Society of Petroleum Engineers

SPE 25871

Comparison of Cuttings Transport in Directional Drilling Using

Low-Toxicity Invert Emulsion Mineral-Oil-Based and
Water-Based Muds
Geir Hareland, NM Inst. of Mining & Technology; J.J. Azar, U. of Tulsa; and
P.R. Rampersad, NM Inst. of Mining & Technology
SPE Members

Copyright 1993, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This peper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Rocky Mountain Regional/Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium held in Denver, CO, U.S.A., April 12-14, 1993.

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ABSTRACT Torque requirements are significantly less for oil-base

The vast majority of previous work on cuttings transport
concentrated on water-base mud systems. The use of low
toxicity oil-base mud continues to rise due to increasing
environmental concerns with the use and disposal of con-
ventional diesel oil-base mud systems. This study utilizes
a full scale test apparatus to compare the cuttings transport
performance of low toxicity oil-base and water-base mud
systems with similar rheological properties, using lime-
stone drilled cuttings. Extensive comparisons are now be-
ing made of cuttings transport efficiency for different mud
types and hole angles from a practical standpoint.
The results indicate that the water-base mud and the low
toxicity inverted emulsion oil-base mud systems perform
slightly different at all angles of inclination except at the
critical range 40 to 50 where the oil-base muds have
higher annular cuttings concentration due to severe cut-
tings bed down-sliding. Limestone cuttings transport using
a water-base mud, as well as a low toxic oil-base mud,
shows cuttings concentrations increase with increasing
mud yield point. The effect of increased yield point and
plastic viscosity increases cuttings bed buildup, bed down-
sliding and gel film thickness, thus reducing transport per-
formance. In most cases the increase in hole inclination
angle results in reduced transport efficiency.
References, Tables and Illustrations at"end ofpaper.
323
muds having the same annular cuttings concentration. For
both muds the torque requirements increase with increas-
ing yield point and plastic viscosity at higher hole inclina-
tions.
INTRODUCTION
The study of hole-cleaning problems in directional wells
has been a major concern in the drilling industry for many
. years, due to the fact that inadequate hole cleaning can
lead to stuck pipe, high rotary torque and decreased rate of
penetration. The use of oil-base muds has proven to be ef-
fective in minimizing these problems, particularly in water
sensitive formations. Due to increasing environmental
concerns and the cost of disposal of conventional diesel
oil-base muds, increasing use of low toxicity oil-base
muds is being considered.
This paper reports on results obtained from full scale ex-
perimental studies conducted to investigate the transport
behavior of limestone cuttings in an inclined annuli, using
water-base and inverted emulsion mineral oil-base drilling
fluids. Previous investigators 1-17 of drilling cuttings trans-
port all used water-base muds in their experiments.
Early oil-base muds, referred to as "true" oil-base fluids
did not contain water. Later came the development of the
inverted emulsion oil-base fluids. The continuous phase of
these oil-base fluids (diesel oil) is now being replaced by
2 COMPARISON OF ClTITINGS TRANSPORT IN DIRECTIONAL DRILLING USING LO~ TOXI~ITY
INVERT EMULSION MINERAL OIL-BASED MUDS AND WATER-BASED MUDS
less polluting, low toxicity oils. Successful applications of
these oil-base muds have been demonstrated in drilling
deviated holes, high temperature formations, water sensi-
tive formations, and other troublesome formations where
differential sticking is prevalent. In some field cases 18-21
it has been shown that the overall well cost can be sub-
stantially lowered using an oil-base mud as opposed to a
water-base mud.
Since previous studies concentrated on water-base muds,
are the observed performances of water-base muds appli-
cable to oil-base muds and inverted emulsion oil-base
muds? This paper reports on tests conducted on oil-base
and water-base muds for variations in mud rheology,
annular inclination and flow rate to evaluate their relative
performance.
PREVIOUS WORK
The importance of vertical cutting transport was first in-
vestigated by Pigott1. He concluded that high mud veloci-
ties and density at low viscosities were desirable. For
trouble free operation annular cuttings concentration
should be less than 5 % by volume. Field and laboratory
studies conducted by Hall, Thompson and Nuss2 under
unsteady-state conditions show that turbulent flow, pipe
rotation, high mud density, low viscosity and low gel
properties increase particle transport. Similar observations
were reported in 1951 by Williams and Broce3. Relation-
ships between particle slip velocity, funnel viscosity and
yield stress for a vertical concentric annulus were pre-
sented by Hopkins4. While some of Hopkins4 results had
inconsistent implications with his previous reports, his ob-
servations were essentially consistent with those of Pigott1
and Hall et al2. In 1974 ZeilderS presented semi-empirical
relationships under steady state conditions to predict par-
ticle rise velocity and volumetric concentration for a verti-
cal concentric annulus, with the inclusion of trigonometric
functions to include wellbore inclination. The effects of
wellbore geometries were investigated by Boulet6 He
concluded that cuttings concentration monotomically de-
crease with increasing annular cross-sectional area avail-
able to flow. Vaugh8 showed that pipe eccentricity af-
fected the flow behavior. This was later shown experimen-
tally by Thomas9 to be oscillatory in nature with the max-
imum and minimum in cuttings concentration occurring
between the positive extremes of concentricity and 100%
eccentricity. The effects of pipe rotation were investigated
by Thomas et al iO They reported increases to an optimum
324
SPE 25871
in the particle rise velocity at low flow rates and rotational
speed having little effect at high flow rates.
The initiation of inclined flow studies was conducted by
Tomrenll in 1978. He observed the formation of a cut-
tings bed, where particle rise velocity cannot be directly
related to the cutting concentration in the annulus. In 1980
Iyoho 12 developed field applicable correlations to predict
transport efficiency in inclined holes. He introduced a cor-
rection factor for the presence of a cuttings bed. In studies
conducted by Okranji l4, rheological properties, particu-
larly yield point and plastic viscosity, were shown to have
significant effects on particle dynamics for laminar flow.
Little effect was observed for turbulent flow. He noted that
better cuttings transport was observed during laminar flow
in the near vertical case and turbulent flow in the near
horizontal case. Becker15 observed increased mud weight,
improved cuttings transport, and reduced frictional torque,
with frictional torque being more pronounced as hole in-
clination increased to the point where the cuttings bed
stopped sliding.
While it is generally believed that increased yield point re-
sults in more efficient cuttings transport, there is still some
disparity in observations 22-23.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND PROCEDURE
The test apparatus and instrumentation are the same as that
used by Tomrenll , Iyoho l2, Okranjil4 and Beckerl5 . A
schematic view is shown in Figures 1. The physical di-
mensions of the apparatus and experimental variables are
listed in Table 1.
For the two mud systems (water-base and inverted emul-
sion mineral oil-base) a constant YPIPV ratio was main-
tained using the five different yield values and plastic vis-
cosities at varying inclination angles, as shown in Table 2.
The flow rate was chosen so that the flow regime was
maintained in the laminar region for all test cases.
Inverted Emulsion Mineral Oil-Base Mud
The inverted emulsion mineral oil-base mud system con-
tained the following: Low Viscosity and Toxicity (LVT)
mineral oil, water, primary emulsifier, secondary emulsi-
fier, lime, and CaCI2. The initial oil-water ratio was
68/32. The rheological properties of the oil-base muds
were changed by dilution of the initial mud system using
the LVT oil. Table 2 lists the mud properties of all the
muds used in this study.
SPE25871 G. HARELAND P.R. RAMPERSAD AND 1.1 AZAR 3

