable member of Apple Inc.
financial returns, and propelled Apple to become the world's
Religion Zen Buddhism (previously
most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[17] The
Lutheran)[4]
reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs 1/53
commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business Spouse(s) Laurene Powell

history.[18][19][20] (19912011, his death)
Children Lisa Brennan-Jobs
In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas
neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he Reed Jobs
reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant Erin Jobs
in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health Eve Jobs
declined.[21] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs Relatives Patricia Ann Jobs (adoptive sister),
resigned in August that year, and was elected Chairman of Mona Simpson (biological sister)
the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his
metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011. Signature
Jobs received a number of honors and public recognition for

his influence in the technology and music industries. He has been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply
"visionary",[22][23][24][25] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",[26] a "master of
innovation",[27][28] and a "design perfectionist".[29][30]
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Early career
3 Career
3.1 Apple Computer
3.2 NeXT Computer
3.3 Pixar and Disney
3.4 Return to Apple
3.5 Resignation
4 Business life
4.1 Wealth
4.2 Stock options backdating issue
4.3 Management style
4.3.1 Reality distortion field
4.4 Inventions and designs
4.4.1 The Macintosh Computer
4.4.2 The NeXT Computer
4.4.3 iMac
4.4.4 iPod
4.4.5 iPhone
4.5 Philanthropy
5 Personal life
5.1 Health issues
6 Death
6.1 Media coverage
7 Honors and public recognition
8 Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater

8.1 Books
8.2 Documentaries
8.3 Films
8.4 Theater
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
11.1 Articles
11.2 Interviews
Early life and education

Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole
Schieble, of Swiss Catholic descent, and Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (Arabic:
), who were
[31]
both unmarried at the time. Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born, said he had no choice
but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriend's family objected to their relationship.[32]
The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (19221993) and Clara Jobs (19241986), an Armenian
American[33] whose maiden name was Hagopian.[34] According to Steve Jobs's commencement address at
Stanford, Schieble wanted Jobs to be adopted only by a college-graduate couple. Schieble learned that Clara Jobs
didn't graduate from college and Paul Jobs only attended high school, but signed final adoption papers after they
promised her that the child would definitely be encouraged and supported to attend college. Later, when asked
about his "adoptive parents", Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."[35] He stated in
his authorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%."[36] Unknown to him, his biological parents would
subsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child, novelist Mona Simpson, in 1957, and divorce in
1962.[36]
The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old.[1][2] The
parents later adopted a daughter, Patty. Paul worked as a mechanic and a carpenter, and taught his son
rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in
the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions.
As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.[37]
Clara was an accountant[35] who taught him to read before he went to school.[1] Clara Jobs had been a payroll
clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.[38]
Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain
View, he frequently played pranks on others.[39] Though school officials recommended that he skip two grades on
account of his test scores, his parents elected for him only to skip one grade.[36][39]
Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] At Homestead,
Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez
introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Steve Wozniak (also known as "Woz"). In 1969 Woz started
building a little computer board with Fernandez that they named "The Cream Soda Computer", which they showed
to Jobs; he seemed really interested.[40]
Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an
expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their life savings on their son's
higher education.[40] Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on
creative classes, including a course on calligraphy.[41] He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the
floor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local
Hare Krishna temple.[42] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the
Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[42]
Early career
In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos,
California.[43] He traveled to India in mid-1974[44] to visit Neem Karoli Baba[45]
at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple
employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to
the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died
in September 1973.[43] Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an
ashram of Hariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from
Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.[43]
After staying for seven months, Jobs left India[46] and returned to the US ahead
of Daniel Kottke.[43] Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved and
he wore traditional Indian clothing.[47][48] During this time, Jobs experimented
with psychedelics, later calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most Homebrew Computer Club
important things [he had] done in [his] life". [49][50] He also became a serious Newsletter, September 1976
practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the
Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest St Zen monastery in the US.[51] He considered taking up monastic
residence at Eihei-ji in Japan, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen.[52] Jobs would later say that people
around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[49]
Jobs then returned to Atari, and was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout.
According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine.
Jobs had little specialized knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly
between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, Wozniak
reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.
According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000), and that
Wozniak's share was thus $350.[53] Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later, but said that
if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.[54]
In the early 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak were drawn to technology like a magnet. Wozniak had designed a low-cost
digital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance
calls. Jobs decided that they could make money selling it. The clandestine sales of the illegal "blue boxes" went well,
and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be fun and profitable.[55]
Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975.[2] He greatly admired
Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and would explicitly
model his own career after that of Land's.[56][57]
In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named "Apple Computer Company" in
remembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples. At first they started off selling circuit boards.[58]
Career
Apple Computer
See also: History of Apple
Jobs and Steve Wozniak met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill
Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. In
1976, Wozniak single-handedly invented the Apple I computer. Wozniak
showed it to Jobs, who suggested that they sell it. Jobs, Wozniak, and
Ronald Wayne founded Apple computer in the garage of Jobs's parents
in order to sell it.[59] They received funding from a then-semi-retired Intel
product-marketing manager and engineer Mike Markkula.[60]
In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to Home of Paul and Clara Jobs, on
serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Crist Drive in Los Altos, California.
Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, Steve Jobs formed Apple Computer in
asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do its garage with Steve Wozniak and
you want to come with me and change the world?"[61] Ronald Wayne in 1976. Wayne stayed
only a short time, leaving Jobs and
In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial Wozniak as the primary co-founders
potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which of the company.
led to the creation of the Apple Lisa. One year later, Apple employee Jef
Raskin invented the Macintosh.[62][63]
The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984". At Apple's annual shareholders
meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy
Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".[64]
While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time described
him as an erratic and temperamental manager. Disappointing sales caused a deterioration in Jobs's working
relationship with Sculley and it eventually became a power struggle between Jobs and Sculley.[65] Jobs kept
meetings running past midnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am.[66]
Sculley learned that Jobswho believed Sculley to be "bad for Apple" and the wrong person to lead the company
had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup, and on May 24, 1985, called a board meeting to resolve
the matter.[65] Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties as head
of the Macintosh division.[67][68] Jobs resigned from Apple five months later[65] and founded NeXT Inc. the same
year.[66][69]
In a speech Jobs gave at Stanford University in 2005, he said being fired from Apple was the best thing that could
have happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of
being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most
creative periods of my life." And he added, "I'm pretty sure none of this would have
happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but I guess the
patient needed it."[42][70][71]
Apple logo in
NeXT Computer
1977, created by
Rob Janoff with See also: NeXT
the rainbow
color theme
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT
Computer in 1985, with $7 million. A year later,
used until 1998.
Jobs was running out of money, and with no
product on the horizon, he appealed for venture
capital. Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot
who invested heavily in the company.[72] NeXT workstations were first
released in 1990, priced at $9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT
workstation was technologically advanced, but was largely dismissed as
cost-prohibitive by the educational sector for which it was designed.[73]
The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief
among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs
marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic
community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, A NeXTstation with the original
such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in keyboard, mouse and the NeXT
Ethernet port. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web on a MegaPixel monitor
NeXT computer at CERN.[74]
The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal"
computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system,
NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is
going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.[75] Jobs ran NeXT with an
obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium
case.[76] This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000
machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.[77] The company
reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994.[72] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a
framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was
used to build and run the Apple Store,[77] MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.
Pixar and Disney
In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for
the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.[78]
The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story (1995), with Jobs credited as executive producer,[79] brought
fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief
John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc.
(2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up
(2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 6/53
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs
(2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3
each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.[80]
In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive
Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[82] and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixar
would seek a new partner to distribute its films after its contract with Disney expired.
In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and
Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock
transaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single
shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.[83] Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded
those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held
about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner especially that he soured Disney's
relationship with Pixar accelerated Eisner's ousting. Upon completion of the merger, Jobs received 7% of Disney
shares, and joined the Board of Directors as the largest individual shareholder.[83][84][85] Upon Jobs's death his
shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by Laurene Jobs.[86]
Return to Apple
See also: "19982005: Return to profitability" in Apple, Inc.
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million. The
deal was finalized in late 1996,[87] bringing Jobs back to the company he
co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was
ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in
September.[88] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on
returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as
Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many
employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the
Logo for the Think Different
elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened.
campaign designed by
The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful
TBWA\Chiat\Day and initiated by
of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[89] Jobs also
Jobs after his return to Apple
changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly
Computer in 1997.
for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably
NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with
the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have
worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at
Apple and became permanent CEO.[90] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".[91]
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the
introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company
made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone
business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an
iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation,
Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".[92]
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been
dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as
"Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to
criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the US by lashing out at environmental and other
advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take
back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a
plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the
commencement speaker.[42] The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player
recycle all e-waste".
In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer

who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally
friendly disposal" of their old systems.[93]
Resignation
In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained with the company
as chairman of the company's board.[94][95] Hours after the announcement, Apple
Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped five percent in after-hours trading.[96] This relatively
small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated
with the fact that his health had been in the news for several years, and he had
been on medical leave since January 2011.[97] It was believed, according to
Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including Jobs on stage at Macworld
Conference & Expo, San
at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[98] In after-hours
Francisco, January 11, 2005
trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped
1.5 percent.[99]
Business life
Wealth
Although Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[100] Jobs held 5.426 million Apple shares worth $2.1
billion, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar)
worth $4.4 billion.[101][102] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one
meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance.[103] Forbes estimated his net wealth
at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd-wealthiest American.[104]
Stock options backdating issue
In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of
$18.30. It was alleged that the options had been backdated, and that the exercise price should have been $21.10.
It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that
Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges
and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[105] though an
independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these
issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[106]
issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[106]
On July 1, 2008, a $7-billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors
for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[107][108]
Management style
Jobs was a demanding perfectionist[109][110] who always aspired to

