THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF REACTION

1. The Collision Theory :

For a reaction to occur, the reactants particles must collide
among each other for
the bond of reactants to break and a bond formation to form a
product. .
Not all collisions produce chemical reactions.

COLLISION THEORY, a chemical reaction occurs when :

a) The reactant particles must collide among each other
b) They must collide with a certain minimum energy known as
Activation energy (Ea).
c) Collision must be at the correct orientation

The collision that leads to a chemical reaction or formation of

product is known as effective collision.

2. Activation Energy:

Ea The minimum amount of energy that must be overcome

when a collision between particles of reactants occur
Ea The lower activation energy that must be overcame before
a reaction can happen in the presence of a catalyst.

Energy

Energy
Product
Ea Ea Ea

Reactants
Reaction Ea
Reaction product
reactants -
time reactants
Exothermic reaction
time
Endothermic reaction
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREQUENCY OF EFFECTIVE
COLLISION WITH RATE OF REACTION

To achieve effective collision , the collision between particles must

fulfill all the rules that had been state in the Collision Theory.
But not all collision will produce product.
To increase the Rate of Reaction, the frequency of collision must be
increase. Frequency of collision means the number of collisions in
one second.
When the frequency of collision increase, the frequency of effective
collision will increase.
The Rate of reaction will become higher.
There are 5 factors that can be used to increase the frequency of
effective collision.

EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION

The smaller the particle size, the The higher the concentration of
larger the exposed surface area reactants, the higher is the number of
particles in a unit volume.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE EFFECT OF PRESSURE

The higher the temperature, the The higher the pressure of reactants,
reactants particles move faster and the number of particles in a unit
more energetically. volume is lower.

EFFECT OF CATALYST
Catalyst provides an alternative path
of reaction which needs lower
activation energy (Ea)

This increases the number of effective collisions.

The rate of reaction higher.
FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE RATE OF REACTION

a) THE TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF THE PARTICLE (the mass

of CaCO3 and the concentration of HCl is fixed):

Chemical equation:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2(g) + H2O

Ionic equation:
2H+ + CO32- CO2 + H2O

BIGGER PIECE REACTANT SMALLER PIECE REACTANT

Total surface area exposed is
smaller
Less collision between particles
occurs at the surface
Frequency of collision between
particles is decrease
Frequency of effective collision
between particles decrease
Rate of reaction lower
Total surface area exposed is
larger
More collision between particles
occurs at the surface
Frequency of collision between
particles is increase
Frequency of effective collision
between particles increase
Rate of reaction higher

Volume
CO 2 (cm 3 )

powder
CaCO 3
CaCO 3 pieces

Time (s )
 b) EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE:

Chemical equation:
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O

Ionic equation:
2H+ + S2O32- S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O (yellow precipitate)

LOWER TEMPERATURE HIGHER TEMPERATURE

Kinetic energy of particles is lower
Particles moves slower
Frequency of collision between
particles is decrease
Frequency of effective collision
between particles decrease
Rate of reaction lower
Kinetic energy of particles is higher
Particles moves faster
Frequency of collision between
particles is increase
Frequency of effective collision
between particles increase
Rate of reaction higher

Temperature
Temperature of Na
concentration Na2S
2S 2O
2O33
Temperature
Temperature
ConcentrationofNa2-3S2O3 -3
(mol dm (mol
) dm-3)
Na2S2O3 (mol dm -3 )
(mol dm )

1/t(s-1) t/s
 c) CONCENTRATION OF THE REACTANT

Chemical equation:
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O

Ionic equation:
2H+ + S2O32- S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O (yellow precipitate)

LOWER CONCENTRATION HIGHER CONCENTRATION

Less number of particles per unit
volume of solution
Frequency of collision between
particles is decrease
Frequency of effective collision
between particles decrease
Rate of reaction lower
Greater number of particles per unit
volume of solution
Frequency of collision between
particles is increase
Frequency of effective collision
between particles increase
Rate of reaction higher

Concentration of Concentration Na2S2O3

concentration
Na2S2O3 (mol Na
dm2S
-32O3
)
(mol dm-3)
(mol dm-3)

t/s
1/t(s-1)
 d) EFFECT OF PRESSURE (for gaseous only)

LOWER CONCENTRATION HIGHER CONCENTRATION

Less number of particles per unit
volume of gaseoues
The particles are further apart
Frequency of collision between
particles is decrease
Frequency of effective collision
between particles decrease
Rate of reaction lower
Greater number of particles per unit
volume of gaseous
Particles are closely packed
Frequency of collision between
particles is increase
Frequency of effective collision
between particles increase
Rate of reaction higher

e) CATALYST EFFECT

Catalyst is a chemical substance that changes the rate of reaction,

without itself being chemically changed at the end of the reaction.
Positive catalyst increases the rate of reaction, while negative
catalyst reduces the rate of reaction.
Positive catalyst allows the reaction to take place through an
alternative path, which is lower than the actual Activation energy
(Ea).
Most catalysts are transition elements. The quantity of catalyst
affects the rate of reaction. This effect is studied by way of using
different quantity of manganese (1V) oxide catalyst on the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide of the same volume.

2H2O2 2H2O + O2

Volume of O2
Isipadu
(cm 3
) 3 O2
(cm )

1 spatula of MnO2
1 spatula MnO2

spatula MnO2
1
/2 spatula of MnO2

Time/ s
Masa (saat)