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The Molecules of Life
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PowerPoint Lectures created by Edward J. Zalisko for
Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings
Macromolecules
On a molecular scale, most biological molecules
are very large.
These large molecules are called
__________________.
Macromolecules are _______________.
Polymers are chains of many identical,
repeating, smaller molecules called
______________.
Animation: Polymers
There are four types of molecules that make up
cells.
________________
________________
________________
________________
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are commonly used for energy as
in sugars or used for storage as in ___________
__________________.
Monosaccharides
_____________________are simple sugars.
They are the monomers of carbohydrates.
The most common example of a
monosaccharide is __________________.
Monosaccharides, especially glucose, serve
as the main fuel molecules for cellular work.
Animation: Isomers
Animation: L-Dopa
b Abbreviated
ring structure
a Linear and ring structures
Disaccharides
_________________are double sugars.
They are formed by joining two monosaccharide
monomers together.
Animation: Disaccharides
OH H
Glucose Galactose
H2O
___________
Polysaccharides
________________are complex carbohydrates.
They are long polymers consisting of many
monosaccharide monomers linked together.
Animation: Polysaccharides
Glucose
monomer
Starch granules
a Starch
Glycogen
granules
b Glycogen
Cellulose fibril
Cellulose
molecules
c Cellulose
Lipids
Lipids are commonly referred to as fats.
They are _______________molecules, which
means they do not mix with water.
Oil (hydrophobic)
(water hating)
Vinegar (hydrophilic)
(water loving)
Fats perform essential functions.
Extra energy storage.
___________________
___________________
Fats consist of ______________________linked
to a molecule called ______________.
Animation: Fats
H HO
Fatty acid
H2O
Glycerol
(a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol
Side
group
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
side group side group
Leucine Serine
b Examples of amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilic
side groups
Amino acid monomers are linked together to
form ____________________.
Tens of thousands of proteins exist within
cells due to different arrangements of just 20
amino acids.
Carboxyl Amino
group group
Side Side
group group
Dehydration reaction
Side Side
group group
Peptide bond
Figure 3.18-1
129
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store
genetic information.
They provide the directions for ___________
_________________.
There are two types of nucleic acids.
_________(deoxyribonucleic acid).
_________(ribonucleic acid).
DNA
Nucleic acids are polymers formed by joining together
many nucleotide monomers.
DNA nucleotides consist of three components.
The sugar deoxyribose.
A phosphate group.
One of four possible nitrogenous bases.
________________
________________
________________
________________
Nitrogenous base
______________
Thymine T
__________
________ Phosphate
Base
________
__________ Sugar
Nucleotide
Base pair
Hydrogen
bond
Bases