Water Base Mud lower yield points and plastic viscosities, while for higher
yield points and plastic viscosities. For oil-base muds have
The water-base mud is a bentonite polymer system. The
higher torque requirements at the same annular cuttings
properties are summarized in Table 2. The mud composi-
concentration.
tions are reported in Table 3.
OBSERVATIONS
PROCEDURE
At annular inclination angles of 400 to 500 the effect of
With the main pumps turned on the flow rate was estab-
cuttings bed sliding was more severe for the oil-base muds
lished at 200 gpm and the rotary speed set at 50 rpm. For
than the water-base muds. All the muds formed a film on
the oil-base muds, circulation was continued until the mud
the inside of the annulus. With the exception of the three
temperature was stabilized at 98-101 0 F. The pipe torque
thinner water-base muds, the film thickness was greater
was then recorded and the auger began cuttings injection.
for the oil base muds and increased with increasing yield
As the cuttings concentration in the annulus started to in-
point and plastic viscosity. Cuttings close to the film tend
~rease there was a drop in the rotary speed. Subsequent ad-
to slow down and stop faster, and, in the case of the oil-
Justments were then made to maintain the rotary speed at
base muds, stick to the side of the annulus as the film
50 rpm. The cuttings were collected at one minute inter-
thickness increased For thicker oil-base muds the cuttings
vals from the collection basket. The system reached equi-
tend to travel in clumps over the cuttings bed, and for all
librium when the injection rate and discharge rate of cut-
oil-base muds cuttings tend to be carried off the top of the
tings were within lIb/min. The torque was then re-
bed by a peeling action. Rotation of the inner pipe seemed
corded and the system shut down. The cuttings in the an-
to mobilize cuttings up the side wall more for the water-
nulus were then flushed out, collected and weighed After
base muds (see Figure 2).
each experiment the mud temperature and mud properties
were measured.
DISCUSSION
RESULTS The results indicate three ranges of hole inclination which
need to be described separately while discussing the annu-
The dependent variables considered in this study are the
lar cuttings concentration.
steady state annular cuttings concentration and the torque
requirements to maintain a constant inner pipe rotary Range 1: Vertical to 40 degrees
speed of 50 rpm. Figure 3 shows the effect of mud rheol-
Range 2: 40 to 50 degrees inclination
ogy and annular inclination on annular cuttings concentra-
tion, using the inverted emulsion mineral oil-base muds. Range 3: 50 to 80 degrees inclination
Figure 4 shows the effect of mud rheology and annular In Range 1 cuttings are transported upwards and do not
inclination on annular cuttings concentration, using the tend to gravitate to the borehole wall. The effect of yield
water-base muds. The general observation is that an in- point and plastic viscosity show no notable difference in
crease in mud yield point and plastic viscosity results in cuttings concentration for both mud types.
increased cuttings concentration in an inclined annulus for
both muds. Specifically, at 40 to 50 annular inclination In Range 2 cuttings tend to gravitate towards the lower
(see Figure 5) the cuttings concentration in water-base part of the borehole and form a cuttings bed. In this region
muds are lower than mineral oil-base muds with similar large differences in the cuttings concentration are recorded
rheological properties. At 70 to 80 from the vertical an- for both mud types (see Figures 3 and 4). Note the ob-
nular cuttings concentration is about the same for both served larger cuttings concentration for the oil base muds
mud types at lower yield point and plastic viscosity. (Figure 3). The phenomena observed in this region has a
negative effect on cuttings transport.
Torque requirements to maintain an inner pipe rotary
speed of 50 rpm are depicted for both mud types in Fig- The first observed phenomena is down-sliding of the bed
ures 6 and 7. At annular inclination angles of 0 to 50 de- formed on the lower side of annulus. This was also ob-
grees torque requirements using oil-base muds were lower served by Tomrenll , lyoho 12, Okranji14 and Becker15
than water-base muds for the same annular cuttings con- The bed sliding was more severe for the oil base muds, re-
centration (see Figure 8). At 70 to 80 inclination the suIting in higher observed cuttings concentration for the
torque requirements were the same for both mud types at oil-base muds.