position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the
information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least
in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his
keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007,
by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky
There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to

where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And
we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth
D: All Things Digital conference
beginning. And we always will.[111]
(D5) in 2007
Ever a stickler for quality, Jobs once famously quoted
(http://www.wordsheaven.com/steve-jobs.html) :
Be a yardstick of quality. Some people aren't used to an environment where excellence is expected.
Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote
that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".[112]
Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The
Little Kingdom, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and
iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made
Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT.
NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The
highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs's office
replied that his personality had changed since then.[113]
Steve Jobs announcing
Tim Cook Apple CEO noted, "More so than any person I ever met in my life, [Jobs]
the transition to Intel
had the ability to change his mind, much more so than anyone Ive ever met... Maybe
processors in 2005.
the most underappreciated thing about Steve was that he had the courage to change
his mind." [114]
In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing
an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[115] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a
deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."[116] Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have
made an excellent king of France", alluding to Jobs's compelling and larger-than-life persona.[117] Floyd Norman
said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the
filmmakers.[118]
Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting in 1987 when Jobs first criticized
Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[119] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael
Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[119] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael
Dell was asked what he would do if he ran then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the
money back to the shareholders."[120] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market
capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:
Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock
market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different
tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[121]
Jobs was also a board member at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002.[122]
Reality distortion field
Main article: Reality distortion field
Apple's Bud Tribble coined the term "reality distortion field" in 1981, to describe Jobs's charisma and its effects on
the developers working on the Macintosh project.[123] Tribble claimed that the term came from Star Trek.[123]
Since then the term has also been used to refer to perceptions of Jobs's keynote speeches.[124]
The RDF was said by Andy Hertzfeld to be Steve Jobs's ability to convince himself and others to believe almost
anything, using a mix of charm, charisma, bravado, hyperbole, marketing, appeasement, and persistence. Although
the subject of criticism, Jobs's so-called reality distortion field was also recognized as creating a sense that the
impossible was possible. Once the term became widely known, it was often used in the technology press to
describe Jobs's sway over the public, particularly regarding new product announcements.[125][126]
Inventions and designs
Jobs's design aesthetic was influenced by the modernist architectural style of Joseph Eichler, and the industrial
designs of Braun's Dieter Rams.[36] His design sense was also greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he
experienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey.[127] His sense of intuition was also influenced by the
spiritual people with whom he studied.[127]
According to Apple cofounder, Steve Wozniak, "Steve didn't ever code. He wasn't an engineer and he didn't do
any original design..."[128][129] Daniel Kottke, one of Apple's earliest employees and a college friend of Jobs',
stated that "Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing
person."[130]
He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a
range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based),
speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Jobs's contributions to
most of his patents were to "the look and feel of the product".[131] Most of these are design patents (specific
product designs; for example, Jobs listed as primary inventor in patents for both original and lamp-style iMacs, as
well as PowerBook G4 Titanium) as opposed to utility patents (inventions).[132][133] He has 43 issued US patents
on inventions.[134] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the
day before he died.[135] However, Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original
Apple computers.[129]
Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would hold the iPad in a hospital bed.[136]
He also despised the oxygen monitor on his finger and suggested ways to revise the design for simplicity.[137]
The Macintosh Computer
The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no "Mac" name on the front, but rather just the
Apple logo.[138] The Macintosh had a friendly appearance since it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive is
below the display, the Macintosh was taller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. The
Macintosh was identified as a computer that ordinary people could understand.[139]
The NeXT Computer
Main article: NeXT Computer
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that built workstation computers. The NeXT
Computer was introduced in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the world's first web browser on the NeXT
Computer. The NeXT Computer was the basis for today's Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system
(iOS).[140]
iMac
Main article: iMac
Apple iMac was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design was directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple.
Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".[141] Described as
"cartoonlike" the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In
1999, Apple introduced Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has switched to all-white. Design ideas were intended
to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a breathing light effect when the computer went to
sleep.[142] The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. There were some technical revolutions for iMac too. The
USB ports being the only device inputs on the iMac. So the iMac's success helped popularize the interface among
third party peripheral makers, which is evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of
translucent plastic to match the iMac design.[143]
iPod
Main article: iPod
The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size
achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of
the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes.[144] The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000
iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in
the music industry.[145] Also, the iPod's success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.[146]
After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch,
video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.[145]
iPhone
Main article: iPhone
Apple began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone
created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. Time magazine
declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007.[147] The Apple iPhone is a small device with multimedia capabilities
and functions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone.[148] A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008
with the key feature was support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS,
added voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor was introduced by Phil Schiller.[149] iPhone 4 was
thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera which can record videos in 720p HD, and added a
secondary front facing camera for video calls.[150] A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011,
was Siri, which is a virtual assistant that is capable of voice recognition.[147]
Philanthropy
Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with
philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts.[151] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving
Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the world's richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to
charity.[152] In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that "the challenges are to figure
out how to live with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express
your concerns or values."[153] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but
for now he does charitable acts privately.[154]
After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.[155] Jobs's
friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money
to charity.[156] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of
devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity
since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was
"nothing better than the chance to save lives", when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in
the program.[157] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to Product Red's gift to the Global Fund,
which fights AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, according to Bono.[158][159]
Personal life
Jobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin. Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, from Syria,[160] taught there.
Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the same age because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young."
[161][162][163] Schieble had a career as a speech language pathologist. Jandali taught political science at the
University of Nevada in the 1960s, and then made his career in the food and beverage industry, and since 2006,
has been a vice president at a casino in Reno, Nevada.[164][165] In December 1955, ten months after giving up their
baby boy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957 they had a daughter, Mona. They divorced in 1962, and Jandali
lost touch with his daughter.[166] Her mother remarried and had Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she
