NAME: Antonio Rajkumar

ID#: 816004952

UNIVERSITY: University of the West Indies

FACULTY: ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT: Mechanical

LECTURER: Mr.Wadi

COURSE: ECNG 1007

EXPERIMENT: Power Factor Correction

LAB GROUP: Was not placed in a group

DATE CONDUCTED: 7/3/2017

DATE SUBMITTED: 13/4/2017

YEAR: 2017
For experiment 1, Resistive Circuit Calculations:
From the equation, V= IR
V
The impedance, R = I

80V
= 1A
= 80
The wattmeter reading is equivalent to the real power value.
Therefore, Real power, P = 80 W
Using current, I = 1 A and voltage, V = 80 V;
Apparent power, S = Total current (I) x Total voltage (V)
= 1 x 80
= 80 W
Thus the power factor of the resisitive circuit where real power = 80 W and apparent

power = 80 W is;
Real power
Power factor = cos = Apparent power
80W
Cos = 80W
Cos = 1
= cos-1 (1)
= 0
Phasor Diagram and Power Triangle:
P=S
Real power, P = Apparent power, S
Therefore, Reactive power, Q = 0 VAR
For experiment 2, RL Circuit Calculations:
From the results: Inductor R = 13 Inductor L = 0.188 H Frequency f = 60Hz
Since an inductor was added to the circuit, it also gives an impedance and thus:
The impedance for inductor, XL = 2fLj
= 2 x x 60 x 0.188j
XL = 70.87j
However, the impedance of the inductor is (13 + 70.87j) since the inductor carries a

resistance and inductance.

Therefore, the total impedance, ZT = 80 || (13 + 70.87j)
80(13+70.8 7 j)
ZT = 80+(13+70.8 7 j)

= 36.46 + 33.18j
= 49.30 42.30
From the wattmeter readings, Real power = 95 W
Reactive power, QT = QL - QC ,
 where QL = reactive power of inductor and QC = reactive power of capacitor.
Since the circuit has no capacitor,
QC = 0 VAR
Therefore, QT = QL = I2XL
Using current of inductor, I = 1.1 A and impedance of inductor, XL = 70.87
QL = I2XL
= (1.1)2 x (70.87)
= 85.75 VAR
Hence QT = QL = 85.75 VAR
Using Pythagoras Theorem where real power = 95 W and reactive power = 85.75 VAR:
Apparent power, S2 = Real Power2 + Reactive power2
S2 = 952 + 85.752
S = 95 +85.75
2 2

S = 127.98 W
Thus using real power = 95 W and apparent power = 127.98 W
Real power
Power factor = cos = Apparent power

95
= 127.98
Cos = 0.742
= cos-1 (0.742)
= 42.1

Phasor diagram:
1.61 A
42.1
80 V

Power triangle:

Q = 85.75 VAR S = 127.98 W

P = 95 W

For experiment 3, RLC Circuit Calculations:

Using 7.5 F capacitor:-

Two 15 F capacitors were used in series to obtain the 7.5 F capacitor.

 1 1 1
Capacitance in series is: CT = C1 + C2

Using the 15 F as C1 and C2 respectively, the capacitance is:

1 1 1
CT = C1 + C2

1 1 1
CT = 15 + 15

1 2
CT = 15

15
CT = 2

CT = 7.5 F

Thus, frequency, f = 60 Hz and capacitance, C = 7.5 x 10-6 F:

1
The impedance for the capacitor, Xc = 2 fcj

1
= 6
2 X X 60 X 7.5 X 10 j

1
Xc = 0.0028 j

Xc = -353.73j

Total impedance of the circuit, since circuit consists of inductor, resistor and capacitor:

ZT = (36.46 + 33.18j) || -353.73j

( 36.46+ 33.18 j ) 353.73 j

= ( 36.46+ 33.18 j )+(353.73 j)

ZT = (43.83 + 31.63j)

= 54.05 35.82
From wattmeter readings: Real power, P = 95 W

Reactive power, QT = QL QC

Since the circuit remained the same other than the addition of an inductor, Q L is the same as
calculated in experiment 2.

Therefore, QL = 85.75 VAR.

Using voltage, V = 80 V and impedance of capacitor, XC =353.73 :

V2
Reactive power of capacitor, Qc = Xc

2
80
= 353.73

Qc = 18.09 VAR

Therefore, QT = 85.75 18.09

= 67.66 VAR

Using Pythagoras Theorem where reactive power = 67.66 VAR and real power = 95 W:

Apparent power, S2 = Reactive power2 + Real power2

S= 67.662 +952
S = 116.63 W

Thus, using real power = 95 W and apparent power = 117.37 W

Real power
Power factor = cos = Apparent power

95
= 116.63

Cos = 0.81

= 35.90
Phasor diagram:

1.44 A

35.90

80 V

Power triangle:

Q = 67.66 VAR S = 116.63 W

P = 95 W
Using 15 F capacitor:-

Using frequency, f = 60 Hz and capacitance, c = 15 x 10-6 F:

1
The impedance for the capacitor, Xc = 2 fcj

1
= 2 X X 60 X 15 X 106 j

1
Xc = 0.0057 j

Xc = -176.84j

Total impedance of the circuit, since circuit consists of inductor, resistor and capacitor:

ZT = (36.46 + 33.18j) || -176.84j

( 36.46+ 33.18 j ) 176.84 j

= ( 36.46+ 33.18 j )+(176.84 j)

ZT = (51.90 + 27.67j)

= 58.82 28.06

From wattmeter readings: Real power, P = 95 W

Reactive power, QT = QL - QC

Since the circuit remained the same other than the addition of an inductor, QL remains the same
as calculated in experiment 2.