325
4 COMPARISON OF CUTI1NGS TRANSPORT IN DIRECTIONAL DRILLING USING LQW TOXI.CITY
INVERT EMULSION MINERAL OIL-BASED MUDS AND WATER-BASED MUDS
The second observed phenomena is the film build up in
the annular walls regardless of mud types. Since the film
thickness depended on the "mud rheology", it is postulated
that this phenomenon occurred due to the gelling of the
mud at extremely low or zero mud velocity at the annular
wall.
The third phenomena observed in the case of the thicker
muds is the movement ofthe cuttings in clumps on the top
of the cuttings bed. This has the same effect as transport-
ing larger cuttings, resulting in increased cuttings concen-
tration.
In Range 3 a thick cuttings bed is formed. Since gravita-
tional components causing sliding are diminished, there is
no sliding resulting in higher observed cuttings concentra-
tion, primarily due to an increased bed thickness. With the
effect of increased yield point and plastic viscosity being
less significant, the increased concentration is partially due
to the occurrence ofthe seco~d and third phenomena.
Torque requirements between 0 to 50 degrees are lower
for oil-base muds at the same annular cuttings concentra-
tions (compare Figures 6 and 7). It is believed that the lu-
bricating properties of the oil-base muds reduces drag on
the inner rotating pipe. At higher inclination angles the
thickness of the cuttings bed is the dominant factor in
torque requirements because it produces drag on the inner
pipe and increases torque requirements. Since cuttings
concentrations are higher for the oil-base muds there is a
resulting torque increase.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental results and observations the
following conclusions can be drawn.
- Increased yield point and plastic viscosity for both mud
types at all angles of inclination except vertical or near
verticals results in decreased cuttings transport rate. This
effect is more severe in the case of the inverted emulsion
oil-base muds.
- Based on the observed bed sliding and film formation at
high angles of inclination, decreased yield point and plas-
tic viscosity, coupled with increased flow, would improve
hole cl~ng for both mud types.
- When drilling a deviated hole at inclinations from 40 to
50 the use of water-base muds provided better annular
cleaning than mineral oil-base muds of similar rheology.
326
SPE25871
- The cleaning performance for both mud types is roughly
the same, for a highly deviated hole with inclination 70 to
80 degrees and for lower values of yield point and plastic
viscosity. At higher values of yield point and plastic vis-
cosity water-base muds provide better cleaning.
- At lower angles of inclination torque requirements are
lower using mineral oil-base muds. At high inclination
torque requirement is a function of the cuttings bed and
size and gelled film thickness. Thus, for oil-base muds re-
quired torque is greater than water-base muds.
FIELD RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the literature review, the discussions of transport
phenomena, and the field experience the following guide-
lines should be followed if possible when drilling direc-
tional wells.
1.. Use as high an annular fluid velocity as possible
(without causing erosion or fracturing of formation).
2. Use high drillpipe rotation to agitate drill cuttings.
3. Avoid high-gel strength (thixotropic) muds because
they tend to thicken cuttings bed and cause cuttings to
stick together.
4. Turbulent flow regime is recommended over laminar
flow.
5. Highest mud weight possible is recommended to in-
crease buoyancy of cuttings.
6. A larger drillpipe is recommended to decrease flow
area and increase flow velocity.
7. Annular cuttings concentration is a function of rate of
penetration and should be watched closely for inclined
holes.
8. Reduce penetration per revolution so that small cut-
tings are generated. The rate of penetration can be kept
constant by increasing rotational speed and decreasing
weight on bit.
9. When planning the wellbore trajectory minimize sec-
tions ofthe critical range (40-60 0 ) so that when circulation
is stopped the cuttings bed sliding and associated prob-
lems problems are minimized.
10. Before stopping circulation, the mud flow rate should
be increased to a maximum safe rate for 10-15 minutes to