became known as Mona Simpson.[162]
In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona
Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985[166] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship
secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book.[35]
After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who his
son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley
where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer
Walter Isaacson, aired on 60 Minutes,[167] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously,
you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't
like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me."[168] Jobs was in
occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson,[155][169] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles.[162] When
speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just
the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."[36] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August
2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic
disorder was made public that year.[170][171][172]
In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:
I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had
emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would
come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to
believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary,
plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to
love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that
man and he was my brother.[166]
Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, a
Bay Area painter.[155] For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming
he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[155] Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18,
1991, in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun
Chino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in
August 1995, and Eve in 1998.[173] The family lives in Palo Alto, California.[174]
Jobs once dated Joan Baez for a few years. Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of
Jobs from his time at Reed College, believed that Jobs was interested in
Baez because she had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the
Apple icon's favorite musician).[175] Jobs confided in Joanna Hoffman his
concerns about the relationship. She would later tell his official
biographer "She was a strong woman, and he wanted to show he was in
control. Plus, he always said he wanted to have a family, and with her he
knew that he wouldn't. [176]
Jobs demonstrating the iPhone 4 to
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul
on June 23, 2010
McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60
Minutes, he replied:
My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies
in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in
business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[177]
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically
progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan,
daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I. M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his
apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer
Bono. Jobs never moved in.[178][179]
In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial
mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California. Although it reportedly remained in an
almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966
BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a
house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley
CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[180][181] Clinton returned the favor and
Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[182]
Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller
home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the
Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the
property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people
expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were
reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In
January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.[183] The court decision was
overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011.[184]
Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to
be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.[185][186] Jobs told Walter Isaacson
"...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he
claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style."[185] He was a pescetarian.[187]
Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG, which did not display its license plates, as he took advantage
of a California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SL
every six months.[188] Jobs involved himself with the details of designing his 78-metre luxury yacht Venus (named
after the deity)[189] to keep thoughts of death at bay. It is also designed by Philippe Starck,[190] who claims
insufficient payment.[191]
In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed at one point he met with U.S. President
Barack Obama, complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Obama that he was "headed
for a one-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a U.S.
university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very
smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me."[192]
Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats,
$45,700 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican.[193]
Health issues
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer,[194] and in mid-2004, he announced to his employees that he
had a cancerous tumor in his pancreas.[195] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor;[196] Jobs
stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[195] Despite his
stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[195] Despite his
diagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months,[155]
instead consuming a special alternative medicine diet in an attempt to
thwart the disease. According to Harvard researcher Ramzi Amri, his
choice of alternative treatment "led to an unnecessarily early death."[194]
According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he
refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer a decision he later
regretted as his health declined."[197] "Instead, he tried a vegan diet,
acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments he found online, and
even consulted a psychic. He also was influenced by a doctor who ran a
clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven Jobs addressing concerns about his
approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."[198] He health in 2008.
eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple
procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the
tumor.[199][200][201] Jobs apparently did not receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[195][202] During Jobs's
absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[195]
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin,
almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[203][204] together with his choice to delegate significant
portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health.[205]
In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees
who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".[206] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that
"Steve's health is robust."[207]
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.[208] Apple officials stated Jobs
was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[209] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was
due to the Whipple procedure.[202] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded
to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the
opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his
company.[210][211] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with
Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-
threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."[212]
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service,
containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries
to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified,
many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[213] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.[214] Jobs responded
at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by essentially[215] quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are
greatly exaggerated."[216] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading
"110/70", referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.[217]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's
final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's
health.[218][219] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com,[220] Jobs said that he had been suffering
from a "hormone imbalance" for several months.[221]
On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my
health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until
the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's
2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,[222] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[222]
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis,
Tennessee.[223][224] Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent".[223]
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had
been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was
made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would
run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the
company.[225][226] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC
keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).[227]
Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011, writing to the board, "I have always said if
there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apples CEO, I would be the
first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come." [228] Jobs became chairman of the board thereafter,
naming Tim Cook his successor as CEO,[229][230] and continued to work for Apple until the day before his death
six weeks later.[231]
Death
Jobs died at his California home around 3 pm on October 5, 2011, due
to complications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cell
neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer,[2][232][233] resulting in respiratory
arrest.[234] He had lost consciousness the day before, and died with his
wife, children and sister at his side.[235]
Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their
respective headquarters and campuses.[236][237] Bob Iger ordered all
Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland, to fly
their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.[238]
His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed

