1) Blood clotting mechanism is a vital process in the human body to protect against infection

a) Give the co-factors for thrombokinase (2)

b) How does the mechanism trap blood cells (1)

c) Name the condition where blood clotting mechanism fail to take place (1)

d) Explain your answer in c (2)

e) Ali has a blood type A, he receive blood from Abu who is type B. What would
happen? (1)

2) Organism X is an amphibian whereas organism Y is an insect.

a) Based on the above statement, are the transport medium of both organism the same?
Explain your answer. (2)

b) Organism X is able to obtain oxygen while in the mud. Explain how (2)

c) There is a mixture of both oxygen and carbon dioxide in organism X circulatory

system. Why? (1)

d) Why does organism Y does not require a closed circulatory system? (2)

e) Another organism has a two chambered heart. Describe two other characteristics of
this organism circulatory system (2)

3) Briefly, explain how does the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure in the heart are created
(6)

4) The lymphatic system is important to filter out blood, maintain osmotic pressure and fight off
infections.

a) How is the blood vessel differ from lymphatic vessel in terms of transportation? (4)

b) Amirah suffers from an infection. Which part of her body would be swollen? (1)

c) In a subsequent infection, specialized cells play a role in eliminating the infectious

agents. Name the cells and how it does that. (3)
 d) A mosquito that act as a vector for roundworm sucks blood from an elderly person.
What is the disease that elder contracted? How does the roundworm cause it? (3)

5) Defense mechanism in human body fight off infectios agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi
and foreign antigen.

a) Explain the role of monocytes during a bacterial infection (2)

b) If a person accidentally stepped on a nail, explain the mechanism on how the body
prevents the spread of infection. (3)

c) Jiha who had been contracted with smallpox previously have developed a certain
level of immunity. Special cells produced a tertiary level protein to prevent the infection.
Explain how these proteins fight off infections. (4)

d) Azirah breastfed her baby as she read that baby who were breastfed have a stronger
immune system.

i) Name the type of immunity received by her baby (1)

ii) Does the immunity last a long time? Explain (2)

iii) What must Azirah do to ensure that her baby have a long lasting immunity
against certain type of infection? (1)

iv) Name the type of immunity stated in iii (1)

6) A plant does not relies on vascular bundle consisting of P to transport food and Q to transport
water.

a) Name the tissue P and Q as well as the process that each carries out. (4)

b) Explain how does water enters the plant in soil. (2)

c) Based on your answer in b, explain how water move to the leaf (3)

d) Process at Q are affected by several factors, name two of the factors (2)

e) Based on answer in d, choose one factor and explain how that factor affect the process
(2)