agitate the cutting bed and increase transport.
SPE 25871 G. HARELAND P.R. RAMPERSAD AND 1.1 AZAR.
NOMENCLATURE
Symbol Description
Cvt annular particle concentration, percent
di inner pipe diameter, in.
do outer pipe diameter, in.
L length of annulus, ft
PV mud plastic viscosity, cp
yP yield point (yield value, Ibf/100 ft2)
REFERENCES
1. Pigott, R J. S.: "Mud Flow in Drilling", Drill. and
Prod Prac., API (1941) 91-103.
2. Hall, H. N., Thompson, H., and Nuss, F.: "Ability of
Drilling Mud to Lift Bit Cuttings", Trans., AIME
(1950) 189, 35-46.
3. Williams, C. E. Jr., and Bruce, G. H.: "Carrying Ca-
pacity of Drilling Mud", Trans., AIME (1951) 192,
111-120.
4. Hopkins, E. A.: "Factors Effecting Cuttings Removal
During Rotary Drilling", paper SPE presented at the
SPE Third Drilling Conference on Drilling and Rock
Mechanics, Austin, TX., Jan. 25-26, 1967.
5. Zeidler, H. U.: "Fluid and Drilled Particle Dynamics
Related to Drilling Mud Carrying Capacity", Ph.D.
Dissertation, U. of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK (1974).
6. Boulet, D. P.: "A Study of the Applicability of the
Ziedler Transport Model to Hole-Geometry Vari-
ations", M.S. Thesis, U. of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK (1974).
7. Hussaini, Syed M., and Azar, J. 1.: "Experimental
Study of Drilled Cuttings Transport Using Common
Drilling Fluids", Soc. Pet. Eng. J. (Feb. 1983) 11-20.
8. Vaugh, R D.: "Axial Laminar Flow of Non-Newto-
nian Fluids in Narrow Eccentric Annuli", Soc. Pet. J.
(Dec. 1965) 277-280.
9. Thomas, R P.: "Drill Pipe Eccentricity Effect on
Drilled Cuttings Behavior", M.S. Thesis, U. of Tulsa,
Tulsa, OK (1978).
10. Thomas, R P., Azar, J. 1. and Becker, T. E.: "Drill
Pipe Eccentricity Effect on Drilled Cuttings Behav-
ior", J: Pet. Tech., (Sept. 1982) 1929-1937.
11. Tomren, P. H.: "The Transport of Drilled Cuttings in
an Inclined Eccentric Annulus", M.S. Thesis, U. of
Tulsa, Tulsa, OK (1979).
327
5
12. Tomren, P. H., Iyoho, A.W. and Azar, J.J.:
"Experimental Study of Cuttings Transport in Direc-
tional Well Drilling", SPEDE (Feburary 1986),43-56.
13. Iyoho, A. W.: "Drilled Cuttings Transport by Non-
Newtonian Fluids Through Inclined Eccentric An-
nuli", Ph.D. Dissertation, U. of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
(1980)
14. Sifferman, T. R, Myers, G. M. Haden, E. L. , Wahl,
H. A.: "Drill-Cuttings Transport in full-scale Vertical
Annuli", J. Pet. Tech., Nov. (1974), 1295-1302.
15. Okranji, S. S. and Azar, J.J.: "Mud Cuttings Transport
Study in Directional Well Drilling", SPE paper 14178,
Presented at the annual meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada,
(Sept. 22-25, 1985).
16. Becker, T.E.: "The Effect of Mud Weight and Hole
Geometry Variation on Cuttings Transport in Direc-
tional Drilling", M.S. Thesis U. Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
(1982).
17. Becker, T.E., Azar, J.J. and Okranji, S.S.:
"Correlations of Mud Rheological Properties and Cut-
tings Transport Performance in Directional Drilling",
SPE Paper Presented at the 64th Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, Oc-
tober 8-11, 1989.
18. Bennet, R B.: ''New Drilling Fluid Technology-Min-
eral Oil Mud"; SPE Paper No 11355, Presented at the
1983 IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, New Orleans,
Louisiana, Feb. 20-23, 1983.
19. Kelly, Jr. J.: "Drilling Fluid Selection, Performance
and Quality Control", SPE Paper No 9988 Presented
at the 1982 SPE IntI. Petroleum Exhibition and Tech-
nical Symposium, Beijing, China, March 17-24, 1982.
20. Simpson, J. P.: "The Drilling Mud Dilemma-Recent
Examples", J. Pet. Tech., (Feb. 1985) 201-206.
21. Holder, B. J.: "Oil Mud Aids in Reducing problems
and Cost of North Sea Platform Development Drill-
ing", SPE Paper No 8160 Presented at Offshore
Europe 79, Aberdeen, Scotland, Sept. 3-7, 1979.
22. Nance, W. B., Muncy, D. D., Garret, M. M., Gault, A.
D. and Kortlang, Jr., W. F.: "A Comparative Analysis
of Drilling Results Obtained with Oil Mud vs. Water-
Base Mud at High Island Block A-270", Paper Pre-
sented at 1983 IADC/SPE 1983 Drilling Conference,
New Orleans, Louisiana, Feb. 20-23, 1983.
6 COMPARISON OF CUITINGS TRANSPORT IN DIRECIlONAL DRll.LING USING LOy{ TOXlCl1Y SPE2S871
INVERT EMULSION MINERAL OIL-BASED MUDS AND WATER-BASED MUDS