away today.
Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless Flags flying at half-staff outside Apple
innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is HQ in Cupertino, on the evening of
immeasurably better because of Steve. Steve Jobs's death.
His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our
hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.[239]
For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and
lifespan next to his grayscale portrait.[240] Clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:
Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those
of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with
Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves
behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will
forever be the foundation of Apple.[240]
An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories,
condolences, and thoughts.[241][242] Over a million tributes were sent,
which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.
Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs,
John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull, and the eulogy they wrote:[243] Memorial candles and iPads to Steve
Jobs outside the Apple Store in Palo
Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and Alto California shortly after his death
our guiding light of the Pixar family. He saw the potential of what
Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever
imagined. Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated
films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did
and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people. He will forever be part of
Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go out to his wife Laurene and their children during this incredibly difficult
time.[243]
A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed out of respect to Jobs's
family.[244] Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging
"well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.[245]
Sunday, October 16, 2011, was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California.[246] On that
day, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance included Apple and other
tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's
family. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service
was highly secured, with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an area news
station.[247][248]
A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in
Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore, and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene,
was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of
the service is available on Apple's website.[249]
Jobs is buried in an unmarked grave at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo
Alto.[250][251] He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his
daughter from a previous relationship.[252] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".[253][254]
He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over
their shoulders past them"; his last words, spoken hours before his death, were:
"Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow."[166]
Media coverage
Steve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC, CBS, and NBC.[255] Numerous newspapers around the world
carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President Barack
Obama,[256] British Prime Minister David Cameron,[257] Microsoft founder Bill Gates,[258] and The Walt Disney
Company's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute
on their homepage.[259] Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs's friends and colleagues, such
as Steve Wozniak and George Lucas.[260][261] After Steve Jobs's death, Adult Swim aired a 15-second segment
with the words "hello" in a script font fading in and then changing into "goodbye".
Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8,
2011. The issue's cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus
position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue
marked the eighth time Jobs was featured on the cover of Time.[262] The issue included a photographic essay by
Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter
Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs.[263]
Bloomberg Businessweek also published a commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by Steve
Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson. On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in
gray scale, along with his name and lifespan.
At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and
genius[264][265][266][267]perhaps one of the foremostin the field of business,[268][269] innovation,[270] and
product design,[271] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,[264][266][270]
revolutionized at least six different industries,[265] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".[265] His death
was widely mourned[270] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.[267]
After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his
time.[272][273] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas
Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men,
but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet."[274] Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted
that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly
refining it."[275]
There was also a dissenting tone in some coverage of Jobs' life and works in the media, where attention focused on
his near-fanatical control mindset and business ruthlessness. A Los Angeles Times media critic reported that the
eulogies "came courtesy of reporters whoafter deadline and off the recordwould tell stories about a company
obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger,
punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic
tenets of a free press."[276] Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to Apple's strategy of tight
corporate control over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and
persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools
from their freedom, has died".[277][278] Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor stated that under Jobs, Apple had taken
stances that in his view were "outright hostile to the practice of journalism" [276] - these included suing three "small
fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products including attempts to use the courts
to force them to reveal their sources, suing teenager Nicholas Ciarelli, who wrote enthusiastic speculation about
Apple products beginning at age 13[276] (Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill his 'ThinkSecret' blog as "It
thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in
his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star."[276]).
Some have compared Steve Jobs and Dennis Ritchie who died a week later, and the respective media coverage of
their deaths.[279]
Honors and public recognition

