Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Consider Penetration
When Determining Fillet Weld Size
Practical Ideas for the Design Professional by Duane K. Miller, Sc.D., P.E.
Introduction
A flat-faced, equal-legged fillet weld in a 90 T-joint has a
theoretical throat dimension of 0.707 , where is the leg
size (Figure 1). This assumes fusion is achieved to the
root of the joint, but not necessarily beyond that point.
Recommendations
Figure 4. The use of SAW does not guarantee penetration The possibility of lowering welding costs by reducing fillet
beyond the root. weld sizes due to penetration beyond the root should be
considered in some situations. When the weldment is to
does not always achieve this penetration as revealed in be fabricated with high currents, high current densities,
Figure 4. Although this is an unequal-legged fillet, notice consistent fitup and alignment, automated welding opera-
that there is no penetration beyond the root. tions and controlled procedures, then it may be a candidate
for this approach. Under less controlled conditions, howev-
Some applications lend themselves to this approach more er, the designer should not rely on penetration for calculat-
readily than others. For example, penetration can be opti- ing weld strength or determining weld sizes.
mized where high currents are employed, high current den-
sities are used, and fitup is consistent, and where welding
operations are easily controlled. However, if a hand-held,
semi-automatic SAW fillet weld is made with DC polarity
and a long stickout, penetration beyond the root may not
be consistently achieved.
Caution Regarding
Width-to-Depth Ratio
A balance must be maintained between the depth of
penetration and the width of the root pass. As penetration
increases, the width-to-depth (w/d) ratio becomes more
critical. In order to help prevent centerline cracking, the
w/d ratio should exceed 1.2 (see Figure 5).