23. O'Brian, T. B.: "Hole Cleaning: Some Field Results",
SPE Paper No 13442 Presented at the IADC/SPE
1983 Drilling Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana,
March 6-8, 1985.
24. Ryan, N. W. and Johnson, M. M.: "Transition from
Laminar to Turbulent Flow in Pipes", AIChE J. (Dec.
1959) 5,433-435.
25. Iyoho, A. W., Horeth II J. M. and Veenkant, R. L.: "A
Computer Model for Hole Cleaning Analysis" (Tech.,
Paper SPE 16694) J. Pet. Tech., (Sept. 1988) 1183-
1192.
26. Brown, N.P., Bern, P.A and Weaver, A.: "Cleaning
Deviated Holes: New Experimental and Theoretical
Studies," SPElIADC paper Presented at the
SPElIADC Drilling Conference, New Orleans, Louisi-
ana, (February 28-March 3, 1989).
27. Bin-Haddah, AS.: "Development of Models for Drill
Cuttings Transport in Inclined Wells based on Depo-
sition Critical Velocity Concept," M.S. Thesis, Uni-
versity ofTulsa, Tulsa, OK (1988).

T a bIlE
e . XDeri mental Va ria bles
Variable Ran2e
Annulus Length, ft 40
Annulus OD xID, in 5 x 2.125
Annulus Inclination (degrees) 0,30,40,45,50,70,80
Flow Rate, gpm 200
Inner Pipe Rotation, rpm 50
Inner Pipe Eccentricity, % 50
Particle Size (in) 0.25