After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When
Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the magazine
published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro".[280][281]
Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan
in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),[282]
and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by
an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award) in
1987.[283] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in
business by Fortune magazine.[284] On December 5, 2007, California Governor
Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the Steve Jobs with the first
California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and generation iPad tablet
the Arts.[285]
In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior
Achievement,[286] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc.
magazine.[287] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine.[268]
In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.[288] In December
2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay[289] by stating, "In his
autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the
man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a
lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'".[290] The Financial Times closed
by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be."[289]
On December 21, 2011, Graphisoft company in Budapest presented the

world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs, calling him one of the greatest
personalities of the modern age.[291]
In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 25) were asked to identify
the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placed second behind Thomas
Edison.[292]
On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy

Trustees Award, an award for those who have influenced the music industry Statue of Jobs at Graphisoft Park,
in areas unrelated to performance.[293] Budapest[291]
In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named Steve Jobs the
"greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring", and "the quintessential
entrepreneur of our generation".[294]
Two films, Disney's John Carter[295] and Pixar's Brave,[296] are dedicated to Jobs.
On October 5, 2012, Apple.com's homepage was changed to a video tribute to Jobs, because it was the first
anniversary of his death, and it showed pictures with audio from some of his greatest keynotes. When the video
ended, it showed a note from Tim Cook about the matter.
Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater

Books
The Little Kingdom (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer.
The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (2001), by Alan Deutschman
iCon: Steve Jobs (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon
iWoz (2006), by Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple. It is an autobiography of Steve Wozniak, but it
covers much of Jobs's life and work at Apple.
Steve Jobs (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.
Inside Apple (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership
strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
The Zen of Steve Jobs (2012) written by Caleb Melby with artwork by Jess3, a graphic novel about the
relationship of Jobs and Kobun Chino Otogawa and how the monk's mentorship influenced Jobs's business
philosophy.
Documentaries
The Machine That Changed the World Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called The
Paperback Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
Triumph of the Nerds a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home
computer/personal computer.
Nerds 2.0.1 a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which
chronicles the development of the Internet.
iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by
Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.[297]
Steve Jobs: One Last Thing a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions.[298] A slightly
shortened and localized[299] version of the show was broadcast[300] in the United Kingdom the following day
titled, Steve Jobs: iChanged the World on Channel 4.[301]
Films
Steve Jobs A Sony Pictures film version of the biography by Walter Isaacson, with a screenplay and
directed by Aaron Sorkin.
Jobs an upcoming independent film by Joshua Michael Stern. Jobs will be portrayed by Ashton
Kutcher.[302]
Pirates of Silicon Valley a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the
early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.[303]
early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.[303]
Theater
The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs The Public Theater, New York City, 2012, starring Mike
Daisey.[304]
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Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That's why it hired a
soft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to
realize it had been a death march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category
as consumer products companies. We couldn't bend reality to all our dreams of changing the world.
The world would also have to change us. Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech
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end of 1984. Most people who bought computers stuffed them in the closet because balancing a
checkbook wasn't reason enough to flick on the switch. Consumers weren't ready to put computers
in their homes as easily as they installed telephones, refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts.
They weren't willing to pay a couple of thousand dollars for something they didn't know what to do
with.
John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple a journey of adventure, ideas and the future,
Harper & Row, 1987
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2012-02-28.
296. ^ "Pixar's 'Brave' Pays Ghostly Tribute to Steve Jobs"
(http://archive.is/20120710/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/05/25/pixars-brave-pays-ghostly-tribute-to-steve-
jobs/?mod=WSJBlog&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter) . Archived from the original
(http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/05/25/pixars-brave-pays-ghostly-tribute-to-steve-jobs/?
mod=WSJBlog&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter) on July 10, 2012.
http://archive.is/20120710/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/05/25/pixars-brave-pays-ghostly-tribute-to-steve-
jobs/?mod=WSJBlog&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.
297. ^ Nede, Jethro (October 10, 2011). ""MythBusters" stars Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman host the one-hour
documentary" (http://archive.is/20120524/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/steve-jobs-documentary-
on-discovery-246273) . The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original
(http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/steve-jobs-documentary-on-discovery-246273) on May 24, 2012.
http://archive.is/20120524/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/steve-jobs-documentary-on-discovery-
246273. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
298. ^ "Steve Jobs: One Last Thing PBS show website"
(http://archive.is/20120905/http://www.pbs.org/programs/steve-jobs-one-last-thing) . Pbs.org. October 5, 2011.
Archived from the original (http://www.pbs.org/programs/steve-jobs-one-last-thing) on September 5, 2012.
http://archive.is/20120905/http://www.pbs.org/programs/steve-jobs-one-last-thing. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
299. ^ The narrator in the UK version of the show has a British accent, for the purpose of catering to the local market.
300. ^ Truta, Filip. "'Steve Jobs: iChanged the World' Documentary Airs Tonight in the UK"
(http://archive.is/20120916/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Steve-Jobs-iChanged-the-World-Documentary-Airs-
Tonight-in-the-UK-232019.shtml) . Softpedia. Archived from the original (http://news.softpedia.com/news/Steve-
Jobs-iChanged-the-World-Documentary-Airs-Tonight-in-the-UK-232019.shtml) on September 16, 2012.
http://archive.is/20120916/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Steve-Jobs-iChanged-the-World-Documentary-Airs-
Tonight-in-the-UK-232019.shtml. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
301. ^ "Steve Jobs: iChanged the World" (http://archive.is/20120723/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/steve-jobs-
ichanged-the-world/4od) . http://www.channel4.com.+Archived+from the original
(http://www.channel4.com/programmes/steve-jobs-ichanged-the-world/4od) on July 23, 2012.
http://archive.is/20120723/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/steve-jobs-ichanged-the-world/4od. Retrieved
2011-11-15.
2011-11-15.
302. ^ "Joshua Michael Stern will begin shooting the film in May, with Five Star Institute's Mark Hulme producing and
financing; Sony is planning a separate Jobs biopic."
(http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/two-and-half-men-ashton-kutcher-steve-
jobs-biopic-306666) . Archived from the original (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/two-and-half-men-
ashton-kutcher-steve-jobs-biopic-306666) on September 15, 2012.
http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/two-and-half-men-ashton-kutcher-steve-jobs-
biopic-306666.
303. ^ "Noah Wyle on playing Steve Jobs" (http://archive.is/20120524/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/07/noah-
wyle-steve-jobs/?section=magazines_fortune) . Archived from the original
(http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/07/noah-wyle-steve-jobs/?section=magazines_fortune) on May 24, 2012.
http://archive.is/20120524/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/07/noah-wyle-steve-jobs/?
section=magazines_fortune. Fortune
304. ^ "The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs"
(http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.publictheater.org/component/option%2ccom_shows/task%2cview/Itemid
%2c141/id%2c1043) . Archived from the original
(http://www.publictheater.org/component/option%2ccom_shows/task%2cview/Itemid%2c141/id%2c1043) on
September 15, 2012.
http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.publictheater.org/component/option%2ccom_shows/task%2cview/Itemid%
2c141/id%2c1043., The Public Theater website
Further reading
Butcher, Lee (1987). Accidental Millionaire: The rise and fall of Steve Jobs at Apple. Paragon House.
ISBN 978-0-913729-79-3.
Caddes, Carolyn (1986). Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Tioga Publishing
Co.. ISBN 0-935382-56-9.
Cringely, Robert X. (1996). Accidental Empires. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-855-4.
Denning, Peter J.; Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). "A conversation with Steve Jobs". Communications of the
ACM 32 (4): 436433. doi:10.1145/63334.63336 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F63334.63336) .
Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8.
Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer.
McGraw-Hill Trade. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.
Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1.
Kahney, Leander (2004). The Cult of Mac. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-83-2.
Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Press, Doubleday. ISBN 0-
385-19195-2.
Levy, Steven (1994). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed
Everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-85244-9.
Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-638-4. Bantam Doubleday Dell.
ISBN 0-385-48684-7.
Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal
Computer Industry. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03382-0.
Schlender, Brent, "The Lost Steve Jobs Tapes" (http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/165/steve-jobs-
legacy-tapes) , Fast Company magazine, May 2012 issue
Simon, William L.; Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History
of Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-72083-6.
Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books. ISBN 0-689-12135-
0.
0.
Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19262-4. Chapter 28
Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co.. ISBN 0-673-
18864-7.
Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer,
co-founded Apple and had fun doing it. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-06143-4.
External links
See also: Timeline of Steve Jobs media for a chronological list of his interviews, media appearances, and
speaking engagements and their subject matter.
Jobs's Macworld keynote in 1997 where he announced the partnership with Microsoft
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEHNrqPkefI) on YouTube
Steve Jobs (June 2005). Steve Jobs's 2005 Stanford Commencement Address
(http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/987.html) . Stanford University.
http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/987.html.
"Thoughts on Flash" (http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughts-on-flash/) by Steve Jobs, April 2010.
Appearances (http://www.c-spanvideo.org/stephenjobs) on C-SPAN
Steve Jobs (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0423418/) at the Internet Movie Database
Works by or about Steve Jobs (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n87-883336) in libraries (WorldCat
catalog)
Steve Jobs (http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/stevejobs) collected news and commentary at The
Guardian
Steve Jobs (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/j/steven_p_jobs/index.html) collected
news and commentary at The New York Times
Steve Jobs (http://topics.wsj.com/person/J/steve-jobs/605) collected news and commentary at The Wall
Street Journal
Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs (http://www.bloomberg.com/video/63722844/) A 48-minute video
on Steve Jobs by Bloomberg
Steve Jobs Profile (http://www.forbes.com/profile/steve-jobs) at Forbes
Cammeron, Brenna (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs Dies: A Timeline Of His Health"
(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/steve-jobs-health-timeline_n_997313.html) . The Huffington
Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/steve-jobs-health-timeline_n_997313.html.
"Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at" (http://allthingsd.com/tag/steve-jobs/) . AllThingsD.
http://allthingsd.com/tag/steve-jobs/.
Steve Jobs (http://www.apple.com/stevejobs/) remembrance notes from the community
Federal Bureau of Investigation dossier on Steven Paul Jobs (http://vault.fbi.gov/steve-jobs) .
Articles
"The Career of Apple and Steve Jobs" (http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/) . Time.