Thus, QL = 85.75 VAR.

Using voltage, V = 80 V and impedance of capacitor, XC = 176.84

 V2
Reactive power of capacitor, Qc = Xc

2
80
= 176.84

Qc = 36.19 VAR

Therefore, QT = 85.75 36.19

= 49.56 VAR

Using Pythagoras Theorem where reactive power = 49.56 VAR and real power = 95 W

Apparent power, S2 = Reactive power2 + Real power2

S= 49.562 +95 2
S = 107.15 W

Thus, using real power = 95 W and apparent power = 107.15 W

Real power
Power factor = cos = Apparent power

95
= 107.15

Cos = 0.89

= 27.13

Phasor diagram:

1.36 A

27.13

80 V
Power triangle:

S = 107.15 W

Q = 49.56 VAR

P = 95 W

Using 35 F capacitor:-

Using frequency, f = 60Hz and capacitance, c = 35 x 10-6 F

1
The impedance for the capacitor, Xc = 2 fcj

1
= 2 X X 60 X 35 X 106 j

1
Xc = 0.0132 j

Xc = -75.79j

Total impedance of the circuit, since circuit consists of inductor, resistor and capacitor :

ZT = (36.46 + 33.18j) || -75.79j

( 36.46+ 33.18 j ) 176.84 j

= ( 36.46+ 33.18 j )+(176.84 j )

ZT = 66.62 1.75

From wattmeter readings: Real power, P = 95 W

Reactive power, QT = QL - QC

Since other than the addition of an inductor, the circuit remained the same, QL remains the same
as calculated in experiment 2.

Thus, QL = 85.75 VAR.

Using voltage, V = 80 V and impedance of capacitor, XC = 75.79

V2
Reactive power of capacitor, Qc = Xc

802
= 75.79

Qc = 84.44 VAR

Therefore, QT = 85.75 84.44

= 1.31 VAR

Using Pythagoras Theorem where reactive power = 1.31 VAR and real power = 95 W:

Apparent power, S2 = Reactive power2 + Real power2

S= 1.312 + 952
S = 95.01 W

Thus, using real power = 95 W and apparent power = 95.01 W:

Real power
Power factor = cos = Apparent power

95
= 95.01

Cos = 0.99

= 8.11
Phasor diagram:

1.21 A

8.11

80 V

Power triangle:

Q= 1.31 VAR S = 95.01 W

P = 95 W

Using 50 F capacitor:-

One capacitor, 50 F and 15 F in parallel respectively were used to obtain the 65 F capacitor.

Thus, frequency, f = 60 Hz and capacitance, c = 50 x 10-6 F:

1
The impedance for the capacitor, Xc = 2 fcj

1
= 2 X X 60 X 5 0 X 106 j

1
Xc = 0.0245 j

Xc = -53.05j

Total impedance of the circuit, since circuit consists of inductor, resistor and capacitor:
 ZT = (36.46 + 33.18j) || -53.05j

( 36.46+ 33.18 j ) 53.05 j

= ( 36.46+ 33.18 j )+(53.05 j )

= 62.98 -19.11

From wattmeter readings: Real power, P = 95 W

Reactive power, QT = QL - QC

Since the circuit remained the same other than the addition of an inductor, QL is the same as
calculated in experiment 2.

Thus, QL = 85.75 VAR

Using voltage, V = 80 V and impedance of capacitor, XC = 53.05

V2
Reactive power of capacitor, Qc = Xc

802
= 53.05

Qc = 120.64 VAR

Therefore, QT = 85.75 120.64

= -34.89 VAR

Using Pythagoras Theorem where reactive power = -34.89 VAR and real power = 95 W:

Apparent power, S2 = Reactive power2 + Real power2

34.89
95
S= ( 2)+( 2)

S = 101.20 W

Thus, using real power = 95 W and apparent power = 101.20 W

 Real power
Power factor = cos = Apparent power

95
= 101.2

Cos = 0.94

= 19.95

Phasor diagram:

1.27 A

19.95

80 V

Power triangle:

P = 95 W

S = 101.2 W

Q = 34.89 VAR

The addition of the inductor to the resistive circuit, as seen in experiment 2, decreased the power
factor from its perfect state which is unity. This indicates that the wires must therefore increase
its current to produce the same amount of real power to the circuit. Therefore, in experiment 3,
capacitors were added to return the power factor to unity. The addition of the capacitor adds an
equal but opposite load which cancel out the inductors resistive load, which makes the real
power equal to the apparent power and the power factor angle would be 0. As the capacitance of
the capacitors was increased, it was seen that the power factor increases and the reactive power
decreases. At the 35 F capacitor, the power factor was very close to unity. However, as the 50
F capacitor was added, the power factor decreased from unity because there was too much
capacitance added to the circuit. Therefore the load given by the capacitor was more than the
inductors resistive load which produced a negative reactive power and caused the power triangle
to be upside down from the other power triangles drawn.