T a ble 2 : M u d P roperties
Mud No Mud Yield Plastic YP/PV Gels Electric OiVWater Tem-
Type Weigh Value Viscosity Ratio lOs/10m Stability Ratio pOF
tPP2 Ib/100 ft2 CP Ib/100 ft2 mv
Oil 1 8.23 44 26 1.69 21/22 1120 68/32 100
Water 1 8.62 44 26 1.69 14/16 70
Oil 2 8.09 24 16 1.5 11112 910 73/27 100
Water 2 8.57 24 16 1.5 8/10 70
Oil 3 7.97 18 12 1.5 9/9 860 76/24 100
Water 3 8.54 18 12 1.5 7/9 70
Oil 4 7.83 13 8 1.63 5/6 800 79/21 100
Water 4 8.49 12 8 1.5 6/7 70
Oil 5 7.75 9 6 1.5 4/4 630 80/20 100
Water 5 8.47 8 6 1.33 2/3 70

Table 3: Water Base Muds Composition (per bbl water)

Mud No Bentonite Ob) Soda Ash Ob) Ben-Ex Ob)
1 20.61 0.25 0.06
2 13.70 0.25 0.10
3 11.61 0.25 0.12
4 9.75 0.25 0.15
5 8.50 0.25 0.13

328
 With No Cuttings Bed WIth Fixed Cuttings Bed
PT. PresSW'. Tap

SUCtIon line

Holit Fig. Z - Flow Patterns in an Inclined Annul...

Fig. 1 - Side view of the test facility.

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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
INCLINATION ANGLE (degree.)
INCLINATION ANGLE (degree.) Fig. 4 Effect of inclination Angle anet Rheology on
Pig. 3 Effect of inclination Angle and Rheology on Cuttlnge Concentr.don tor W.......... Mude
Cutting_ Concentr8tlon for OIIBa.. Mud_
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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
INCLINATION ANGLE (degr...) INCLINAnON ANGLE (degreel)
Fig 5 Comp.rl.on O! Concentration. of OlIBa.. and Water- FIG. I . EtIHt of Concentration and Rhaotogy on
Ba Mud. with Inc.MUon at Varying R.....IDgy Torque Requlramante tor the 011..... mud.

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(.,)
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I 12 1
61 I
I
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8 YP/PV 44/211 1 I 1 1
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C' 8 .YP/py. 12/1 I I
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MUD TYPE ANGLE

2
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III 0II-BaM @I 50 dq
I 1 I 1 I I 1 1 1 -+----+---~--- WIt...Ba.. @l1O dell
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I * 0II-BaM 40 dIIg
Wet. . . . . . . 40 dIIg
oI .! ,! 'I'
I 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I 1
0 ! !
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! : : : :
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
INCLINATION ANGLE (degreel)
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig. 7 Etr_ of Rheology lind inclination " CONCENTRATION
AIlllIIe 011 Torque Requlremente Fig I En_ of Cutllnga Concentrallon and Rheology on Torque Requlr-ma
for 011 and Water .... Muds at 40 and 10 dagraaa Inclination