2007. http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
Hertzfeld, Andy. "The Original Macintosh" (http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?
project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium) . folklore.org.
http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium.
http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium.
Lohr, Steve (January 12, 1997). "Creating Jobs" (http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-
jobs.html) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-jobs.html.
Booth, Cathy; Jackson, David S.; Marchant, Valerie (October 6, 2011). "STEVE'S JOB: RESTART
APPLE" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html) . Time.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
Elkind, Peter (March 5, 2008). "The trouble with Steve Jobs"
(http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm) . Fortune.
http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
McCracken, Harry (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, 19552011: Mourning Technology's Great Reinventor"
(http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2096251,00.html) . Time.
http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2096251,00.html. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
"The FBI File on Steve Jobs"
(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213042545376200.html) . The Wall
Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213042545376200.html.
Interviews
Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview (http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/steve-jobs-in-

1994-the-rolling-stone-interview-20110117) , Rolling Stone 1994, republished January 17, 2011.
Archived URL (http://www.webcitation.org/5vqHxPeNY)
Smithsonian Institution Oral History Interview (http://www.cwheroes.org/archives/histories/jobs.pdf)
PDF (143 KB) April 20, 1995.
The Seed of Apple's Innovation
(http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/oct2004/nf20041012_4018_db083.htm) , BusinessWeek
October 12, 2004.
How Big Can Apple Get?
(http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2005/02/21/8251769/index.htm) , Fortune
February 21, 2005.
'Good for the Soul'
(http://web.archive.org/20061022014411/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15262121/site/newsweek/) at the
Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2006) Newsweek, October 15, 2006.
Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview)
(http://d5.allthingsd.com/20070530/d5-gates-jobs-interview/) , AllThingsD, May 30, 2007.
Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission
(http://images.forbes.com/media/2009/04/24/jobs-deposition.pdf) , March 18, 2008
Interview with Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, Jobs's biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali
(http://www.yalibnan.com/2011/02/28/steve-jobs-is-a-biological-arab-american-with-roots-in-syria-apple/)
, published in Al Hayat and reprinted by Ya Libnan, February 28, 2011
Steve Jobs (http://www.charlierose.com/guest/view/4376) on Charlie Rose
"Steve Jobs's Appearances at D, the Full Video Sessions" (http://allthingsd.com/20111005/steve-jobs-
appearances-at-d-the-full-sessions/) . AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/20111005/steve-jobs-appearances-
at-d-the-full-sessions/.
at-d-the-full-sessions/.
Business positions
Preceded by CEO of Apple Succeeded by
Gil Amelio 19972011 Tim Cook
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1/19/13 Steve Jobs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Steven Paul Jobs (/dbz/; February 24, 1955

In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak

commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business Spouse(s) Laurene Powell

Jobs received a number of honors and public recognition for

8 Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater

Early life and education

to Jobs; he seemed really interested.[40]

See also: History of Apple

Pixar and Disney

See also: "19982005: Return to profitability" in Apple, Inc.

In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer

Stock options backdating issue

Jobs was a demanding perfectionist[109][110] who always aspired to

There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to

Reality distortion field

Main article: Reality distortion field

Inventions and designs

The Macintosh Computer

The NeXT Computer

Main article: NeXT Computer

Main article: iMac

Main article: iPod

Main article: iPhone

In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:

His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:

We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed

"Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow."[166]

Honors and public recognition

On December 21, 2011, Graphisoft company in Budapest presented the

On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy

entrepreneur of our generation".[294]

Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater

early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.[303]

1. ^ a b c d e "Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Steve Jobs"

http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/history/1986.html. Retrieved 2008-04-25.

buddhism/51049772/1) . USA Today. Archived from the original

September 6, 2012. http://archive.is/20120906/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/27/us/building-a-bulging-war-

291. ^ a b "Steve Jobs statue unveiled in Hungary science park"

"The Career of Apple and Steve Jobs" (http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/) . Time.

Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview (http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/steve-jobs-in-

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Jobs&oldid=533623564"

This page was last modified on 18 January 2013 at 01:54.

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